A study on open air defecation practices among the population above 6 years in rural field practice area of Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal, Kurnool dist, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Open air defecation can be defined as the excretion of human excreta in open places such as park, roadside, vegetable patch, agricultural fields and railway track other than toilets. Open air defecation may leads to various health problems such as soil pollution, water pollution, contamination of foods and propagation of flies. Nearly 74% of India’s population live in rural areas and the majority of them “go to the fields” for defecation and thereby pollute the environment with human excreta. The aims and objectives of the study were to find the association between defecation practices and socio-demographic variables; to assess the prevalence of hook-worm infestation and anemia among them.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted. Sample size was 550 and simple random sampling. Chi-square test was applied.Results: The prevalence of open air defecation was 441 (80.2%). 270 (61.2%), 171 (38.8%) were males and females; 23.3% were habit of hand washing with soap after toilet. 87 (19.7%), 63 (14.3%), 43 (9.7%) were found to be having hook worm, round worm, and pin worm infestation in the stool examination. 32 (35.5%), 21 (23.3%), 37 (41.1%) were having severe anemia, moderate anemia, and mild anemia.Conclusions: 335 (60.9%), 106 (19.3%) people were going for open air defecation and inspite of having toilet at home. 226 (51.2%) belong to lower socio economic class. The association between socio demographic profile and open air defecation was significant (?2=0.02, p<0.05).

Research about prevent contamination of water system in department of stomatology by replace holding tank of water and distilled water for each person / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To know a kind of method to prevent contamination of water system in department of stomatology. Methods Divided 120 patients with dental diseases into the control group and the observation group randomly, there were 60 cases in each group. Replace the holding tank of wa-ter and distilled water per 24 hours was used in the control group, while the method of replace the hold-ing tank of water and distilled water for each person was used in the observation group, and then com-pared the contamination condition of water system between the two groups. Results The percent of pass of water system in the observaiton group was 100%, which significant higher than the 68.33% in the control group. Conclusions Replace the holding tank of water and distilled water for each person is a kind of method to avoid contamination of water system in department of stomatology.