Algunos helmintos parásitos de la gaviota peruana (Larus belcheri) / Some parasitic helminths of the Belcher's gull (Larus belcheri)

La información sobre helmintos parásitos de aves marinas es muy limitada en el Perú. En el presente trabajo, se identificaron helmintos colectados de la gaviota peruana (Larus belcheri) provenientes de algunas playas de Lima (Pucusana, Chorrillos, Ventanilla y Ancón) en Perú. Los helmintos fueron estudiados morfológicamente e identificados como Skrjabinoclava sp. (Nematoda), Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), Maritrema sp. (Trematoda) y Profilicollis altmani (Acanthocephala). El presente trabajo corresponde a los primeros registros de estos parásitos en la gaviota peruana.

Information on parasitic helminths of seabirds is very limited in Peru. In the present work, helminths collected from the Belcher's gull (Larus belcheri) from some beaches of Lima (Pucusana, Chorrillos, Ventanilla and Ancón) in Peru were identified. The helminths were studied morphologically and identified as Skrjabinoclava sp. (Nematoda), Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), Maritrema sp. (Trematoda) and Profilicollis altmani (Acanthocephala). The present work corresponds to the first records of these parasites in the Peruvian gull.

First parasitological study of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, Amphibia) in Chile / Primeiro estudo parasitológico em rã com garras Africano (Xenopus laevis, Anfibia) no Chile

Abstract Introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. Both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. Since their release into the wild in Chile following laboratory use, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central Chile. The only pathogen described on the host is the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999; thus, this is the first parasitological study of this species in Chile. In 10 localities in central Chile, 179 specimens of X. laevis were captured and examined for parasites in the gastrointestinal tube, cavities, lungs, liver, and skin. Only nine specimens of the genus Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 were found in six specimens of X. laevis from a private dam in La Patagua. It is likely that these parasites originated from species of native birds. This is the first record of Contracaecum sp. in Chilean amphibians.

Resumo Espécies exóticas podem se introduzir em um novo território com seus parasitas, porém nesses casos, a riqueza parasitária seria menor. Contudo, hospedeiros exóticos e seus parasitas associados podem afetar a fauna nativa. Depois de ser dispensado do uso em laboratórios e solto em ambientes naturais, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 tem se espalhado massivamente no Chile central. O único patógeno descrito para este anuro é o fungo Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999. O presente estudo constitui a primeira pesquisa parasitológica realizada nesta espécie de rã introduzida no Chile. Em 10 localidades do Chile central, foram capturados 179 espécimes de X. laevis que foram examinadas em busca de parasitos dentro tubo digestivo, cavidades corporais, pulmões, fígado e pele. Nove espécimes do gênero Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 foram encontrados em seis espécimes de X. laevis de uma barragem em La Patagua. É provável que a origem destes parasitas sejam espécies de aves nativas. Este é o primeiro relato de Contracaecum sp. em anuros do Chile.

Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842), a new host of Contracaecum sp. and Capillaria sp. (Nematoda) from the Kor River Basin, southwestern Iran

Objective: To investigate the parasitic infection status of cyprinid fish, Capoeta damascina in Gomban spring-stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran.Methods:stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran. The collected fish were dissected carefully and their internal organs such as liver, gonad, muscle, abdominal lobes, whole viscera and digestive tract were surveyed parasitologically.Results:One female cyprinid fish out of 12 fish was infected with three nematodes. Two A total of 12 cyprinid fish (7 females and 5 males) were collected from Gomban spring-nematodes (larvae) were identified as Contracaecum sp. which were attached firmly to the outer part of intestine and another adult helminth was recognized as Capillaria sp. which was recovered from digestive content.Conclusions:This study is the first record indicating that cyprinid fish acts as a new host for recovered nematodes. Further helminthological investigations are highly recommended in different parts of Iran in order to expand our knowledge about helmintic parasites of cyprinid fish and their role in transmission of diseases to human and animal.

Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842), a new host of Contracaecum sp. and Capillaria sp. (Nematoda) from the Kor River Basin, southwestern Iran

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the parasitic infection status of cyprinid fish, Capoeta damascina in Gomban spring-stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 12 cyprinid fish (7 females and 5 males) were collected from Gomban spring-stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran. The collected fish were dissected carefully and their internal organs such as liver, gonad, muscle, abdominal lobes, whole viscera and digestive tract were surveyed parasitologically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One female cyprinid fish out of 12 fish was infected with three nematodes. Two nematodes (larvae) were identified as Contracaecum sp. which were attached firmly to the outer part of intestine and another adult helminth was recognized as Capillaria sp. which was recovered from digestive content.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study is the first record indicating that cyprinid fish acts as a new host for recovered nematodes. Further helminthological investigations are highly recommended in different parts of Iran in order to expand our knowledge about helmintic parasites of cyprinid fish and their role in transmission of diseases to human and animal.</p>

Nematodes of zoonotic importance in Cynoscion guatucupa (Pisces) in the state of Rio de Janeiro / Nematóides de importância zoonótica em Cynoscion guatucupa (Pisces) no estado do Rio de Janeiro

Between January and August 2012, thirty specimens of Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) caught off coast of the municipality of Itajaí, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26° 54' 28″ S and 48° 39' 43″ W) and commercialized in the state of Rio de Janeiro were investigated for the presence of zoonotic nematodes. In total 853 larvae of four nematode parasite species were found. There were three species of Anisakidae: three larvae of Anisakis sp., with prevalence (P) of 10%, mean intensity (MI) of 1.0, mean abundance (MA) of 0.1 and infection site (IS) in the mesentery; five of Terranova sp. with P = 13.3%, MI = 1.25, MA = 0.17, range of infection (RI) from 1 to 2 and IS = mesentery; and seven of Contracaecum sp. with P = 6.6%, MI = 3.5, MA = 0.23, RI = 1 to 4 and IS = mesentery and abdominal cavity. There was one species of Raphidascarididae: 838 larvae of Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum with P = 83.3%, MI = 33.52, MA = 27.93, RI = 1 to 219 and IS = mesentery, liver serosa and abdominal cavity. This is the first report of larvae of Anisakis sp. and Contracaecum sp in C. guatucupa in Brazil.

Entre janeiro e agosto de 2012, 30 espécimes de Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) pescados no litoral do município de Itajaí, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil (26° 54' 28″ S e 48° 39' 43″ W) e comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram investigados quanto á presença de nematóides zoonóticos. Foram encontradas 853 larvas de quatro espécies de nematóides parasitos. Três espécies pertencem á Anisakidae, sendo três larvas de Anisakis sp., com prevalência (P) de 10%, intensidade média (IM) de 1, abundância média (AM) de 0,1 e sítio de infecção (SI) o mesentério; cinco de Terranova sp., com P = 13,3%, IM = 1,25, AM = 0,17, amplitude de variação da intensidade de infecção (AI) de 1 a 2 e SI = mesentério; e sete de Contracaecum sp., com P = 6,6%, IM = 3,5, AM = 0,23, AI = 1 a 4 e SI = mesentério e cavidade abdominal. Uma espécie pertence á Raphidascarididae, sendo 838 larvas de Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum com P = 83,3%, IM = 33,52, AM = 27,93, AI = 1 a 219 e SI = mesentério, serosa do fígado e cavidade abdominal. Este é o primeiro registro de larvas de Anisakis sp. e Contracaecum sp. em C. guatucupa no Brasil.

Contracaecum pelagicum and C. plagiaticium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infection in Magellanic penguins (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae) on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State / Infecção por Contracaecum pelagicum e C. plagiaticium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) em pinguins-de-Magalhães (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae) na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

The occurrence of infections and the disease induced by Contracaecum plagiaticium and Contracaecum pelagicum in Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus Foster. 1781 (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae) were reported on the coast of Rio de Janeiro. Parasites of the genus Contracaecum were present in all of the 11 studied animals. Co-infections by Csontracaecum pelagicum and C. plagiaticium were observed in three hosts (27.27%). Gross lesions included hyperemia of the esophagus and/or stomach in six animals (54.54%). One of these animals (9.09%), parasitized by C. plagiaticium, presented a hemorrhagic area in the gastric mucosa. Histopathological findings demonstrated esophagitis with helminthes segments inserted in the epithelium, showing discrete mixed inflammatory infiltrate of heterophils and mononuclear cells. These parasites may be associated with other diseases, implicating in death of the penguins.

A ocorrência da infeção e a doença induzida por Contracaecum plagiaticium e Contracaecum pelagicum em pinguins-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus Foster, 1781 (Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae), na costa do Rio de Janeiro, foram relatadas. Parasitos do gênero Contracaecum estavam presentes em todos os 11 animais estudados. Co-infecção por Contracaecum pelagicum e C. plagiaticium foi observada em três hospedeiros (27,27%). Achados macroscópicos de necropsia incluíram hiperemia do esôfago e/ou estômago em seis animais (54,54%). Um desses animais (9,09%), parasitado por C. plagiaticium, apresentou área hemorrágica na mucosa gástrica. Os achados histopatológicos demonstraram esofagite com segmento de helminto inserido no epitélio, e discreto infiltrado inflamatório misto com heterófilos e células mononucleares. Estes parasitos podem estar associados a doenças, implicando em morte dos pinguins.

Contracaecumovale (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Rollandia rolland Quoy & Gaimard 1824 (Aves, Podicipedidae) in Argentina / Contracaecumovale (Nematoda: Anisakidae) de Rollandia rolland Quoy & Gaimard 1824 (Aves, Podicipedidae) na Argentina

Necropsy on 15 specimens of white-tufted grebe, Rollandiarolland, caught in the Mar Chiquita and Chascomús lagoons (Buenos Aires province), revealed the presence of Contracaecumovale (Linstow, 1907). This nematode shows a marked specificity for podicipediform birds. The specimens were identified from morphological study on features such as cephalic and esophageal structures and caudal papillae, using both optical and scanning electron microscopy. This is the first record of C. ovale parasitizing R. rolland in Argentina.

Necropsia de 15 espécimes de mergulhão-de-orelha-branca, Rollandiarolland, coletados nas lagoas Mar Chiquita e Chascomús (Província de Buenos Aires), revelou a presença de Contracaecumovale (Linstow, 1907). Esse nematóide tem uma marcada especificidade pelas aves podicipediformes. Os espécimes foram identificados a partir de características, tais como estruturas morfológicas cefálicas e esofágicas e papilas caudais, utilizando-se microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Esse é o primeiro registro de C. ovale parasito de R. rolland na Argentina.

In vitro larvicidal activity of geraniol and citronellal against Contracaecum sp (Nematoda: Anisakidae)

Human infection with fish parasites can result from the ingestion of incompletely cooked or raw fish, giving origin to parasitic diseases such as anisakiasis, caused by parasites of the Anisakidae family. The present study assessed the in vitro larvicidal effect of two monoterpene compounds, geraniol and citronellal, against Contracaecum sp (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Four hundred live larvae of Contracaecum sp obtained from "traíra" fish (Hoplias malabaricus, Bloch, 1974) were analyzed on 40 Petri dishes (10 larvae each) with the compounds to be tested. The final concentrations tested for each compound were 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.2 µg/mL and the evaluation was carried out at five different times (2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h). The larvicidal action of geraniol and citronellal was statistically superior (P < 0.005) to the control (1 percent ethanol) at concentrations of 250 and 31.2 µg/mL (geraniol) and 250, 125, and 62.5 μg/mL (citronellal). However, no larvicidal activity was observed at concentrations of 125 and 62.5 µg/mL for geraniol and 31.2 µg/mL for citronellal. When the larvicidal action of geraniol was compared to that of citronellal, the former was found to be statistically superior (P < 0.05) to the latter at concentrations of 250 and 31.2 μg/mL. On the other hand, citronellal was statistically superior (P < 0.005) to geraniol at concentrations of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL. The larval mortality rate in terms of time (hours) was higher for geraniol with the passing of time at the 250 μg/mL concentration. At this concentration (in 48 h) the best larvicidal effect was observed with 90 percent lethality. The larvae were considered to be dead using no motility and loss of structural integrity as parameters. The data indicate that natural terpene compounds should be more explored for antihelminthic activity and can be useful for other studies about anisakiasis treatment.

Avaliação da resistência de larvas de Contracaecum sp. (nematoda: anisakidae) à ação da citronela, Cymbopogon sp., in natura, administrada como tratamento da anisakiose em coelhos infectados experimentalmente / Evaluation of the resistence of the Contracaecum sp. larvae, (nematoda: anisakidae), to the action of the citronella, Cymbopogon sp., in natura, administered as treatment of anisakiosis in experimentally infected rabbits

A avaliação da ação larvicida da citronela, Cymbopogon sp., in natura foi feita através da administração da planta ad libitum a coelhos, Oryctolagus cuniculi, experimentalmente infectados com larvas de Contracaecum sp. Com intervalos regulares de 24 horas após o início da administração da planta, foram realizadas eutanásias e necropsias dos animais infectados, analisando-se a eficácia através de parâmetros como número e viabilidade de larvas recuperadas. A citronela in natura apresentou baixa ação larvicida sobre Contracaecum sp Federal

The evaluation of the larvicide action of the citronella, Cymbopogon sp., in natura was done through the feeding of the citronella grass ad libitum to rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculi, experimentally infected by Contracaecum sp. larvae. By regular intervals of 24 hours after the beginning of the experiment, the infected animals went submitted to eutanasy and necropsy exams to analyse the action of the plant, using parameters as the number and viability of the recovered larvae. The citronella in natura produced low larvicide action over Contracaecum sp. experimentally.

Análise do parasitismo por Contracaecum sp. e Eustrongylides sp. em cacharas, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) (Pisces: Pimelodidae) provenientes do rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil / Analisys of the parasitism by Contracaecum sp. and Eustrongylides sp. in cacharas, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) (Pisces: Pimelodidae) from Cuiabá river, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cento e quarenta e nove espécimes de cacharas (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) foram capturados do rio Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso, durante o período de outubro de 2004 a abril de 2006, para análise do parasitismo por larvas de nematóides. Encontrou-se prevalência de 100% destes peixes parasitados por larvas de Contracaecum sp. e/ou Eustrongylides sp. A análise do parasitismo foi feita por registro da prevalência e localização das larvas encontradas. Cinco cacharas (3,35%) apresentaram parasitismo por larvas de Contracaecum sp. na musculatura esquelética e 147 (98,65%) no mesentério. Cinquenta cacharas (33,55 %) apresentaram larvas de Eustrongylides sp. na musculatura esquelética e 117 (78,52%) no mesentério. A intensidade média de infecção foi de 15,42 larvas/peixe para Contracaecum sp. e de 6,37 larvas/peixe para Eustrongylides sp. O peso médio dos peixes examinados foi de 5,59 kg (1,9-10,5 kg) e o comprimento total médio de 82,39 cm (63,5-105 cm). Não foi observada correlação entre parâmetros biométricos como comprimento total e peso dos hospedeiros e a intensidade de infecção.

One hundred and forty-nine cacharas (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) specimens were captured from Cuiabá river, Mato Grosso State, between october of 2004 to april of 2006, intending to analyse the parasitism by nematode larvae. The prevalence was 100% to parasitism by Contracaecum sp. and/or Eustrongylides sp. larvae. The analysis of the parasitism were done by prevalence record and the localization of the larvae founded. Five cacharas (3,35 %) presented parasitism by Contracaecum larvae in the skeletal muscle and one hundred and forty-seven (98,65 %) on the mesenterium. Fifty cacharas (33,55%) presented Eustrongylides sp. larvae in the skeletal muscle and one hundred seventeen (78,52%) on the mesenterium. The mean intensity of infection was 15,42 larvae/fish for Contracaecum sp. and 6,37 larvae/fish for Eustrongylides sp. The average of weight to the examined fishes was 5,59 kg (1,9-10,5 kg) and the average of the total length was 82,39 cm (63,5-105 cm). Correlation between biomethric parameters as host´s total length and weight and the intensity of infection was not observed.

In vitro evaluation of the resistence of the Contracaecum sp. larvae (Railliet & Henry, 1912) (Nematoda: Anisakidae), to the essential oil of citronella ( Cymbopogon sp.) (Poaceae)

The essential oil of citronella ( Cymbopogon sp.) was used in vitro to assess its influence on the L3 larvae of Contracaecum sp. The parameters investigated were the morphological integrity and motility of the larvae after being in contact with the product. The essential oil was very effective in its trade form killing all the larvae at the utmost in two hours. The damage caused to the larvae was evaluated with a microscope in histological cuts, where cuticular rupture and disintegration of the intestinal wall of the larvae were found. The results were analyzed through the use of a monocaudal Fisher test to detect differences between the groups where the significance of p<0,05 was obtained.

O óleo essencial de citronela ( Cymbopogon sp.) foi utilizado in vitro para avaliar sua ação sobre larvas L3 de Contracaecum sp. Os parâmetros observados foram motilidade e integridade morfológica das larvas após contato com o produto. O óleo essencial demonstrou-se bastante eficaz, em sua forma comercial, causando morte de todas as larvas em no máximo duas horas. Os danos causados às larvas foram avaliados microscopicamente em cortes histológicos, encontrando-se ruptura cuticular e lise da parede intestinal das larvas. Os resultados foram analisados através da aplicação do teste de Fisher monocaudal para detectar diferenças entre os grupos, onde se obteve uma significância de p<0,05.

Resistência de larvas de Contracaecum sp., a baixas temperaturas / Resistence of Contracaecum sp. larvae under low temperature

Trinta e cinco peixes da espécie Hoplias malabaricus provenientes do rio Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso, foram necropsiadospara a coleta de larvas de anisaquídeos, Contracaecum sp., com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência desses nematóides ao frio.As larvas foram coletadas e avaliadas quanto a sua viabilidade, através de movimento espontâneo e integridade morfológica;estas foram acondicionadas entre fatias da massa muscular e mantidas em freezer a -30°C, para avaliação da sobrevivênciados parasitos a cada hora. Após cinco horas de exposição, todas as larvas estavam mortas.

Thirty-five specimens of Hoplias malabaricus collected from Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, were necropsied forcollecting anisakid larvae, Contracaecum sp., aiming to observe the resistence of these nematode to the cold. The larvae werecollected and considered about as its viability through spontaneous movement and morphologic integrity. It was kept intomuscle masses -30°C, testing its survival on the hour. After five hours of exposition all the larvae were dead.

Contracaecum sp (anisakidae) en el pez Hoplias malabaricus, capturado en la Ciénaga Grande de Lorica, Córdoba / Contracaecum sp (anisakidae) in the fish Hoplias malabaricus captured in Ciénaga Grande de Lorica, Córdoba

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de Contracaecum en el pez moncholo (Hopliasmalabaricus). Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 45 peces recolectados en la cienagagrande de Lorica entre julio de 2006 y mayo de 2007. Una vez en el laboratorio fueronanalizados biometricamente, posteriormente fueron eviscerados y analizados en búsquedade nemátodos. Se les extrajo la musculatura esquelética la cual fue disecada en láminasdelgadas y observadas con luz ultravioleta para evidenciar la presencia de nemátodos.Los nemátodos encontrados fueron contabilizados, aislados y fijados en formol al 4%con glicerina al 5%. Para la identificación de los nemátodos se utilizaron clavesmorfométricas. Resultados. Los nemátodos fueron encontrados solamente en víscerase identificados como Contracaecum sp en estado larval III. La prevalencia fue de 100%con tasas de infestación leve (88.9%) y moderada (11.1%). El valor del factor decondición fue de 0.036±0.04, los índices hepatosomático, branquiosomáticos ybazosomático de 1.65±0.37, 3.40±0.43, 0.09±0.04 respectivamente y sin relación entreestos y el índice parasitario en moncholo (r< 0.02) (p>0.05). Conclusiones.Contracaecum sp parasita las vísceras de moncholo de la Ciénaga Grande de Lorica. ElFC y los índices organosomáticos no sirven como predictores de esta situación.

Seasonal variation of parasitism in pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae) from La Viña reservoir (Córdoba, Argentina) / Variação sazonal do parasitismo em Peixe-rei Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae) no reservatório La Viña, Córdoba, Argentina

The pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis is the most important freshwater fish of Argentina central region. The present study was conducted to describe the seasonal variation of parasitism in O. bonariensis from La Viña reservoir (31º 17'S, 65º 01'W), located in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Between years 1999 and 2002, 573 fishes were caught, and their parasite infection and relative weight (Wr) were assesed. Three parasites were found, Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea), Contracaecum spp. larvae (Nematoda) and Cangatiella macdonaghi (Cestoda). Overall, Contracaecum spp. prevalence and intensity were very low. Lernaea cyprinacea and Cangatiella macdonaghi prevalences increased during summer and spring (P < 0.01), respectively. Lernaea cyprinacea infection showed also seasonal differences in intensity (P < 0.05), as well as C. macdonaghi regarding parasites density (P < 0.01). Cangatiella macdonaghi average parasites density was 32.0 (±22.5) cestodes per cm³ of digestive content. No association between parasitism and fish relative weight was found. Besides the seasonality variations observed, the parasite burden found did not compromise fish body condition.

O peixe rei Odontesthes bonariensis é um peixe de água doce de grande importância na região central da Argentina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a sazonalidade do parasitismo de O. bonariensis no reservatrio La Viña (31º 17'S, 65º 01'W), província de Córdoba, Argentina. Durante os anos 1999 e 2002 foram capturados 573 peixes. Nestes se fez à avaliação da condição corporal usando como parâmetro o peso relativo e identificaram-se os seguintes parasitos: Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea), Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda) e Cangatiella macdonaghi (Cestoda). As prevalências e intensidades de Contracaecum spp. foram muito baixas. Houve diferenças nas prevalências de L. cyprinacea e C. macdonaghi na época do ano (P < 0,01), sendo maiores no verão e na primavera, respectivamente. Houve diferenças estacionais na intensidade de L. cyprinacea (P < 0,05) e na densidade de C. macdonaghi (P < 0,01), neste ultimo alcançou-se um valor máximo nas amostras de 32,0 (±22,5) parasitos por cm³ de conteúdo digestivo. Não houve associação entre o parasitismo e o peso relativo dos peixes. Embora haja certa sazonalidade, as diferentes cargas parasitárias encontradas nâo prejudicam a saúde de O. bonariensis enquanto sua condição corporal.