Control de la conducta en personas con diferentes índices de masa corporal / Control of Behavior in People with Different Body Mass Indexes / Controle da conduta em pessoas com diferentes índices de massa corporal

Objetivo. Comparar la autoeficacia percibida en el control del peso, el locus de control del peso y la autorregulación del peso en personas con diferentes índices de masa corporal. Método. Se realizó una investigación no experimental con un diseño comparativo y transversal, en la que participaron voluntariamente 338 personas con diferente peso, 242 mujeres y 92 hombres, en un rango de edad entre los 18 y los 64 años (M = 31.51, DE = 10.83). Se administraron los inventarios de Autorregulación del Peso, Autoeficacia Percibida en la Regulación del Peso y Locus de Control del Peso. Resultados. Las personas obesas mostraron significativamente menor puntaje que las con normopeso en la autoeficacia para realizar actividad física cotidiana; sin embargo, aquellas con sobrepeso no se diferenciaron de ninguno de estos grupos. También se identificaron diferencias significativas en las dimensiones del locus de control interno y otros poderosos. En dichas dimensiones, las personas con normopeso mostraron puntajes más bajos. No hubo diferencias en la autorregulación. Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados contradicen la creencia de que las personas obesas carecen de autocontrol para realizar conductas saludables y que este déficit las diferencia de las personas con normopeso.

Objective. To compare perceived self-efficacy in weight regulation, weight locus of control and weight self-regulation in people with different body mass indexes. Method. A non-experimental correlational and cross-sectional design was used, in which 338 people participated voluntarily with different weights, 242 women and 92 men with ages between 18 and 64 years old (M = 31.51; SD =10.83). The following scales were used: Weight Self-Regulation Inventory, Perceived Self-efficacy in Weight Regulation Inventory and Weight Locus of control Inventory. Results. Obese people showed significantly lower scores than people with normal weight for the self-efficacy inventory in doing daily physical activity. However, people who are overweight were not differentiated from either of these two groups. Significant differences were observed in the internal and other powerful dimensions of the locus of control, where people with normal weight showed significantly lower test scores; in turn, these last two groups did not differ between each other. Finally there were no significant differences in the self-report of their skills of self-regulation. Conclusion. The results obtained contradict the belief that obese people lack self-control to perform healthy behaviors, and that this deficit differentiates them from normal people.

Escopo. Comparar a auto-eficácia percebida no controle do peso, o lócus do controle do peso e a auto-regulação do peso em pessoas com diferentes índices de massa corporal. Metodologia. Foi feita uma pesquisa não experimental com um desenho comparativo e transversal. Em esta participaram voluntariamente 338 pessoas com diferentes pesos, 242 mulheres e 92 homens com idades entre os 18 e os 64 anos de idade (OR = 0.74; p < 0.01). Foram administrados os inventários de Auto-regulação do Peso, Auto-eficácia Percebida na Regulação do Peso e Lócus de Controle do Peso. Resultados. As pessoas obesas mostraram significativamente menor pontuação que as normopeso na auto-eficácia para fazer atividade física cotidiana, no entanto, aquelas com sobrepeso não estiveram diferenciadas de nenhum de estes grupos. Também foram identificadas diferencias significativas nas dimensões de lócus de controle interno e outros poderosos, nas que as pessoas de normopeso mostraram pontuações mais baixas. Não tem diferencias na auto-regulação. Conclusão. Os resultados encontrados contradizem a crença de que as pessoas obesas carecem de autocontrole para realizar condutas saludáveis e que este déficit as diferencia das pessoas normopeso.

Biopolítica como teorema da bioética / Biopolitics as a theorem of bioethics / Biopolítica como teorema de la bioética

Resumo O objetivo deste ensaio teórico foi abordar a biopolítica como contexto para discutir questões da bioética. Foi utilizado o conceito de teorema como conjunto de axiomas a partir dos quais e sob cuja ótica se desenvolvem discussões nas quais estão implicados. O ponto de partida é que os tempos modernos introduziram a gestão biopolítica da vida, que pressupõe a transformação da existência em valor de troca, possibilitando sua captura biopolítica e econômica. Assim, efetiva-se por meio das biotecnologias e mais recentemente pela interiorização do sistema técnico na própria subjetividade das pessoas, tornando-se engrenagem subsumida aos processos econômicos. Essa captura maquinal despotencializa a subjetividade humana, porque a separa de sua forma-de-vida, condição para a autonomia. O teorema biopolítico é a base para poder discutir problemas bioéticos, permitindo considerar as dinâmicas socioculturais de sua configuração e compreendendo sua análise ética como hermenêutica crítica.

Abstract This is a theoretical essay on biopolitics as a context to discuss issues of bioethics. It uses the concept of a theorem as a set of axioms from which and under whose perspective, discussions are developed in which they are implied. The starting point is that modern times have introduced the biopolitical management of life. This management presupposes the transformation of life in an exchange currency, making its biopolictal and economic capture possible. It has taken place through biotechnologies and more recently by the internalization of the technical system in people's own subjectivity, becoming a gear included in the economic processes. This automatic capture weakens human subjectivity because it separates human subjectivity from its form-of-life, a condition for autonomy. The biopolictal theorem is the base to discuss bioethical problems, allowing for the presence of sociocultural dynamics of its configuration and understanding its ethical analysis as critical hermeneutics.

Resumen El objetivo de este ensayo teórico fue abordar la biopolítica como contexto para discutir cuestiones de bioética. Se utilizó el concepto de teorema como conjunto de axiomas, a partir de los cuales y bajo cuya óptica se desarrollan discusiones en las cuales estos están implicados. El punto de partida es que los tiempos modernos introdujeron la gestión biopolítica de la vida, que presupone la transformación de la existencia en un valor de cambio, posibilitando su captura biopolítica y económica. Así, se hace efectiva por medio de las biotecnologías y más recientemente por la interiorización del sistema técnico en la propia subjetividad de las personas, tornándose un engranaje subsumido a los procesos económicos. Esta captura maquinal despotencializa la subjetividad humana, porque la separa de su forma-de-vida, condición para la autonomía. El teorema biopolítico es la base para poder discutir problemas bioéticos, permitiendo tener presentes las dinámicas socioculturales de su configuración y comprendiendo su análisis ético como hermenéutica crítica.

Analysis of Weight Control Behaviors by Body Image Perception among Korean Women in Different Age Groups: Using the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Self perceived body image among women is drawing a lot of attention in Korea due to their unhealthy weight control behaviors. To determine the relationship between self-perceived body image and dietary behaviors among Korean women, the discrepancy between actual body size and body image perception, weight control behaviors were assessed based on age groups using the 2010 KNHANES data. METHODS: A total of 1,747 subjects were selected after eliminating those of likely changing their diet recently using the 2010 KNHANES data. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, self-underweight, self-normal, and self-obese according to their perception of body image. The BMI and weight control behaviors were assessed based on age groups according to the body image perception. RESULTS: The younger, the higher ratio of underweight, women perceived their body size as normal or overweight. Exercise and reduced food intakes were dominant among various weight control methods but unhealthy methods were dominant among self perceived overweight group. CONCLUSIONS: Incorrect body image perception and unhealthy weight control behaviors can cause nutritional problems. Nutritional education should emphasize the importance of healthy weight and proper body image perception for Korean women.

The Association between Weight-Related Attitudes and Suicidal Ideation in Adults / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between weight-related attitudes and suicidal ideation among adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional national health survey. We used a nationally representative sample of 12287 Koreans older than 19 years of age (5266 men and 7021 women). We used the logistic regression model to examine the relationship between weight-related attitudes and suicidal ideation, controlling for demographics, depressive mood, perceived stress, and substance use. RESULTS: A significantly higher number of women than men reported suicidal ideation (women : 18.3%, men : 10.3%). In men, weight control behavior aimed at weight loss (vs. no control) showed an association with suicidal ideation. For women, weight control behavior aimed at maintaining a certain weight (vs. no control) and obesity (vs. being underweight), as determined by Body Mass Index category, showed an association with suicidal ideation. For both sexes, distortions regarding perceived weight did not significantly affect suicidal ideationn. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that weight-related attitudes, such as weight control behaviors, are useful indicators for identification of individuals at risk of committing suicide.

Comparative study on body shape satisfaction and body weight control between Korean and Chinese female high school students

This study was conducted to compare body shape satisfaction, body image perception, weight control status, and dietary habits of Korean and Chinese female high school students in order to provide information for proper body image perception of adolescents. 221 students in Yongin, a city in Korea, and 227 students in Weihai, a city in China, were surveyed using questionnaires. Body shape satisfaction was significantly higher in Chinese students (P < 0.001) compared to Korean students. 76.2% of Korean students and 72.7% of Chinese students wanted a thinner body shape than their present body shapes. Experiences of weight control, laxative or diuretics uses, eating during weight control, and vomiting after eating were significantly higher in Korean students (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) compared to Chinese students. The score for dietary habits was significantly higher in Chinese students (P < 0.001) compared to Korean students, suggesting a more desirable dietary habit among Chinese students. Students of both countries showed a significantly positive correlation between body shape satisfaction and dietary habits, suggesting that as body shape satisfaction increases, dietary habits become more desirable. In conclusion, Korean female students showed a more distorted body image perception and had more poor dietary habits than Chinese students. Nutritional education for the establishment of normal body weight, proper body image perception, and healthy dietary habits are needed.

Factors Associated with Weight Control Behaviors Among High School females with Normal Body Weight / 간호학회지

This descriptive study was designed to identify the factors associated with weight control behaviors among 273 high school girls with normal body weight. The objectives of the study were i) to evaluate subjective obesity and satisfaction with the body shape, ii) to describe the weight control behaviors and the motivation, iii) to reveal the relationships between the weight control behaviors and BMI (Body Mass Index), iv) to investigate the relationships between the weight control behaviors and subjective obesity and satisfaction with the body shape, and v) to investigate the relationships between the weight control behaviors and family support. The results showed that 62.6% of the adolescent girls with normal weight perceived that they were fatty and 9.9% thought they were obese. Seventy-five percent of them were not satisfied with their body shape. Eighty percent of the participants reported the main motivation of weight control was to have an attractive appearance. In this study, self-reported weight control methods included dieting (64.8%, skipping or reducing meals), exercise (36.6%), and special dieting (20.1%) such as eating an increased amount of juice or vegetables. It was shown that the subjects who were not satisfied with their body shape and perceived themselves as fatty or obese were active in exercise, diet, and other special diets. Subjects who were on diets and special diets had a higher level of BMI than who were not on diet and special diet. Subjects who exercise had a lower level of BMI than who did not exercised. Family support was significantly related to exercise behavior. The research suggested that there is a increasing responsibility for school nurse to instruct on the body shape and weight control behaviors through health education and consultation. Also, the results suggested that it is important to develop proper diet and exercise methods for adolescents girls to maintain their weight and health.

Factors Associated with Weight Control Behaviors Among High School females with Normal Body Weight / 간호학회지

This descriptive study was designed to identify the factors associated with weight control behaviors among 273 high school girls with normal body weight. The objectives of the study were i) to evaluate subjective obesity and satisfaction with the body shape, ii) to describe the weight control behaviors and the motivation, iii) to reveal the relationships between the weight control behaviors and BMI (Body Mass Index), iv) to investigate the relationships between the weight control behaviors and subjective obesity and satisfaction with the body shape, and v) to investigate the relationships between the weight control behaviors and family support. The results showed that 62.6% of the adolescent girls with normal weight perceived that they were fatty and 9.9% thought they were obese. Seventy-five percent of them were not satisfied with their body shape. Eighty percent of the participants reported the main motivation of weight control was to have an attractive appearance. In this study, self-reported weight control methods included dieting (64.8%, skipping or reducing meals), exercise (36.6%), and special dieting (20.1%) such as eating an increased amount of juice or vegetables. It was shown that the subjects who were not satisfied with their body shape and perceived themselves as fatty or obese were active in exercise, diet, and other special diets. Subjects who were on diets and special diets had a higher level of BMI than who were not on diet and special diet. Subjects who exercise had a lower level of BMI than who did not exercised. Family support was significantly related to exercise behavior. The research suggested that there is a increasing responsibility for school nurse to instruct on the body shape and weight control behaviors through health education and consultation. Also, the results suggested that it is important to develop proper diet and exercise methods for adolescents girls to maintain their weight and health.

The factors associated with satisfaction about body image and weight control behaviors in adolescents

BACKGROUND: Obesity is not anly one of the risk factors that affects the prevalence and aggravation of chronic diseases, but is also the cause of social unfitness because slimness has become a standard of beauty. We surveyed on the satisfaction about self body image, the factors which are related to it and weight control behavior of the adolescents in a local area of Korea. METHODS: The survey was performed in a high school of Pocheon on August, 1996. Five classes out of 14 classes in 1st and 2nd grade were selected. The body mass index(BMI) was calculated from the measured height and weight. The satisfaction about body image which was estimated by the difference between present body image and wanted body image in 9 graded figures of body image was obtained from the questionnaire. The information about sex, religion, history of being teased about body image, body image of their parents, mean duration of watching TV in a day, body esteem, and binge-eating was obtained from the questiannaire and we evaluated the relationship between all of the above with BMI and body image satisfaction. We also investigated on the interest in education about weight control and efforts made by adolescents from the questionnaire on weight control behavior. RESULTS: Total of 224 students participated in this study and only 14.7% of them were satisfied with their body image. 58.9% wanted weight reduction and 26.4% wanted weight gain. They were more dissatisfied with their body image when they were girls(p<0.01), had the experience of being teased about their body image(p<0.01), had low body esteem(p<0.01), and had high BMl(p<0.01). We could not find statistically significant relationship between body image satisfaction and other factors such as religion, the duration of watching TV in a day, the body image of their parents and binge eating. 64.3% of the subjects tried to control their weight and most(87.5%) tried to lose weight. The selected methods were diet control(65.3%) and exercise(52.1%) and the most preferred method of diet control was skipping meah(45.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of adolescents were not satisfied with their body image and this dissatisfaction was related to gender, history of being teased about their body image, BMI, and body esteem. Many of them had tried to lose weight and among the methods of weight reduction, there were behaviors that were injurous to their health and growth

Factors influencing weight control behavior and intention of obese children and adolescents / 예방의학회지

This study was undertaken to explain weight control behavior and intention of obese children and adolescents as measured by the elements of the health belief model. A total of 732 obese students from 28 schools in Seoul metropolitan area and their mothers were assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. The analyzed results are as follows; l. Among obese students, 45.3% of male students and 57.2% of female students, a significantly higher portion than male students, reported that they had tried to lose weight within the recent year. Exercise was the most frequently used method to lose weight followed by diet control, drug use, and specialized clinic visits, in descending order. 2. Male students were more likely to try to lose weight if they perceived a low threat level and their mother had a job, and female students were more likely to try to lose weight if they were younger in age, perceived a low threat level and had strong external motivating factors. 3. Female students showed a significantly higher level of intention to obesity control than male students, and the intention level of their mothers also showed the same trend. 4. In male students, the degree of weight dissatisfaction, weight control experience, the level of obesity related beliefs of students, the educational level of the mother and economic status of the family were significant predictors of intention to obesity control, and in females, age, the level of obesity related beliefs of students and intention of their mothers were significant. In the mothers of male students, obesity index of students, age of the mother and the level of obesity related beliefs of the mother were significant predictors of intention of the mother, and in the mothers of female students, obesity index of students, occupational status of the mother and obesity related beliefs of the mother were significant. 5. According to the path model of intention to obesity control, the degree of weight dissatisfaction had the most powerful effect in male students, and perceived net benefit level was the most important variable in female students. Since the weight control behavior and intention of obese students were more predictable by the degree of weight dissatisfaction than the obesity index, we can conclude that only the students dissatisfied with their weight are well motivated for obesity control. There can be a discrepancy between the mother and her child's beliefs and intention status(especially in male students), so the therapists should also assess the student's opinion as well as the mother's. In female students, the perceived net benefit level was the most important predictor of intention to obesity control, therefore the intervention program should pay particular attention to the positive benefits of weight control rather than negative aspects(threats) of obesity.