Microspheres immobilized snailase prepared by method of microemulsion-coacervation for transform icariin / 中草药

Objective: To prepare microspheres immobilized snailase, then optimize the method for making microspheres immobilized snailase and the process conditions for transformation of icariin. Methods: The snailase was embedded in barium-alginate by the method of microemulsion-coacervation. The preparation process was optimized by orthogonal test. Moreover, to optimize and compare the conditions for transforming icariin, such as temperature, pH values, ratio of substrate, and concentration, and to investigate the properties of snailase. Results: Sodium alginates (1.0%), BaCl2 (1.0%), and emulgator were used for making microspheres immobilized snailase by emulsified and immobilized method. Compared with the free snailase, the stability of temperature and pH value of microspheres immobilized snailase was improved. The optimized conditions of microspheres immobilized snailase were 50℃, pH 5, microspheres immobilized snailase mass ratio of 3:1, icariin concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, conversion 2 h, conversion 3 times, transformational ratio up to (53.84±3.41)%. Conclusion: Microspheres immobilized snailase is stable and reusable. Besides, the process of transform icariin is moderate, so it is important and fundamental for industrialization.

Factores determinantes de las conversiones en la colecistectomía laparoscópica / Determining Factors in Conversions in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Introducción: en ocasiones es necesario culminar una colecistectomía laparoscópica por la vía convencional, esta estrategia se conoce como conversión. Objetivo: determinar y cuantificar la influencia de diferentes factores que condicionan la conversión durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Método: durante 2000 a 2010, se realizó una investigación transversal en una población de 22 pacientes tratados con colecistectomía en los que fue necesario convertir la intervención vía laparoscópica en cirugía abierta. Se determinó y cuantificó la influencia de diferentes variables en la conversión; basados en la estimación del Odds Ratio (OR), se obtuvo estimaciones puntuales y por intervalo de confianza (del 95 %) del OR. Resultados: en las intervenciones urgentes se produjeron cinco conversiones para el 6,02 %, este porcentaje fue inferior en las electivas (0,42 %); el valor general para toda la población estudiada fue de 0,53 %. La lesión de la vía biliar principal con ocho casos, al igual que la colecistitis aguda fueron las principales causas de conversión. Los pacientes convertidos por cirujanos con menos de 200 intervenciones fueron 9 (1,8 %). De los pacientes intervenidos por cirujanos con más de 200 intervenciones se convirtieron 13 (1,6 %). Conclusiones: el índice de conversiones presentó un descenso considerable con el transcurso de los años. Las condiciones locales desfavorables incrementaron el riesgo de conversiones. La experiencia del cirujano en más de 200 intervenciones redujo considerablemente las posibilidades de conversión, así como, el índice de lesiones sobre la vía biliar principal.

Introduction: sometimes it is necessary to complete a laparoscopic cholecystectomy by the conventional way, this approach is known as conversion. Objective: to identify and quantify the influence of different factors affecting the conversion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out during 2000-2010 in a population of 22 patients that underwent cholecystectomy in which the intervention was necessary to modify to open surgery. The influence of different variables in the conversion was determined and quantified; based on the estimated odds ratio (OR) point estimations and confidence intervals (95%) of the OR were obtained. Results: five conversions were done in the urgent interventions (6.02 %), this percentage is lower in elective ones (0.42 %), the overall value for the whole study population was 0.53 %. Injuries of the main biliary tract in eight cases as well as acute cholecystitis were the main causes of conversion. There were nine patients (1.8 %) that underwent conversions with less than 200 interventions. Patients converted by surgeons with less than 200 interventions were 9. Of the patients operated on with more than 200 interventions 13 (1.6 %) of then underwent conversion. Conclusions: conversion rate showed a significant decrease over the years, unfavorable local conditions increased the risk of conversions. The surgeon's experience in over 200 interventions significantly reduced the conversion possibilities as well as the rates of lesions.

Tracing to Source,Inheritance and Prospect of Dosage in Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases(Shanghan Zabing Lun) / 中华中医药杂志

Along with the development of the society,the herbal dosage was developed from the uncertainty and imprecisionin primary formulae to relatively exactness in classical formulae of Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases(Shanghan Zabing Lun);it embodied the medicinal development.Due to the vicissitudes of metrology in past dynasties,doctors applied the classical formulae were opinions differ from each other,formed the different recognitions of later ages on dosage conversions in classical formulae;it in a certain extent influenced the accurate inheritance of classical formulae.There was no agreement among many views on dosage conversions of the classical formulae all the times and it was suspense.The definition of dosage in classical formulae properly had its fact evidences,and it must be based on therapeutic effect.Through the cognition of relevant discussions and the textual research on weights and measures in modern time et al,it was quite helpful for the definition of dosage conversions;meanwhile it had important significance to research on dosage conversions in classical formulae assisted with demonstration method.