Evolução dos livros de culinária brasileiros e sua relação com o cozinhar na contemporaneidade / The evolution of Brazilian cuisine books and its relationship with contemporary cooking habits

Introdução: Publicações culinárias são fontes de materiais de pesquisa cuja avaliação permite identificar hábitos culinários e estudar aspectos culturais, biológicos, econômicos, sociais e de comensalidade de um povo. Objetivo: Com o objetivo de compreender quando e por que a sociedade brasileira contemporânea perdeu progressivamente o hábito de cozinhar suas refeições, adotou-se esse objeto de estudo sob o olhar da Alimentação e Nutrição. Foram selecionados sete autores relevantes da história da culinária brasileira, englobando o período de 1840 a 2019. Método: O estudo abrangeu a leitura técnica, que observou elementos visuais e textuais, conteúdo geral e apresentação das receitas culinárias; a análise geral, identificando proposta e público-alvo de cada livro para contextualização de aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais de cada época; e a análise do conteúdo, que estudou ingredientes, detalhamento das técnicas de preparo, utensílios utilizados e observação das modificações dos hábitos culinários sob a perspectiva da Nutrição. Resultados: Observou-se que as obras mais antigas possuíam menos elementos visuais, menor detalhamento das receitas, menor utilização de produtos industrializados e eletrodomésticos e maior quantidade de receitas por página. A comparação dos conteúdos entre as obras mais antigas e mais recentes, em conjunto com a literatura pertinente, sugere uma redução do hábito de cozinhar, que pode ser percebida pelo maior detalhamento das receitas e maior utilização de recursos visuais, mostrando uma tentativa de simplificar as receitas. Foram percebidas, ainda, alterações importantes no padrão alimentar da população, resultado da perda progressiva do hábito de cozinhar e aumento do consumo de refeições prontas produzidas pela indústria. (AU)

Introduction: Culinary publications are sources of research materials whose evaluation allows identifying culinary habits and studying cultural, biological, economic, social, and commensal aspects of a people. Objective: In order to understand when and why contemporary Brazilian society gradually lost the habit of cooking its meals, this subject of study was adopted under the food and nutrition perspective. Seven relevant authors from the history of Brazilian cuisine were selected, covering the period from 1840 to 2019. Method: The study covered technical reading, which observed visual and textual elements, general content and presentation of culinary recipes; in the general analysis, we identified the proposal and target audience of each book to contextualize the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of each era; and in the content analysis, we studied ingredients, details of preparation techniques, utensils used, and observed the changes in culinary habits from the nutritional perspective. Results: It was observed that the older works had less visual elements, recipes were less detailed, and there was less use of industrialized products and household appliances and a greater amount of recipes per page. The comparison of the contents between the oldest and most recent works, together with the pertinent literature, suggests a reduction in the habit of cooking, which can be noticed by the greater detail of recipes and greater use of visual resources, showing an attempt to simplify recipes. Important changes were also noted in the population's dietary pattern, resulting from the progressive loss of the cooking habit and increased consumption of ready-to-eat meals produced by the industry. (AU)

Identificación histórica, geográfica y cultural en la elaboración de dulces tradicionales de Valledupar: un acercamiento para su conocimiento técnico / Historical, Geographical and Cultural Identification in the Production of Traditional Valledupar Candies: An Approach for Technical Knowledge

Resumen Antecedentes: en la Región Caribe colombiana, los dulces han tenido una larga tradición de producción, consumo e importancia, es por eso que ya hacen parte de la identidad de los locales y de todo el país. Siempre que se evoca la gastronomía del caribe colombiano, en especial la de Valledupar, los dulces aparecen como primera opción en la lista de postres típicos. Reflexión: la diversidad cultural que caracteriza las regiones colombianas se refleja claramente en su gastronomía, en la que los dulces tradicionales se consumen como ese "bocadito dulce que acompaña el almuerzo", pero, más que estar presentes en nuestras mesas en el acto de comer, los dulces en un solo bocado evocan historia, geografía, religión, tradición, técnica, cultura, sabores y saberes; por lo que, con este trabajo, se busca realizar un acercamiento a estos aspectos para luego caracterizar los dulces según materia prima, forma de elaboración y consistencia, haciendo mediciones de algunas de sus propiedades organolépticas como pH y concentración de sólidos (°Brix). Conclusiones: todo lo anterior ha permitido entender que la cocina dulce de Valledupar funciona como un ejemplo emblemático para exaltar las complejidades tanto culturales como técnicas que hacen parte de las cocinas en Colombia.

Abstract Background: In the Colombian Caribbean region, candies have had a long tradition of production, consumption and importance, thus contributing to the identity of the locals and the entire country. As such, when Colombian Caribbean gastronomy is evoked, especially that of Valledupar, candies appear at the top of the list of typical desserts. Reflection: The cultural diversity that characterizes the Colombian regions is reflected in its gastronomy, where traditional candies such as "bocadito dulce que acompaña el almuerzo" are consumed, but more than being present at our tables, candies evoke, in a single bite, the history, geography, religion, tradition, technique, culture, tastes and knowledge of the area. This paper seeks to address these aspects and then characterize the candies according to their raw material, form of preparation, and consistency, and measuring various organoleptic properties such as pH and concentration of solids (°Brix). Conclusion: This study has contributed to the understanding that the Valledupar´s sweet cuisine functions as an emblematic example of both cultural and technical complexities that are part of Colombian cuisines. DP analysis is a tool that can be used for formulating dietary recommendations based on food culture.

Algunos peligros químicos y nutricionales del consumo de los alimentos de venta en espacios públicos / Some chemical and nutritional dangers of consuming food sales in public spaces

Los alimentos manufacturados y comercializados pueden contener peligros químicos por sustancias adicionadas intencionalmente como los aditivos que utiliza la industria, otros añadidos por el consumidor y contaminantes naturales como metales que se pueden obtener del aire en el espacio público; también se consideran peligrosos los cambios químicos que tienen algunos nutrientes como las grasas y los aceites (lípidos) y el uso excesivo de estas en la dieta. Algunos métodos de cocción empleados y el material de elaboración de los utensilios pueden llevar, a largo plazo, a desarrollar enfermedades crónicas y toxicidad. Este documento aborda aquellos alimentos y productos que se expenden en los espacios públicos, restaurantes, cafeterías y centros gastronómicos. Esta revisión no tiene intención de sancionar el expendio en espacios públicos, pero sí alertar sobre algunos métodos de cocción, el uso de aditivos alimentarios comúnmente utilizados y las prácticas alimentarias poco responsables, para concientizar al consumidor sobre los peligros.

Manufactured and marketed foods may contain chemical hazards intentionally spiked substances such as additives used by industry, others added by the consumer and natural contaminants such as metals that can get air in public spaces; chemical changes taking some nutrients such as fats and oils (lipids) and overuse of these in the diet are also considered hazardous. Some cooking methods employed and material processing utensils can lead to long term, developing chronic diseases and toxicity. This paper addresses those foods and products that are sold in public places, restaurants, cafes and gastronomic centers. This review does not intend to punish the dispensing in public spaces, but warn about some cooking methods, the use of food additives commonly used and little food practices responsible for consumer awareness about the dangers.

O uso das panelas de ferro como suprimento das necessidades de ferro: [revisão] / Role of iron cookware in supplying the daily iron requirement: [review]

A anemia ferro piva é considerada o principal problema nutricional a ser vencido na atualidade. Segundo dados publicados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, há cerca de dois bilhões de pessoas portadoras dessa anemia. A fortificação de alimentos industrializados e o tratamento médico com sulfato ferro são as formas mais usadas no combate à doença, ambos com sucesso parcial. Entretanto, o uso de utensílios culinários de ferro no preparo das refeições também tem sido apontado, por alguns pesquisadores, como solução alternativa no tratamento e prevenção desta anemia. É essa solução alternativa que o presente artigo visa discutir, bem como os cuidados necessários e a indicação e contra-indicação da utilização destes utensílios, fazendo uma ampla revisão da literatura científica com objetivo de fornecer subsídio técnico científico aos profissionais que atuam na área da saúde pública, abordando a forma como os mesmos podem auxiliar na prevenção e combate da anemia ferropriva com eficiência.

Data published by the World Health Organization show that there are aroundtwo billion people in the world with iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is currently considered the number one public nutrition problem to be solved. Enrichment of processed foods and medical treatment with iron supplementation were the usual forms to fight the disease, both with limited success. The use of iron pans in food preparation has been pointed by some researchers as an alternative solution to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. The present article discusses the role of iron cookware in treating and preventing iron deficiency anemia, the necessary cautions when doing so, recommendations and counterindications. The scientific literature was thoroughly reviewed in order to provide backup to professionals who work in the public health care system, showing the peculiar characteristics of iron pans and showing how they can help eradicate iron deficiency anemia efficiently.

The Relationship Between Levels of Aluminum in Serum and Food / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the levels of aluminum in serum of people who long-term consumed the foods contained aluminum. Methods 1 500 people who like to enjoy the Chinese traditional foods in which aluminum often contained were investigated and the serum were collected for determination of aluminum, the other 1 500 people whose dietary habits were not the same as that of the former were chosen as the control. Results In the people who like to enjoy the Chinese traditional foods, the number of people who burdened a high level of aluminum in serum(572) was much larger than that of the control(40), and the time-effect relationship was found. Conclusion The aluminum contained foods should be controlled and restricted in China to prevent and reduce aluminum intake.