Habilidades Sociales y Aprendizaje Cooperativo el la Inclusión de Estudiantes con Necesidades Educativas Específicas / Social Skills and Cooperative Learning in the Inclusion of Students with Specific Educational Needs

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza cómo al trabajar con la metodología del aprendizaje cooperativo en el aula, los alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales pueden mejorar en sus habilidades sociales obteniendo mejores aprendizajes. Se realiza en el contexto del programa de formación docente universitaria del Experto en Aprendizaje Cooperativo online de la Universidad de Alcalá, en España. La metodología utilizada es de corte cualitativo en base a un diseño de estudio de casos desarrollado durante 6 años (2011 al 2017). Los participantes fueron 176 profesores de centros educativos españoles que cumplían los requisitos. Las acciones realizadas implicaron a un total de 3.964 estudiantes, de los cuales, 406 presentaban algún tipo de necesidad específica. Los resultados reflejan la influencia en las habilidades sociales de los alumnos con necesidades al trabajar con la metodología del aprendizaje cooperativo. Se concluye que para la mejora de las habilidades sociales del alumnado con necesidades es necesario que el docente potencie acciones que promuevan las habilidades sociales de estos alumnos a través del aprendizaje cooperativo y de las propuestas diversificadas, planificadas y ajustadas a sus necesidades concretas, dándoles la oportunidad de trabajar de forma conjunta con sus compañeros.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes how students with special educational needs can improve their social skills through better learning when working with the cooperative learning methodology in the classroom. The research was carried out as part of the Online Cooperative Learning Expert training program at the University of Alcalá, in Spain. The methodology used was qualitative based on a case study design developed over 6 years (2011 to 2017). The participants were 176 teachers from Spanish educational centers who met the requirements. The actions carried out involved a total of 3,964 students, of which 406 had some type of specific need. The results reflect the influence on the social skills of the students with needs when working with the cooperative learning methodology. It is concluded that for the improvement of the social skills of students with needs, it is necessary for the teacher to make use of actions that promote the social skills of these students through cooperative learning and diversified proposals, planned and adjusted to their specific needs, giving them the opportunity to work together with their peers.

Exploration and application of the pioneering TEBMCL teaching mode in the teaching of Clinical Biochemical Laboratory Technology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application of the pioneering TEBMCL (task based evidence-based laboratory medicine team cooperative learning) teaching mode in the teaching of Clinical Biochemical Laboratory Technology. Methods:A total of 336 undergraduates of medical laboratory from 3 classes of Batch 2014 were selected as research objects, and 112 students in class 1 were randomly selected as the teaching reform class, 113 students in class 2 were randomized into control class 1 and 111 students in class 3 into control class 2. The teaching effects achieved by applying the TEBMCL teaching mode to the teaching of Clinical Biochemical Laboratory Technology in the three classes were compared comprehensively and the TEBMCL teaching mode was also evaluated. The Access 2010 and SPSS 17.0 statistical analysis methods were used for statistical analysis. Results:Learning effect: ①Compared with the basic test of the three classes, there was no statistical differences ( P > 0.05); but the in-class test after each chapter showed that the results of the teaching reform class were better than those of the other two classes ( P < 0.05). It was also found that the performance of the control class 1 was better than that of the control class 2 after applying the new TEBMCL teaching mode in the second chapter ( P < 0.05). ②In a number of indicators, it was found that the scores of the reform class were better than those of the control class 1 and the control class 2 ( P < 0.05); ③In the terms of excellent grade and good grade, the teaching reform class was ahead of the control class 1 and the control class 2, and none of students in the teaching reform class failed the graduation design (thesis). In the terms of questionnaires and seminars: TEBMCL teaching mode was carried out for juniors who had professional basic knowledge, with short prcoess and high efficiency, while this method still needed to be improved. Conclusion:The new TEBMCL teaching mode has significant advantages compared with the traditional teaching mode, which can better promote the cultivation of students' abilities and improve the degree of knowledge mastery.

Aproximaciones teóricas sobre el aprendizaje cooperativo para la educación en salud en el contexto universitario / Theoretical approaches on the cooperative learning for education in health in the university context

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, con el objetivo de analizar algunas concepciones teóricas que revelan las potencialidades del aprendizaje cooperativo, como método para la educación en salud, en el proceso de formación universitaria. Para ello se efectuó un estudio documental contentivo de planes y programas de estudio, de artículos científicos y de tesis doctorales; entrevistas a estudiantes, profesores e investigadores universitarios, así como la observación de los comportamientos y modos de actuación relacionados con el aprendizaje cooperativo de los estudiantes en sus diferentes contextos de formación. El estudio desarrollado verificó que existen insuficiencias teóricas sobre el conocimiento del aprendizaje cooperativo (AC) como método para educar en salud desde el proceso de formación del estudiante universitario.

An exhaustive literature review was carried out with the objective of analyzing some theoretical conceptions that reveal the potentialities of the cooperative learning, as method for the education in health, in the process of university training. That is the reason why a documental study, with plans and study programs, scientific articles and doctoral thesis was carried out; also, some students, professors and university investigators were interviewed and the behaviors and performance ways were observed in this respect. The developed study allowed to verify that there are theoretical deficiencies on the knowledge of this learning.

Efeito do sistema de economias de fichas sobre o comportamento cooperativo em crianças / Effect of the token economy system in children cooperative behavior / Efecto del sistema de economía de fichas sobre el comportamiento cooperativo en los niños

O sistema de economia de fichas (SEF) foi usado em um jogo para avaliar seu efeito sobre a cooperação. Crianças de uma escola pública receberam fichas e optaram entre guardá-las ou doá-las anonimamente em uma urna; o número de fichas era triplicado e distribuído igualmente às crianças, que escolhiam, então, entre "comprar" itens ou economizar. O SEF teve efeito na cooperação: 60% das crianças adotaram mais a estratégia cooperativa do que a egoísta, ainda que os perfis individuais mostrem uma aparente exploração de estratégias diversas. O SEF mostrou-se uma alternativa viável e aponta caminhos para aplicação em contextos escolares.

The token economy system was used in a cooperative game to evaluate its effect on cooperation. Public school's children received tokens and chose to keep or donate them anonymously in an urn. The contents of the collective urn were tripled and distributed equally at the end of the session. Children could choose to "buy" items or save tokens. This system affected cooperative behavior: 60% of participants have adopted a more cooperative strategy than the free-rider, even though individual profiles show an apparent exploration of different strategies. These results indicate ways for application in scholar contexts.

El sistema de economía de fichas se utilizó como juego cooperativo para investigar la cooperación entre los niños. Los niños de una escuela pública recibieron fichas y optaron por guardarlas o donarlas de forma anónima en una urna. El contenido de la urna se triplicó y se distribuyó igualmente. Con la ficha que tenían, podían "comprar" artículos o ahorrar las fichas. La aplicación de este sistema parece haber afectado el comportamiento cooperativo, manteniéndolo prevalente entre los participantes (60% de los participantes), mismo que individualmente parecen haber explorado diferentes estrategias. Estos resultados indican formas de aplicación en contextos escolares.

Elaboração Conceitual por meio da Criação Colaborativa e Coletiva de Jogos Digitais na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva / Conceptual Elaboration Through the Collaborative and Collective Creation of Digital Games in the Perspective of Inclusive Education

RESUMO: Este artigo examina a elaboração de conceitos em crianças com e sem deficiências em atividades de criação de jogos digitais. O estudo apresenta o uso da tecnologia em uma abordagem pedagógica sustentada nas teorias de Vigotski relacionadas à elaboração conceitual, à imaginação e à criatividade na infância e nos estudos em design de jogos com crianças. A pesquisa qualitativa adotou o Design-Based Research (DBR) como abordagem metodológica, que possibilitou a atuação colaborativa e coletiva de estudantes em atividades de criação de jogos. A equipe interdisciplinar foi composta por pesquisadores e acadêmicos das áreas de computação, de educação e de design e de quatro crianças do terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal de Itajaí, Santa Catarina, dentre as quais duas com deficiência intelectual. A análise dos dados revelou a apropriação das crianças sobre conceitos acerca de jogos digitais e seus componentes, a percepção do processo de criação de jogos, a complexidade inerente à construção de tecnologias e o olhar crítico das crianças relativos aos jogos e seu uso. As diferenças intelectuais entre as crianças foram superadas por meio de abordagens que favoreceram suas diferentes competências, o que proporcionou a admiração entre os pares, o respeito mútuo e a inclusão escolar.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the development of concepts in children with and without disabilities through digital game creation activities. The study presents the use of technology in a pedagogical approach based on Vygotsky's theories related to conceptual elaboration, imagination, and creativity in childhood and on advanced studies in game design with children. The qualitative research adopted the Design-Based Research (DBR) as a methodological approach, which made the collaborative and collective performance of students in games creation activities possible. The interdisciplinary team was composed by researchers and undergraduate students in the areas of computing, education, and design and by four children from the third year of Elementary Education at a school in Itajaí, Santa Catarina, including two with intellectual disabilities. Data analysis revealed the children's appropriation of concepts about digital games and their components, the perception of the game creation process, the complexity inherent in the construction of technologies, and the critical view of children regarding games and their use. Intellectual differences among children were overcome through approaches that favored their different competencies, which afforded admiration among peers, mutual respect, and school inclusion.

Desenvolvimento da Imaginação e da Criatividade por meio de Design de Games por Crianças na Escola Inclusiva / Development of Imagination and Creativity Through the Game Design by Children in Inclusive School

Resumo: Este artigo examina o desenvolvimento da imaginação e da criatividade de crianças com e sem deficiência por meio do design de games. O estudo sustenta-se nas teorias de Vygotski relacionadas à elaboração conceitual, à imaginação e à criatividade na infância e nos estudos avançados em design de jogos com crianças. O Design-Based Research (DBR) foi adotado como abordagem metodológica, configurando pesquisa qualitativa e colaborativa de criação de jogos. Realizaram-se encontros semanais em uma escola da rede de ensino de Itajaí - SC, durante seis meses, os quais envolveram um grupo de quatro crianças de nove anos, dentre as quais duas com deficiência intelectual, pesquisadores e acadêmicos das áreas de computação, design e educação. Buscou-se demonstrar o potencial da abordagem coletiva, criativa e compartilhada de criação de jogos para o desenvolvimento intelectual de crianças em contextos de inclusão escolar. Como resultado definiu-se o framework "Eu fiz meu game" para desenvolvimento de jogos em contextos escolares. As análises dos resultados da pesquisa revelam o empoderamento das crianças envolvidas frente aos desafios propostos, a operação intelectual em níveis complexos, o protagonismo na construção de soluções e a valorização das diferenças individuais, favorecidas pelas atividades coletivas e colaborativas vivenciadas no processo de criação de jogos digitais.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the development of imagination and creativity in children with and without disabilities through game design. The study is based on Vygotsky's theories related to conceptual elaboration, imagination and creativity in childhood, and in advanced studies in game design with children. The Design-Based Research (DBR) was adopted as a methodological approach, configuring qualitative and collaborative research for game creation. Encounters were held weekly at a public school in the city of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil, for six months, involving a group of four nine-year-old children, including two with intellectual disabilities, and researchers and undergraduate students in the areas of computing, design, and education. The aim was to demonstrate the potential of the collective, creative and shared approach of game creation for the intellectual development of children in contexts of school inclusion. As a result, the framework "I've made my game" was defined for the development of games in school contexts. The analysis of the research results reveals the empowerment of the children involved in face of the proposed challenges, the intellectual operation at complex levels, the protagonism in the construction of solutions and the valorization of individual differences, favored by the collective and collaborative activities experienced in the process of creating digital games.

Un Modelo Psicopedagógico de Habilitación Escolar para abordar la interrupción de la escolaridad en Cuadros Psiquiátricos Complejos / A Psychopedagogical Model of School Habilitation to Address the Interruption of Schooling in Complex Psychiatric Cases

Este artículo aborda la interrupción de la escolaridad debido a la presencia de cuadros psiquiátricos complejos que inhabilitan al paciente para cursarla de manera regular. Se detallan las características de los trastornos involucrados y los procesos que se desencadenan y que culminan con la interrupción de la escolaridad. Se presenta un modelo de intervención que aborda de manera psico-pedagógica estos trastornos, buscando crear un contexto facilitador del desarrollo social y académico. Las intervenciones, fundadas en una perspectiva clínica combinada con el aprendizaje cooperativo como metodología pedagógica, contribuyen a la estabilización de los trastornos desde el punto de vista funcional y sintomatológico, habilitando al paciente para la reinserción al sistema escolar cuando la situación diagnóstica lo permite. Se incluyen análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos de casuística acumulada durante un período de 6 años, definiendo algunas conclusiones para el mejor entendimiento de esta realidad clínica cada vez más prevalente. Palabras Clave: Interrupción escolar, rehabilitación escolar, modelo psicopedagógico, trastornos psiquiátricos complejos, aprendizaje cooperativo.

This article addresses the interruption of schooling due to the presence of complex psychiatric conditions that disable the patient to attend school on a regular basis. The characteristics of the disorders involved, the processes that are triggered and that culminate with the interruption of schooling are detailed. An intervention model is presented that approaches these disorders in a psycho-pedagogical way, seeking to create a context that facilitates social and academic development. The interventions, based on a clinical perspective combined with cooperative learning as a pedagogical methodology, contribute to the stabilization of the disorders from the functional and symptomatologic point of views, enabling the patient to reintegrate into the school system when the diagnostic situation allows it. Quantitative and qualitative analyzes of cumulative experience are included over a period of 6 years, defining some conclusions for a better understanding of this increasingly prevalent clinical reality. Key Words: Interruption of schooling, complex psychiatric conditions, psychopedagogical approach, cooperative learning, school habilitation.

Una intervención en aprendizaje cooperativo sobre el perfil del observador en la dinámica bullying / Intervention effectiveness in cooperative learning on the profile of the dynamics bullying observer

RESUMEN El bullying (acoso escolar) contempla como protagonistas a un grupo de alumnos con papeles bien diferenciados: Agresor, víctima y observadores, estos últimos, testigos del acoso que pueden condicionar el curso del mismo. Con este estudio se pretende determinar si la aplicación de técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo en el aula, reduce la frecuencia de conductas de acoso escolar, en estudiantes de Educación Primaria. Con el fin de evaluar dichas conductas, se aplicó la Escala de frecuencias de acoso escolar entre iguales. Perspectiva Observador. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis, de que tras la aplicación de técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo en el aula, los observadores constatan una reducción de las agresiones verbales y físicas directas, físicas indirectas y de exclusión social propias de la dinámica bullying.

ABSTRACT Bullying includes starring a group of students with distinct roles: aggressor, victim and observers, the latter witnessed the harassment, which may affect the course of the same. This study aims to determine whether the application in the classroom cooperative learning techniques, reduces the frequency of bullying behaviors in students of Primary Education. In order to evaluate these behaviors, the Frequency Scale Peer Bullying. Observer Perspective applies. Our results support the hypothesis that following the implementation of cooperative learning techniques in the classroom, observers establish that reduction in direct verbal and physical aggression, indirect and dynamic characteristics of social exclusion physical bullying.

En el trabajo en equipo, ¿el todo es la suma de las partes? / In teamwork, is the whole sum of the parts?

El trabajo en equipo es una de las estrategias educativas más comunes en las Instituciones de Educación Superior, documentándose ampliamente que el aprendizaje cooperativo tiene ventajas en el desempeño individual, en la aprehensión del conocimiento, en el rendimiento escolar, e incluso en la adaptación al entorno escolar. A pesar de sus bondades, los análisis realizados se concentran en el producto que es resultado del trabajo grupal, pero existe poco trabajo sistemático sobre el proceso, es decir, la forma en que las competencias de individuos independientes se entrelazan para la satisfacción de criterios grupales. Un primer paso en esta dirección requiere la identificación puntual de las competencias individuales de los integrantes de un equipo de trabajo y posteriormente observar cómo se coordinan ante una misma demanda colectiva. En ese sentido se realizó un estudio empleando diadas de participantes que fueron identificados con primacías competenciales compatibles (del mismo tipo funcional) e incompatibles (de diferente tipo funcional), los cuales fueron expuestos a una tarea que requería la coordinación conjunta de los miembros de la diada, tarea que a su vez podía o no corresponder con las primacías competenciales con las que contaban los miembros de las diadas. Los resultados son analizados en términos de la correspondencia entre la complejidad de la tarea y la primacía competencial de los miembros de la diada. Se concluye sobre las posibles implicaciones educativas en la conformación de equipos de trabajo.

Teamwork is one of the most common educational strategies in Higher Education Institutions, documenting widely that cooperative learning has advantages in terms of individual performance, comprehensive knowledge, school performance and even in school adaptation. Even though it has its benefits, the general analysis concentrates on the product that is the result of teamwork, there is little systematic work about the process, that is, the way in which individual competences are intertwined to satisfy group criteria. A first step in this direction requires the specific identification of individual competence in each member of a team and to later observe how they are coordinated given a collective task. In this sense, a study was conducted with dyads of participants whom were identified as having compatible (same functional type) or incompatible (different functional type) which were exposed to a task that required the conjoint performance of both members of the dyad, the task could either correspond o not correspond with the competence primacy identified for such dyads members. Results are analyzed in terms of the correspondence between task complexity and competence primacy of dyad members. Conclusion are drawn as to the possible educational implications for work team organization.

Tutoría entre iguales y comprensión lectora: ¿un tándem eficaz? Los efectos de la tutoría entre iguales sobre la comprensión lectora / Peer Tutoring and Reading Comprehension: an Effective Tandem?The effects of Peer Tutoring on Reading Comprehension

Dada la relevancia de la lectura y la necesidad de encontrar formas complementarias para su enseñanza, el artículo investiga los cambios sobre la comprensión lectora durante la implementación de un programa basado en la tutoría entre iguales "Leemos en pareja" y los mecanismos causantes de dichos cambios. Se opta por la combinación de un diseño cuasiexperimental y una aproximación cualitativa, para identificar los cambios producidos y las actuaciones responsables de dichos cambios. Los resultados indican avances significativos en la comprensión lectora. El análisis del proceso muestra que las mejoras se producen gracias a la utilización de estrategias lectoras y de ayudas andamiadas ofrecidas por los alumnos tutores. Como conclusión, se sostiene que las prácticas de tutoría entre iguales pueden haber contribuido decisivamente en la mejora de la comprensión lectora.

The purpose of this research is to examine the changes occurring in the development of reading comprehension during the implementation of a peertutoring programme "Leemos en pareja" and the mechanisms underlying these changes. We opt for a design that allows multiple methodological approaches: a quantitative one, through a quasi-experimental design to account for changes to reading comprehension, and a qualitative approach to analyse the process and identify the actions responsible for the changes observed. Results show statistically significant gains on the analyzed reading comprehension variable and that improvement occurs thanks to the use of reading strategies and to the scaffolding help offered by the tutors. In conclusion, it is noted that peer tutoring practices may have contributed significantly to improving reading comprehension skills.

Proyecto Mosqueteros: una propuesta de intervención en el aula para favorecer los procesos de inclusión escolar / Project Musketeers: A Proposal of Intervention in the Classroom to Favor the Scholar Inclusion Processes / Projeto Mosqueteiros: uma proposta de intervenção na sala de aula para favorecer os processos de inclusão escolar

Objetivo. El presente trabajo buscó evaluar si el proyecto Mosqueteros, diseñado para generar ambientes sociales adecuados para la inclusión escolar, aumentaba la interacción entre pares con y sin deficiencias cognitivas y si aumentaba las conductas prosociales de niños. Método. Se realizaron dos pruebas piloto para responder al anterior objetivo. La primera evaluó si jóvenes entre los 11 y 18 años, con y sin deficiencias cognitivas aumentaban su participación e interacción con pares después de recibir entrenamiento para relacionarse positivamente con estudiantes con discapacidad. La segunda evaluó 29 estudiantes de segundo grado de primaria de una institución educativa pública de Medellín para establecer si el proyecto Mosqueteros aumentaba sus conductas prosociales. Resultados. En ambas pruebas piloto se encontró que Mosqueteros aumentó las oportunidades de interacción adecuada y la conducta prosocial entre pares, favoreciendo el clima del aula y la inclusión escolar de los jóvenes con discapacidad. Conclusión. El proyecto en mención parece ser una estrategia adecuada para el desarrollo de conductas prosociales en los estudiantes que participaron en el estudio, así como para procurar ambientes de aprendizaje seguros y enriquecidos para la inclusión de niños y jóvenes con y sin discapacidad cognitiva.

Objective. This work intended to evaluate if the Musketeers project, designed to generate adequate social environments for social inclusion, would increase the interaction among peers with and without cognitive deficiencies and if it would increase the pro-social conducts of children. Method. Two pilot samples were done to comply with the previous objective. The first one evaluated if youngsters between 11 and 18 years of age, with and without cognitive deficiencies, increased their participation and interaction with their peers after receiving training to relate positively with students with incapacity. The second one, evaluated 29 second grade students of a public school of Medellin to establish if the Musketeers project increased their pro-social activities. Results. Both pilot samples showed that Musketeers increased the opportunities of adequate interaction and pro-social conduct among peers favoring the class environment and the scholar inclusion of youngsters with incapacity. Conclusion. The mentioned project seems to be an appropriate strategy for the development of pro-social conducts in students who participated in the study and attempting to create a safe and improved learning environment for the inclusion of children and youngsters with and without cognitive incapacity.

Escopo. O presente trabalho procurou avaliar se o projeto Mosqueteiros, desenhado para gerar ambientes sociais adequados para sua inclusão escolar, poderia aumentar a interação entre pares com o sem deficiências cognitivas e se poderia aumentar as condutas psicossociais das crianças. Metodologia. Foram realizadas duas provas piloto para responder ao anterior objetivo. A primeira avaliou o possível aumento na sua participação e interação com pares de jovens entre os 11 e 18 anos de idade com e sem deficiências cognitivas, depois de receber um treinamento para se relacionar positivamente com estudantes com deficiência. A segunda avaliou 29 estudantes de segundo grado de escola primária pública de Medellín, Colômbia, para estabelecer o possível aumento das suas condutas psicossociais graças ao projeto Mosqueteiros. Resultados. Em ambas provas piloto foi achado que Mosqueteiros aumentou as oportunidades de interação adequada e a conduta pro-social entre pares, favorecendo o clima na sala de aula e a inclusão escolar dos jovens com deficiência. Conclusão. O projeto parece ser uma estratégia adequada para o desenvolvimento de condutas pro-sociais nos estudantes que participaram no estudo e para a procura de ambientes de aprendizagem seguros e enriquecidos para a inclusão de crianças e jovens com e sem deficiência cognitiva.

Práticas Educativas Inovadoras na Formação do Psicólogo Escolar: uma Experiência com Aprendizagem Cooperativa / Innovative Educational Practices in Educational Psychologist Vocational Training: an Experience with Cooperative Learning / Prácticas educativas innovadoras en la formación del Psicólogo Educativo: una Experiencia con el Aprendizaje Cooperativo

Resumo Na área da Psicologia Escolar, a relevância da identificação de novas práticas profissionais decorre da adoção de uma perspectiva preventiva e comprometida com a melhoria da qualidade da escola. Pressupõe-se que, durante o período de formação, criar oportunidades para experiências com práticas inovadoras possa constituir-se em uma estratégia favorecedora de uma atuação futura junto a professores dirigida para a melhoria do processo de ensino aprendizagem e do enriquecimento da formação dos alunos de escolas públicas. O método de ensino-aprendizagem denominado aprendizagem cooperativa possibilita aprendizagens acadêmicas por meio da cooperação entre membros de grupos heterogêneos de alunos. Destaca-se como uma prática educativa eficiente e favorecedora de aproveitamento acadêmico, da socialização, da cooperação e das competências sociais dos alunos. O presente estudo consiste no relato de uma experiência de estágio em Psicologia Escolar focalizada na implementação de uma abordagem de aprendizagem cooperativa junto a estudantes do segundo ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Apresentam-se os fundamentos teóricos da aprendizagem cooperativa; descrevem-se a dinâmica do estágio, as percepções dos estagiários relativas aos desafios enfrentados na experiência de estimular a cooperação e discute-se que a aprendizagem cooperativa requer a adoção de um papel com ênfase na mediação e observação do funcionamento do grupo de alunos....(AU)

Abstract In the Educational Psychology field identifying new professional practices is relevant for adopting a preventive perspective compromised to school quality improvement. It is expected that providing opportunities during training for experiencing innovative practices contribute to future actions with teachers that aim at the improvement of teaching-learning process and at the enrichment of students’ education in public schools. The teaching-learning method called cooperative learning provides academic learning through cooperation between students in heterogeneous groups. It is highlighted as an efficient educational practice that promotes students’ academic achievement, socialization, cooperation and social skills. The present study consists of the report of an internship experience in Educational Psychology aiming at the implementation of a cooperative learning strategy with secondary students. The theoretical framework of cooperative learning is presented, as well as the internship dynamics and interns impressions related to the challenges experienced on promoting cooperation. Finally, it is discussed that cooperative learning demands the development of a role that emphasizes mediation and observes student group functioning....(AU)

Resumen La importancia de identificar nuevas prácticas profesionales en el área de la Psicología Escolar surge de la aplicación de un criterio de precaución y compromiso en mejorar la calidad escolar. Se supone que, durante el período de formación, la creación de oportunidades para experimentar prácticas innovadoras podría constituirse como una estrategia favorecedora para la acción futura con los profesores, dirigida a la mejora del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y al enriquecimiento de la educación de los estudiantes en las escuelas públicas. El método de enseñanza y aprendizaje llamado aprendizaje cooperativo permite el aprendizaje académico a través de la cooperación entre los miembros de grupos heterogéneos de estudiantes. El aprendizaje cooperativo se destaca como una práctica educativa eficiente que promueve en los estudiantes: logros académicos, socialización, cooperación y habilidades sociales. Este estudio es un informe de la experiencia de prácticas en Psicología Escolar centrado en la implementación de un enfoque de aprendizaje cooperativo con los estudiantes del segundo ciclo de Educación Primaria. Se presentan los fundamentos teóricos del aprendizaje cooperativo; se describe la dinámica de la práctica y las percepciones de los futuros psicólogos educativos sobre los desafíos que enfrentan en la experiencia de fomentar la cooperación; y se argumenta que el aprendizaje cooperativo requiere la adopción de un papel con énfasis en la mediación, así como la observación del funcionamiento del grupo de estudiantes....(AU)

Undergraduate Medical Students’ Attitude And Preferences Toward Traditional Lecture Versus Informal Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning is one of the active learning techniques. There are three commonly recognized types of cooperative learning groups, namely informal cooperative learning (ICL), formal cooperative learning and cooperative base groups. There is no study been done on ICL which relate to radiology teaching. The results of this study will provide evidence to support either traditional lecture (TL) or ICL is a more suitable teaching method for radiology teaching. This study was aimed to compare students’ attitude and preference towards TL versus ICL in radiology teaching. This interventional study had been conducted among 52 third year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. They underwent both TL and ICL methods during eleven radiology lectures in classroom setting from September 2013 until July 2014. Subsequently, multiple items questionnaires regarding students’ attitude and preferences towards TL and ICL were administered. These questionnaires had undergone validation process and revealed excellent internal consistency with Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.90, 0.92 and 0.88 respectively. The mean total attitude score towards informal cooperative learning was (90.90) (SD: 11.73) significantly higher than the score for traditional lecture 85.46 (SD: 11.82) (p= 0.012). Students showed preference in ICL significantly in six domains. These domains were active involvement in the class, promotion of good rapport among classmates, getting an opportunity to help others, facilitation of understanding difficult materials, improvement of communication skills, opportunity for training to be a good leader and follower, and opportunity for enabling to participate in sharing information, making decision and problem solving. ICL method is recommended in radiology teaching because students demonstrated better students’ attitude and preferences in the learning sessions as compared to TL.

The construction and discussion of autonomous-cooperative learning model for rural-oriented medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

It is very significant that state trains rural-oriented medical students for grassroots health institutions.In combination with the characteristics of Chongqing rural-oriented medical students,the article analyzed and explained the reasons of building autonomous-cooperative learning model,discussed the connotation and the correlation theory of this model.Based on the above,the article designed and carried out autonomous-cooperative learning model,summarized the construction strategy from the aspects of organization and management mechanism,competitive and encouraging mechanism and evaluation mechanism,which explored a practical education pattern that suits rural-oriented medical students.

Group cooperative learning action research in the course of hospice care / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the effect of action research based on group learning in hospice care module for nursing students. Methods 82 students were divided into cooperative learning group (40) and conventional teaching group (42). The cognition and attitude of good death questionnaire was used to evaluate teaching effect before and after teaching of hospice care. After teaching, self-feedback and self-feedback questionnaire were made to evaluate the effect of cooperative learning group. SPSS 17 was used to make comparison of data between groups and within groups, and t test, chi square test or Fisher exact probability 2 were also used . Results There were no difference between two groups of nurses before teaching. The students' cognitive level and attitude in cooperative learning group increased significantly, especially their cognitive level of physiological needs (t=5.398, P=0.001), cognition and attitude of death education in intervention group was higher than control group (t=2.992, P=0.004; t=3.661, P=0.001). Although 95% of the nursing students of the cooperative learning group thought group cooperative studying could improve their interests and cultivated their comprehensive abilities, only 50% could accept this kind of studying methods . Conclusions Action research based on group cooperative studying can improve students' cognitive level and attitude of good death, and it is also good for cultivating their ability of au-tonomous learning, innovation, cooperation, and meanwhile, educational action research is a good way to improve both teaching effect and research ability of teacher staffs, but in practice, students' acceptance of group learning needs to be improved.

Application of Cooperative Learning Approach in the Practice Teaching of Basic Nursing Techniques for Male Nursing Students / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the teaching effect of cooperative learning approach in the training class of basic nursing operation techniques for male students. Methods A total of 82 male nursing students who were admitted into college in 2013 with a 3-year study program were divided into two groups based on mechanical sampling method, 42 students in the experimental group were trained with cooperative learning approach, while 40 students in the control group were trained with traditional teaching method. At the end of the semester, surveys were conducted and the results of students′operative skill were analyzed. Results The result of operative skills evaluation in the experiment group was 88.0 ± 6.9while that in the control group was 79.0 ± 9.2. The comparative difference between the two groups had statistical significance(t = 4.392,P<0.01). The qualified rate in the experiment group was 95.23%(40/42)while that in the control group was 70.00%(28/40).The comparative difference between the two groups had statistical significance(χ2=9.118,P<0.01). Conclusions Cooperative learning approach can improve the teaching effect of nursing operative skills for male nursing students. Thus it is an effective teaching method that deserves promotion and application in the practice teaching of Basic Nursing Techniques.

Experiencia de cambio metodológico en estudiantes chilenos basada en la autonomía y colaboración para la construcción de aprendizajes / Experience of Chilean students in a methodological change based on autonomy and collaboration for the learning constructions

Los programas curriculares del año 2011 se vieron ampliamente afectados por las movilizaciones estudiantiles ocurridas en Chile durante ese año, planteándose, para el periodo 2012 el desafío de lograr abarcar los contenidos retrasados y los correspondientes al año en curso. En vista de esta situación se efectuó un cambio metodológico en una de las asignaturas de la carrera de Tecnología Médica, generando clases en formato Power Point con audio incorporado para su estudio no presencial, guías de estudio y mesas redondas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la opinión de los estudiantes sobre la calidad de las herramientas anteriores y los aspectos globales del cambio, tales como ocupación del tiempo, estímulo para aprender, mejora en los procesos de autoaprendizaje y aprendizaje colaborativo. La encuesta efectuada reveló la satisfacción global de los estudiantes con el cambio propuesto, e identificó focos de mejora asociados a la estructura de clases no presenciales(AU)

Curricular programs of 2011 were largely affected by the student mobilizations in Chile during that year. For that reason we considering for the period 2012 the challenge to cover delayed and corresponding contents for the current year. In view of this situation a methodological change was made in one of the study subjects in the Medical Technology career, generating classes with embedded PowerPoint format for non-attendance study audio , study guides and tutorial roundtables.The objective of this research was to determine the opinion of students on the quality of the tools generated and global aspects of this change of methodology , such as occupation time , stimulus for learning, improval in self-learning and collaborative learning processes. The survey revealed overall student satisfaction in order with the proposed change and identified areas for improvement related with the structure of non-attendance classes(AU)

Formas de interacción implicadas en la promoción de estrategias de comprensión lectora a través de un programa de tutoría entre iguales / Interaction forms involved in promoting reading comprehension strategies through a peer tutoring programme

La investigación se centra en conocer el efecto de un programa de tutoría entre iguales en el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora. Integraron la población de estudio 127 alumnos del grupo de intervención y 75 del grupo de comparación, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de primaria. Participaron ocho profesores responsables de la modulación de las sesiones. Por medio de un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo de comparación, combinado con un análisis del proceso de una submuestra de 12 parejas, se conocieron las actuaciones habituales de los alumnos durante el desarrollo de las actividades. Los resultados obtenidos muestran avances estadísticamente significativos en el grupo de intervención, y no en el de comparación. Las mejoras en comprensión lectora se produjeron en todos los alumnos, con efectos mayores en los tutores o los que desempeñaron ambos roles en tutorías recíprocas. El análisis de la interacción muestra que la tutoría entre iguales y la estructuración en el seno de las parejas han permitido que los alumnos aprendan gracias a la ayuda andamiada recibida (pistas y enlace de ideas), en el caso de los tutorados, o gracias a aprender enseñando, en el de los tutores.

This study focuses on learning about the effect of a peer tutoring program on the development of reading comprehension. The study comprised 127 students in the intervention group, along with 75 students in the comparison group, all of them enrolled in 4 primary schools. The study also involved 8 teachers, who were responsible for modulating the sessions. A quasi-experimental study was carried out, which included a comparison group, combined with analysis of the working sessions of a sub-sample of 12 pairs, to learn about the usual actions of students during the activity. The obtained results show statistically significant progress by the intervention group, but not by the comparison group. Improvement in reading comprehension affected all students, with higher effects on tutors or participants who carried out both roles in reciprocal tutorials. Analysis of the interaction shows that peer tutoring and organization of peer interaction has allowed students to learn due to the structuring of the help received (prompting and linking of ideas), in the case of the tutorials, or due to the learning by teaching strategy in the tutors.

Improvement strategies on teaching practices of medical English from perspective of medical professional teachers / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present, many weak points still exist in teaching practices of medical English in medical colleges, such as lack of clear learning goals and prospects for medical English among medi-cal students, as well as the absence of systematic and practical teaching materials, as well as inappro-priate construction of teacher team for teaching practice. Therefore, corresponding modifications on teaching objectives, construction of teacher team and implementation methods for medical English are urgently needed so as to achieve effective teaching and subsequently meet the new international stan-dards for medical education.

La psicología social de la educación: una puerta poco explorada / The social psychology of education: a little explored door

Este texto tiene como propósito establecer la relevancia y pertinencia de la Psicología social de la educación para el desarrollo de habilidades y competencias sociales en el ser humano, a partir de las generalidades de la Psicología educativa como disciplina psicológica, la relación entre la educación y los procesos psicosociales, para finalizar con los fenómenos centralmente estudiados en contextos educativos formales.

This text is intended to establish the relevancy and pertinence of the social psychology of education for the development of social abilities and competencies in humans, from an overview of educational psychology as a psychological discipline, the relationship between education and psychosocial processes, ending with centrally phenomena studied in formal educational contexts.