ABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste estudo, foi produzido biocarvão de sabugo de milho ativado com ácido fosfórico (BCA) para potencial remoção do herbicida glifosato — GLF (formulação comercial) em meio aquoso. O BCA foi caracterizado por análises de difração de raios X, espectroscopia de infravermelho, adsorção e dessorção de N2, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e determinação do potencial de carga zero. O efeito do pH inicial e da massa de adsorvente também foi avaliado. Os resultados cinéticos de adsorção foram ajustados aos modelos de pseudoprimeira e pseudossegunda ordem. A natureza do processo foi estudada por meio dos modelos de isoterma de Langmuir e Freundlich, e os parâmetros termodinâmicos calculados para as temperaturas de 23, 43 e 63°C. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a adsorção de GLF no BCA foi dependente da temperatura, da massa de adsorvente e do pH do meio, com a melhor condição de ensaio caracterizada por 63°C, 0,25 g de BCA e pH = 7, resultando em boa eficiência de remoção (62,67%), porém com baixa capacidade de adsorção (2,67 mg.g−1). A cinética de adsorção foi representada pelo modelo de pseudossegunda ordem e considerada rápida, sendo necessários 15 min para atingir 98% da capacidade máxima de adsorção. Os dados da isoterma foram bem descritos pelo modelo de Freundlich. Por fim, o estudo termodinâmico revela que a adsorção de GLF é de natureza endotérmica (∆Hº > 0) e endergônica (∆Gº > 0). Os resultados apresentados confirmam que o BCA de sabugo de milho é um adsorvente capaz de remover GLF (formulação comercial) do meio aquoso.
ABSTRACT In this study a biochar was produced from corn cob (BCA), which was activated with phosphoric acid to verify its potential for removal of herbicide glyphosate (GLF) (commercial formula) in aqueous media. BCA was characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, sorption and desorption of N2, scanning electron microscope, and zero charge potential. Kinetic results of adsorption were adjusted to pseudo-first and pseudo-second order reactions. The adsorption process was studied to verify if it followed Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, and the thermodynamic parameter was calculated for 23 oC, 43 cC and 63 oC. The results showed that adsorption of GLF on BCA depended on temperature, adsorbent mass, and pH. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 63 oC with 0.25 g de GLF and pH = 7.0, conditions that presented 62.3% of GLF removal and low adsorption capacity (2.67 mg. g−1). That was probably due to the porous nature of BCA and co-adsorption of other constituents that were present in the commercial formula of GLF. The adsorption kinetics was represented by the model of pseudo-second order and considered fast, taking 15 min to reach 98% of the maximum adsorption capacity. The isotherm data were well represented by the Freundlich model. Finally, the thermodynamic study demonstrated that the adsorption of GLF is of endothermic nature (ΔHº > 0) and endergonic (ΔGº > 0). The results confirmed that BCA from corn cob is an adsorbent capable of removing GLF (commercial formula) from aqueous media. However, the endothermic nature of the process can compromise its performance in water treatment processes.
ABSTRACT
A preliminary investigation was conducted to assess lignocellulolytic efficiency of crude extracts from three white-rot fungi, Pleurotus florida PF05 (PF), Pleurotus sajor-caju PS07 (PS) and Pleurotus eryngii PE08 (PE). The activities of CMC-ase, xylanase, b-glucosidase, b-xylosidase, laccase and Mn peroxidase in extracts were evaluated. PF produced its highest CMC-ase (317 UL-1), b-glucosidase (62 UL-1), b-xylosidase (37 UL-1) and laccase (347 UL-1) activities while, PS produced highest xylanase (269 UL-1) and Mn peroxidase (69 UL-1) activities. In addition, crude extracts extracted were employed for their in vitro degradability assessment; and were evaluated with mono and mixed extracts separately to corn cob substrate. The losses in cell wall components and dry matter during 5 and 10 days incubations were analyzed after treatments of extracts. Maximum 8.2, 4.4 and 2.8% loss were found respectively in hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (C) and lignin (L) with mono extract of PF within 10 days. The influence of mono extract of each strain (PF, PS and PE) and their mixed extracts (PF+PS, PF+PE, PS+PE and PF+PS+PE) on degradation of cell wall constituents were remarkably differed. The mixed extract treatment proved maximum 13.6% HC loss by PF+PS+PE extract, 9.2% loss in C by PF+PS extract and 5.2% loss of L by the PF+PS+PE extract treatment. The highest dry matter loss (8.2%) was recorded with PF+PS+PE mixed extract combination.
ABSTRACT
Effects of xylose on xylanase production by a thermophilic Bacillus sp showed diverse patterns on corn cob (CC) and wheat bran (WB) as sole carbon sources in solid- state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF). Supplementation of these media with either mineral salt solution (MSS) or yeast extract peptone (YEP) also exerted variable effects. While under SSF, xylose stimulated xylanase synthesis by 44.01 percent, on wheat bran supplemented with MSS, it decreased the enzyme activity by 12.89 percent with YEP supplementation. In SmF, however the enzyme synthesis was stimulated by xylose on supplementation with both MSS and YEP by 41.38 percent and 27.47 percent, respectively. On corn cob under SSF, xylose repression was significant both with MSS (26.92 percent) and YEP (23.90 percent) supplementation. Repression by xylose also took place on corn cob and YEP (19.69 percent) under SmF, while significant stimulation (28.55 percent) was observed by MSS supplementation. The possible role of media composition and fermentation conditions in the regulation of xylanase synthesis by xylose is discussed.