Identification of various Candida species isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis attending a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a condition diagnosed in a large proportion of women presenting with complaints of abnormal vaginal discharge. The risk of VVC is high in women with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, using oral contraceptives or broad-spectrum antibiotics and those having Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection.Objective of the present study was to identify the various species of Candida isolated from patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from January to June 2018. A total of 69 clinically suspected VVC cases were included in the study whose high vaginal swabs were collected and subjected to direct microscopy and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Creamy white pigmented colonies on SDA were confirmed as Candida by doing Gram抯 staining. Speciation of positive cultures was confirmed by conventional methods like Corn Meal agar culture, Germ tube test (GTT), Candida CHROM Agar Medium (CAM), sugar assimilation and fermentation test.Results: Out of 69 clinically suspected VVC cases included in the study, only 14 cultures were positive for Candida species. All the 14 isolates were found to be Non-albicans Candida (NAC). Most common species isolated were Candida glabrata 7(50%), followed by Candida tropicalis 3(21.4%), Candida lusitaniae 3(21.4%), and Candida parapsilosis 1 (7.1%).Conclusions: Candida albicans was known to be the most common causative agent of VVC as it was isolated in 90% cases. However, this study showed that all isolates from VVC were Non-albicans Candida. Therefore, species identification should be done in all microbiology laboratories for accurate diagnosis of VVC.

Efecto de los procesos de congelación y descongelación sobre los almidones en un alimento a base de maíz / Effect of the freezing and thawing processes on starches in a corn-based food

RESUMEN Se decidió estudiar el efecto que la cocción y el congelamiento sucesivos tiene sobre contenido de almidones y el índice glicémico (IG) de un alimento a base de harina de maíz (bollo). Se elaboró el alimento y se sometió congelamiento y cocción un par de veces. El contenido de almidones se comparó con el de la harina de maíz pre-cocida y se encontraron diferencias significativas (F = 5,84; p = 0,005), con un incremento importante del contenido de almidón resistente debido a los tratamientos térmicos. Se elaboraron curvas de glicemia a una muestra de individuos sanos, a los que se dio a consumir el alimento sometido a los diferentes tratamientos y pan integral. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (F= 4,21; p= 0,034) y un IG de 67,9 para el bollo sometido a tres procesos de cocción y dos congelamientos. Indicativo de que los procesos térmicos provocaron la aparición de una proporción de almidón retrogradado equivalente a fibra dietética que puede ser beneficioso para el organismo.

ABSTRACT We studied the effect that subsequent cooking and freezing has on the starch content and the glycemic index (GI) of a corn flour-based food (bun). The food was made and exposed to cooking and freezing a couple of times. The starch content was compared with that of precooked corn flour and significant differences were found (F = 5.84; p = 0.005), with an important increase in the retrograded starch content due to thermic treatments. Glycemic response curves were conducted for a sample of healthy individuals, who consumed the food submitted to the treatments and wholegrain bread. Significant differences were found (F = 4.21; p= 0.034) and a GI of 67.9 for the bun submitted to three cooking and two freezing processes. Results suggest that the thermic treatments induced the appearance of a retrograded starch proportion equivalent to dietary fiber which could be beneficial for the body.

Desempenho de vacas mestiças em função de suplementação energética e proteica em dietas à base de silagem de milho / Performance of crossbred cows as a result of energetic and protein supplementation in corn silage based diets

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrados energéticos e proteicos sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras Holandês x Zebu, com peso corporal de 452±77kg, de terceira e quarta lactação, 80 dias pós-parto e produção de 12,8kg de leite/dia. Nove vacas foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 3x3, em períodos experimentais de 10 dias, distribuídas segundo número de lactações, sendo os tratamentos níveis de farelo de soja (FS) em substituição ao fubá de milho (FM) (0,8; 1,6 e 2,4kg/vaca dia, completando para 3,2kg/vaca dia com FM), níveis de FS ou de FM (0,8; 1,6 e 3,2kg/vaca/dia) e silagem de milho como volumoso. Somente o consumo de proteína bruta se elevou com o aumento nos níveis de FS em dietas contendo FM+FS, ao passo que os consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e das frações nutricionais aumentaram com a elevação do FS ou FM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes não diferiram em dietas contendo FM+FS. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta (PB) aumentou ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FS. Houve diminuição da digestibilidade da MS, MO e CNF ao passar de 0,8 para 3,2kg/dia de FM e diminuição do NDT ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FM. As exigências de NDT e PB só foram satisfeitas plenamente com 0,8+2,4kg (FM+FS) e 3,2kg de FS. As dietas contendo FM não atenderam sequer às exigências de NDT. A produção de leite e a sua composição bem como o peso corporal e a eficiência alimentar relacionada ao CMS não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A eficiência alimentar em relação ao fornecimento de concentrado decresceu quando se adicionaram níveis crescentes de FS ou FM. Tendo como volumoso a silagem de milho, o fornecimento de fubá de milho ou farelo de soja, nas quantidades analisadas neste experimento, não promove aumento da produção de leite ou de seus constituintes, sendo que a eficiência do uso do concentrado diminui ao se elevar o nível de suplementação.

The aim was to evaluate levels of energy and protein concentrates on performance of crossbred Holstein x Zebu dairy cows, with body weight of 452 ± 77kg, third and fourth lactation, 80 days post-partum and with a production of 12.8kg of milk per day. Nine cows were distributed in three 3 x 3 Latin squares, with experimental periods of 10 days, distributed according to the number of lactations, with treatment levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing corn meal (CM) (0.8; 1.6 and 2.4kg/cow/day completing 3.2kg/cow/day with CM); CM or SBM levels (0.8; 1.6 and 3.2kg/cow/day) and corn silage as forage. Only crude protein consumption rose with the increase in levels of SBM in diets containing CM + SBM, while the daily consumption of dry mass (DM) and the nutrient fractions increased with the elevation of CM or SBM. The coefficients of digestibility of DM and nutrients did not differ in diets containing CM + SBM. The crude protein (CP) digestibility increased when changing from 1.6 to 3.2kg/day of SBM. There was reduction of digestibility of DM, OM, and NFC when passing from 0.8 to 3.2kg/day of CM and decrease of TDN when changing from 1.6 to 3.2kg/day of CM. The requirements for TDN and CP were only fully satisfied fully in diets containing 0.8+2.4kg (CM+SBM) and 3.2kg of SBM. Diets containing CM did not attend even the demands of TDN. Milk production and composition, as well as the body weight and food efficiency related to the DMI were not influenced by the treatments. Feed efficiency in relation to the supply of concentrate decreased when increasing levels of CM or SBM were added. Having corn silage as forage, the supply of corn meal or soybean meal in quantities analyzed in this experiment does not promote increase in production of milk or their constituents, and the efficiency of the use of concentrate decreases when raising the level of supplementation.

Yeast identification in routine clinical microbiology laboratory and its clinical relevance.

Rapid identification of yeast infections is helpful in prompt appropriate antifungal therapy. In the present study, the usefulness of chromogenic medium, slide culture technique and Vitek2 Compact (V2C) has been analysed. A total of 173 clinical isolates of yeast species were included in the study. An algorithm to identify such isolates in routine clinical microbiology laboratory was prepared and followed. Chromogenic medium was able to identify Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Trichosporon asahii. Chromogenic medium was also helpful in identifying "multi-species" yeast infections. The medium was unable to provide presumptive identification of C. pelliculosa, C. utilis, C. rugosa, C. glabrata and C. hemulonii. Vitek 2 compact (V2C) differentiated all pseudohypae non-producing yeast species. The algorithm followed was helpful in timely presumptive identification and final diagnosis of yeast infections, including multi-species yeast infections.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de alguns componentes nutritivos da silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) com ou sem aditivos, em ovinos / Intake and digestibility of some nutritional components of sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) with or without additives in sheep

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o consumo médio diário da silagem de sorgo, da silagem de sorgo aditivada com fubá e da silagem de sorgo aditivada com Lacto Silo., bem como estimar a digestibilidade aparente in vivo e pelo uso da lignina em detergente ácido (LDA) como indicador, e correlacionar os valores das digestibilidades aparentes de alguns componentes nutritivos destas três silagens. Foram utilizados nove ovinos machos, castrados, sem raça definida, com peso médio inicial de 30,7 Kg, distribuídos em três tratamentos e dois períodos, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A silagem de sorgo sem aditivos proporcionou maiores níveis de consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos totais (CT) e hemicelulose (HEM). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos componentes nutritivos das três silagens foram semelhantes quando avaliados pela coleta total de fezes. Já utilizando a LDA como indicador houve diferença significativa apenas para a FDA, onde a silagem de sorgo sem aditivos foi superior a silagem de sorgo aditivada com Lacto Silo. A silagem de sorgo com fubá foi semelhante às duas. Houve correlação significativa apenas para CT e HEM entre as duas metodologias usadas para estimar as digestibilidades.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the average daily intake of sorghum silage, sorghum silage withcorn meal as additive and sorghum silage with Lacto Silo as additive. It was also evaluated the apparent digestibility in vivo and using the acid detergent lignin (ADL) as marker. Values of apparent digestibility of some nutritive components of these tree silages were correlated. Nine castrated lambs, without definedrace, with initial average body weight of 30.7 Kg were used, distributed in tree treatments and two periods. The animals were placed in metabolic cages and the sorghum silage without additive provided higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), total carbohydrates (TC) and hemicellulose (HEM). The apparent digestibility coefficient of the nutritive components did not differ when evaluated by the total feces collection. However, when using the LDA as marker there was significant difference to ADF, where the sorghum silage without additive was higher then sorghum silage with Lacto Silo. The sorghum silage with corn meal was similar to other two silages. There was significant correlation only to TC and HEM, between the two methodologies used to estimate.digestibility.

Substituição do fubá de milho (Zea Mays, L.) por farinha de pupunha (Bactris Gasipaes, H. B. K.) em rações para Alevinos de Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier 1818)1

Son presentados los resultados de la substitución de la harina de maíz (Zea mays) por la harina del pijuayo (Bactris gasipaes) evaluados a través del crecimicnto y la composición corporal de alevinos de gamitana (Colossoma macropomum), alimentados durante 112días con cuatro raciones, constituídas de una ración padrón y tres niveles de susbtitución gradual de la harina de maíz. Los resultados demuestran que la harina del pijuayo puede substituir completamente al maíz en las dietas para éstos peces, sin afectar su ganancia de peso y su composición corporal.

The influence of the diet substitution of corn meal (Zea mays) for pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) meal on the growth and body composition of tambaqui fingerlings, (Colossoma macropomum) are presented. Tambaqui were fed for 112days with four diets, consiting of a control ration and three diets with differing levels of corn meal and pupunha meal. Results demonstrate that pupunha meal can substitute corn meal completely in diets for Tambaqui fingerlings, without affecting its growth and body composition.

São apresentados os resultados da substituição do fubá de milho por farinha de pupunha, através do desempenho em crescimento e composição corporal de alevinos de tambaqui, alimentados durante 112dias com quatro dietas, constituídas de uma ração padrão e três níveis de substituição do fubá de milho. Osresultados demonstram que a farinha de pupunha pode substituir completamente o fubá de milho nas dietas para estes alevinos, sem afetar seu desempenho e composição corporal.

Sujidades em farinhas de trigo, mandioca, milho, e em fubá de milho / Filths in wheat flour, cassava flour, corn flour and corn meal

Foram analisadas 1.045 amostras de farinhas dos tipos trigo, mandioca, milho e fubá de milho, de março de 1980 a outubro de 1985, com a finalidade de verificar, através da pesquisa de sujidades pelo método de digestão com pancreatina, as condições higiênicas desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que 43% das amostras de farinha de trigo, 20/0 das de farinha de mandioca, 90/0 das de farinha de milho e 80/0 das de fubá de milho estavam em condições higiênicas insatisfatórias e 4% das de farinha de trigo, 120/0 das de farinha de mandioca, 50/0 das de farinha de milho e 30/0 das de fubá de milho estavam impróprias para o consumo, de acordo com critérios preestabelecidos de limite de tolerância de defeitos. Foi sugerida modificação no Código Alimentar Brasileiro, substituindo a exigência de ausência de sujidades para uma tolerância de até 10, quando se tratar de fragmentos de insetos (AU).

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ACID-HYDROLYZED CORN MEAL WITH GROWING CADIDA TROPICALIS / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Corn meal was hydrolyzed in HCI ,and pH adjusted to 6.8 with (NH_4)OH. The substrate was inoculated with Cadida trapicalis ,then cultivated in a shaker at 30℃ and in 200r/min for 2 days. The Results indicated that the protein content in corn meal grew from 8.4 to 27.4%the lysine in the protein increased from 32.1 to 73.48/kg,the tryptophan from 6.8 to to 14.8g/kg. This shows that the nutritional value of corn meal can be improved with this method.

IMPROVEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE IN ENZYMATICALY HYDROLYZED CORN MEAL BY CANDIDA TROPICALIS / 营养学报

10g corn meal was mixed with 200ml Na2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer (1/15M, pH6.81, containtng ammonium oxalate 0.6%, MgSO4 0.01%, FeSO4 0.002%) in a 500ml flask, then was inoculated with Candids tropicalis, and 1.5g ?-amylase was added at the same time. The substrate was cultivated in a shaker at 30℃, 200r/min for 3 days. The protein content increased from 8.4% to 23.4% (P