ABSTRACT
In this study we examined the effects of different feed concentrates on sheep behaviour. Our hypothesis was that citric pulp would stimulate rumination and be capable of replacing other concentrates traditionally used for feeding in confinement, to reduce the risk of urolithiasis. Ten adult Santa Inês sheep were distributed in a Latin square with five different diets, one control diet with 80 percent hay and 20 percent commercial feed and four diets containing 30 percent coast-cross hay and 70 percent of the following concentrates: pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal, cornmeal or wheat bran. After 21d of adaptation to each one of the five diets, the sheep were visually monitored for 24 h at 3 min intervals to record the time spent ruminating, time spent eating and time spent resting; the animals' positions (standing or lying down) were also noted. Daytime was considered to be from 06:00h to 18:00h. The data were evaluated using ANOVA, with Tukey post-hoc test or throughout Two-sample T test for circadian and position assessment. Citrus pulp diets resulted in time spent ruminating similar to the control diet (601, 590 and 669 min, respectively), but greater (P<0.05) than the cornmeal group (421min), which showed that citrus pulp generated effective rumination. The estimated saliva production in the control diet (26L) was greater than in the other groups, and was greater in the citrus pulp groups (24L/d) than cornmeal (21L/d). Feeding with cornmeal led to shorter time spent eating and time spent ruminating than all other diets. The sheep had higher time spent resting at night when fed concentrates (P<0.05). For all diets, about 90 percent of the time spent ruminating occurred with the animals lying down. Pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal and to a lesser degree wheat bran, led to adequate time spent ruminating. The use of citrus pulp can act as a preventive management measure to reduce the incidence of urolithiasis in sheep flocks...
No presente estudo, avaliaram-se os efeitos da alimentação de diferentes concentrados sobre o comportamento de ovinos. A hipótese é a de que a polpa cítrica estimularia a ruminação e reduziria o risco de ocorrência de urolitíase, podendo substituir outros concentrados. Dez ovinos adultos, mestiços da raça Santa Inês, foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino com cinco tratamentos, sendo quatro destes contendo dietas com 30 por cento de feno de capim coast-cross e 70 por cento dos seguintes concentrados: polpa cítrica peletizada, polpa cítrica farelada, fubá de milho e farelo de trigo, e uma dieta controle com 80 por cento de feno e 20 por cento de ração comercial peletizada. [...] A posição dos animais (em pé ou deitados) também foi observada. O período diurno foi considerado entre seis e 18 horas. Para comparação entre os tratamentos, os dados foram avaliados por meio de ANOVA e do teste de Tukey. Para a avaliação circadiana e entre as posições, foi utilizado o teste t de Student. Dietas com polpa cítrica promoveram tempo de ruminação semelhante aos do grupo de controle (601, 590 e 669 min, respectivamente), mas superior ao grupo alimentado com fubá de milho (421min). A produção de saliva estimada no grupo controle (26L/d) foi maior do que nos demais grupos, e os grupos com polpa cítrica tiveram maior produção de saliva do que o grupo com fubá de milho (21L/d). Ovinos em dietas ricas em concentrados descansam mais durante a noite. Em todas as dietas, cerca de 90 por cento da ruminação ocorreu com os animais deitados. A polpa cítrica peletizada e a farelada, e em menor grau o farelo de trigo, promoveram adequadamente a ruminação. Este concentrado pode ser utilizado como medida preventiva visando diminuir a incidência de urolitíase em rebanhos ovinos...
Subject(s)
Animals , Adult , Animal Feed , Cynodon , Sheep/physiology , Triticum , Urolithiasis/prevention & control , Zea mays , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Urolithiasis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Con el fin de evaluar la microbiota asociada al maíz tierno molido, se analizaron 20 muestras provenientes de varios centros de distribución de Maracay, estado Aragua. A cada muestra se le realizó un análisis físico-químico (medición de pH y acidez). Se utilizó el método de contaje en placa para la cuantificación de mohos y levaduras (Norma Covenin 1337:1990) y bacterias mesófilas (Norma Covenin 902:1978). Para la estimación de coliformes totales y fecales se usó el método NMP (Norma Covenin 1104:1996). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los valores de pH, acidez, contajes de mohos, levaduras y bacterias mesófilas, ni en la estimación de coliformes totales y fecales en las muestras analizadas. Los valores de pH se encontraron entre 6,1-6,4 y los de acidez entre 2,6-2,8. Los contajes de mohos, levaduras y la estimación de coliformes totales y fecales excedieron el límite permitido por la norma mexicana NOM-147-SSA1-1996 de cereales y sus productos y la venezolana Covenin 1452:1993, evidenciándose una elevada contaminación de las muestras analizadas, a excepción de los contajes de bacterias mesófilas. El elevado crecimiento de coliformes en todas las muestras analizadas representa un riesgo para la salud humana.
With the purpose of evaluating the macrobiotic population associated with tender ground corn, we analyzed 20 samples obtained at several distribution centers in Maracay, Aragua State. Each sample was submitted to a physical-chemical analysis (pH and acidity measurements). For quantification of molds and yeasts we used the NMP method (Covenin Regulation 902.1978). The data obtained were analyzed through a variance analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in pH and acidity values, or in mold, yeasts or mesophilic bacterial counts, or in the estimation of total and fecal coliforms in the samples analyzed. pH values were between 6.1 - 6.4, and acidity values between 2.6 - 2.8. Molds and yeasts counts and estimation of total and fecal coliforms exceeded the limits allowed by the Mexican Regulation NOM-147-SSA1-1996 for cereals and their products, and the Venezuelan Regulation Covenin 1452-1993, showing a high contamination of the samples analyzed, except for the mesophilic bacterial counts. The high coliform growth in all the samples analyzed represents a risk for human health.
ABSTRACT
Los cereales son fuente importante de macronutrientes que varían con el procesamiento y preparación antes de su consumo. La cocción mejora el sabor de los alimentos, los hace agradables y más digeribles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios producidos en la composición proximal de la harina de maíz precocida, arroz blanco, pasta alimenticia y cereales infantiles al momento de la preparación en el hogar, a fin de actualizar y aportar datos a la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos (TCA) de Venezuela. Se adquirieron 87 muestras de productos alimenticios entre harina de maíz precocida, arroz blanco, pasta alimenticia y cereales infantiles. Las muestras fueron captadas en expendios oficiales (MERCAL) y cadenas de supermercados en diferentes zonas de Caracas. Se obtuvieron 11 lotes, los cuales fueron analizados crudos y cocidos (forma habitual de preparación en el hogar). Los análisis realizados fueron humedad, proteínas, grasas y cenizas utilizando métodos oficiales. Los resultados porcentuales indican que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los parámetros evaluados para las diferentes marcas, entre los productos crudos y cocidos. Todos los cereales crudos tienen una humedad menor de 11,12 % y presentan variaciones porcentuales en proteínas de 7,07 a 15,02, grasas de 1,18 a 2,50 y cenizas de 0,40 a 2,38 cumpliendo lo establecido en la Norma COVENIN correspondiente. En las muestras preparadas para el consumo, las variaciones porcentuales son: humedad entre 56,31 y 75,97, las proteínas de 2,53 a 5,38, las grasas de 0,36 a 1,22, y las cenizas 0,16 a 0,72. Se concluye que el mayor cambio que experimentan los alimentos en su procesamiento doméstico es la humedad (absorción y evaporación de agua), la cual diluye y modifica los componentes, que en el caso de las proteínas se reducen en mas del 50%, por esto para el efecto de cálculo de aporte de macronutrientes debe considerarse el contenido tal y como se consume el alimento. Los resultados obtenidos son semejantes a los reportados en la versión 2000 de la TCA(AU)
Cereals are an important source of macronutrients that vary with the processing and preparation before their consumption. Cooking improves the taste of food, nice and makes them nicer and more digestible. The objective was to evaluate the changes produced in the proximate composition of precooked cornmeal, white rice, pasta and baby cereals at the time of preparation at home, aiming to update and provide data to the Venezuelan Food Composition Table (TCA). Eighty-seven samples of food products were purchased among precooked cornmeal, white rice, pasta and baby cereals. The samples were acquired at government outlets (MERCAL) and supermarket chains in different areas of Caracas. Eleven lots were obtained, which were analysed raw and cooked (usual home preparation). The analyses performed were moisture, protein, fat and ash, using official methods. The percentage results indicate significant differences (p <0.05) for the evaluated parameters between raw and cooked products for different brands. All raw cereals have humidity lower than 11.12%, and show protein percentage variations from 7.07 to 15.02, fat from 1.18 to 2.50 and ash from 0.40 to 2.38 meeting the provisions of the corresponding COVENIN standard. In the samples prepared for consumption, the percentage variations are: humidity between 56.31 and 75.97, protein from 2.53 to 5.38, fat from 0.36 to 1.22, and ash from 0.16 to 0 72. The major change these foodstuffs experience by domestic food processing is the moisture (water absorption and evaporation), which dilutes and modifies the components, which in the case of proteins are reduced by more than 50%, and thus for calculating the supply of macronutrients, the content should be considered as the foodstuff is consumed. The results obtained are similar to those reported in the 2000 version of the TCA(AU)