Superexpressão Gênica PTEN em Tecidos Miocárdicos de Pacientes de Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica / Overexpression of the PTEN Gene in Myocardial Tissues of Coronary Bypass Surgery Patients

Resumo Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana é um distúrbio complexo que causa morte em todo o mundo. Um dos genes envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessa doença pode ser o PTEN. Objetivos: Nosso objetivo foi investigar a expressão gênica e proteica do PTEN em amostras de tecido e sangue retiradas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Métodos: Foram realizados estudos moleculares no Centro de estudos do genoma humano e células-tronco da Universidade Erciyes (GENKOK). Amostras do apêndice atrial direito e de sangue foram coletadas da veia central de 22 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica antes de iniciar e terminar a circulação extracorpórea. A expressão do PTEN foi determinada usando PCR quantitativo em tempo real e análise de Western Blot. O nível de significância aceito foi de p<0,05. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na expressão gênica do PTEN em amostras de sangue coletadas antes e depois da circulação extracorpórea. Entretanto, foi observado um aumento substancial nos níveis de expressão gênica e proteica de P-PTEN e PTEN nas amostras de tecido. A expressão gênica miocárdica PTEN aumentou significativamente ao final da circulação extracorpórea. A expressão gênica do PTEN no período pós-circulação extracorpórea aumentou em comparação com o período pré-circulação extracorpórea, mas não foi um aumento significativo em comparação com sujeitos saudáveis do grupo de controle. Conclusão: Este estudo revelou pela primeira vez o papel do gene PTEN analisando a expressão de mRNA e de proteína em pacientes com revascularização miocárdica, que se manifesta tanto em tecido miocárdico quanto em amostras de sangue. O aumento dos níveis de PTEN pode ser um marcador no tecido miocárdico para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana.

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease is a complex disorder that causes death worldwide. One of the genes involved in developing this disease may be PTEN. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the PTEN gene and protein expression in tissue and blood samples taken from coronary bypass surgery patients. Methods: Molecular studies were performed at Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK). Right atrial appendage and blood samples were taken from the central vein of 22 coronary bypass surgery patients before starting and ending cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN expression was determined using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the PTEN gene expression in blood samples taken before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, a substantial increase in both protein and gene expression levels of P-PTEN and PTEN was observed in the tissue samples. Myocardial expression of the PTEN gene was significantly increased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass. PTEN gene expression in the post-cardiopulmonary bypass period was increased when compared to the pre-bypass period, but it was insignificant when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: This study first revealed the role of the PTEN gene by analyzing both mRNA and protein expression in coronary bypass patients, appearing in both myocardial tissue and blood samples. Increased levels of PTEN may be a marker in myocardial tissue for patients with coronary artery disease.

Cuidado de enfermería al paciente en postoperatorio temprano de revascularización miocárdica / Nursing care of the patient in early postoperative myocardial revascularization

La etapa temprana postoperatoria después de un injerto de bypass de arteria coronaria, sigue siendo una de las fases más críticas para los pacientes que recibieron intervención quirúrgica del corazón. Se pretendió diseñar una propuesta de cuidado de enfermería con base en los problemas que presentan los pacientes en esta fase del proceso de recuperación (48-96 horas), a partir de la descripción e interpretación de los eventos clínicos que requieren cuidados de enfermería (ECRCE) y situaciones que requieren cuidado de enfermería (SRCE). Los ECRCE incluyeron datos cuantitativos en los sistemas neurológico, cardiovascular y respiratorio, y en piel. Estos datos se recolectaron a través de la Hoja de Registro de Información (HRI), historia clínica e información general, diagnósticos y datos relacionados con la cirugía. Por otro lado, los datos cualitativos, que incluyen bienestar, logros, razonamiento, beneficio, complacencia, creencias y valores, sufrimiento, agobio y pesadumbre se investigaron a través de una entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad. Los datos cuantitativos (ECRCE) se analizaron mediante el modelo de Rasch, estadística descriptiva y análisis de correspondencias múltiple y el método de clasificación (cluster analysis). Los datos cualitativos (SRCE) fueron codificados y agrupados en categorías, y luego analizados e interpretados en consecuencia. El análisis mostró que los cambios que se presentan inmediatamente después de la cirugía, permanecen a lo largo de todo el proceso de recuperación. La identificación de éstos permitió la elaboración de una propuesta de cuidado de enfermería a los pacientes durante by pass aorto-coronario (CABG).

Postoperative early stage after grafting of coronary artery bypass, remains one of the most critical phases for the patients undergoing heart surgery. We intended to design a nursing proposal based on the problems presented by patients at this stage of the recovery process (48-96 hours), from the description and interpretation of clinical events requiring nursing care (CERNC) and situations that require nursing care (SRNC). The CERNC included quantitative data on the neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and in the skin. These data were collected through Record Sheet Information (RSI), medical history and general information, diagnostics and surgery-related data. Secondly, qualitative data, which include welfare, achievements, reasoning, benefit, complacency, beliefs and values, suffering, anxiety and grief were investigated through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data (CERNC) were analyzed using the Rasch model, descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis and classification method (cluster analysis). Qualitative data (SRNC) were coded and grouped into categories, and then analyzed and interpreted accordingly. The analysis showed that the changes that occur immediately after surgery remain along the whole recovery process. The identification of these led to the drafting of a proposed nursing care to patients during CABG.

Fibrilación auricular en el período posoperatorio precoz de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Atrial fibrillation in the early postoperative period of the coronary bypass surgery

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 73 pacientes con fibrilación auricular de nueva aparición en las primeras 72 horas del periodo posoperatorio de revascularización coronaria, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2010 hasta igual período de 2013. En la serie, los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (71,2%), con un aumento en la frecuencia a medida que avanzó la edad. Primaron el sexo masculino (74,3 %) y el hábito de fumar (86,0 %). Entre los factores más notables figuraron: antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda por debajo de 55,0 %, revascularización incompleta y uso del bypass de apoyo. Aunque esta arritmia se relacionó con otras complicaciones posoperatorias, el bajo gasto cardiaco y los accidentes vasculares encefálicos predominaron en esta investigación.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 73 patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the first 72 hours of the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery, surgically treated at the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January 2010 to the same month of 2013. In the series those older than 60 years were the most affected (71.2%), with an increase in frequency as age advanced. Males (74.3%) and smoking habit (86.0%) prevailed. Among the most remarkable factors were history of hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction below 55.0%, incomplete revascularization and use of the bypass support. Although this arrhythmia was related to other postoperative complications, low cardiac output and strokes prevailed in this study.

Algoritmo para el diagnóstico del infarto miocárdico agudo en el período posoperatorio de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Algorithm for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery

El infarto agudo del miocardio en el periodo posoperatorio de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria constituye una complicación grave, debido a la elevada mortalidad que provoca. Su diagnóstico resulta esencialmente clínico, enzimático y ecocardiográfico, razón por la cual debe establecerse tempranamente, pues de ello depende el éxito terapéutico y la evolución de los pacientes; por tanto, es de vital importancia, poseer una guía que permita orientarse y reducir el tiempo requerido para este. Se presenta un algoritmo diagnóstico de fácil aplicación, elaborado en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a disminuir el tiempo de definición de esta enfermedad y que puede ser empleado en el resto de los centros del país.

Acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period of coronary bypass surgery is a serious complication due to the high mortality it causes. Its diagnosis is essentially clinical, enzymatic and echocardiographic, reason why it should be early established, because the success of therapy and patient outcomes depend on that; therefore, it is of paramount importance to have a guide to get information and to reduce the time required for this. An easily applicable diagnostic algorithm is presented, developed in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, in order to reduce the time of definition of the disease, which can be used in the rest of centers of the country.

Diferenças regionais no acesso a cirurgia cardiovascular no Brasil, 2002 -2010 / Regional differences in access to coronary bypass surgery in Brazil, 2002-2010

As taxas internação por angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização vêm sendo usadas como proxies de acesso a serviços de alta complexidade. O objetivo é analisar sua evolução e discutir quais seriam as possíveis causas associadas às desigualdades regionais. Foram calculadas as taxas padronizadas de realização de angioplastia e cirurgia de revascularização por sexo e idade por 100 mil habitantes de 20 anos e mais, no período 2002 a 2010. A comparação com os dados internacionais mostra que o Brasil tem taxas menores que as observadas nos países da OECD. No Brasil, as taxas padronizadas de internação por angioplastia na população de 20 anos ou mais apresentaram uma tendência de crescimento, passando de 27,5 por 100 mil habitantes em 2002 para 39 por 100 mil em 2010. Na comparação das taxas padronizadas por idade e sexo entre as grandes regiões do Brasil, além das diferenças marcantes no eixo Norte - Sul, o que chama atenção é que mantenham um padrão estável e também as diferenças regionais. A constituição de redes assistenciais regionais hierarquizadas para cirurgias cardíacas constitui uma estratégia importante para: garantir a qualidade do cuidado, a optimização dos custos operacionais e reduzir as desigualdades no acesso entre as regiões brasileiras.

The hospitalization rates for angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery have been used as proxies for access to highly specialized services. The scope of this study is to analyze the evolution of these rates and discuss what are the possible causes associated with regional inequalities. Standardized rates of angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery by age and sex per 100,000 inhabitants aged 20 and over, in the period from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. Comparison with international data shows that Brazil has lower rates than those observed in OECD countries. In Brazil, the standardized rates of hospitalization for angioplasty in the population aged 20 and over showed an upward trend, rising from 27.5 per 100,000 in 2002 to 39 in 2010. When mortality rates by age and sex from different geographical regions were compared, besides the marked differences in the north - south axis, what is notable is the maintenance of a stable pattern of these rates and regional differences over the period analyzed. The definition of regional health care networks for cardiac surgery is an important strategy to ensure the quality of care, optimization of operating costs and reduction of inequalities in access to healthcare between Brazilian regions.

The effect of weight loss on the outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in obese patients.

The role of body mass index (BMI) in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been a focus of past studies. However, the effects of postoperative weight loss in patients after CABG is yet to be known. We performed a retrospective study of 899 patients who underwent CABG at our institution. Perioperative patient information was collected from an onsite electronic record system. Patients were grouped into four BMI categories: normal controls, overweight, obese and morbidly obese. Based on the postoperative BMI changes, patients were then grouped into three categories: gainers, no change and losers. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance and linear regression to establish an association among the data. Hazard ratios (HR) and cumulative survival were obtained by the Cox-Mantel and Kaplan-Meier analyses, respectively. The normal controls exhibited a markedly higher mortality postoperatively, at 27.9%, especially when compared with the obese individuals (16.1%). Patients who lost weight faced a significantly increased risk of mortality than those who experienced no changes or gained weight after surgery. This trend was especially salient among the obese patients, who more than tripled their mortality risk (HR = 3.24) versus individuals who gained weight, and more than doubled their risk (HR = 2.87) versus those who had no changes. We conclude that obesity confers a survival advantage in the setting of the CABG surgery. Weight loss among all BMI categories of patients studied results in an adverse effect on postoperative survival.

Acurácia da ecocardiografia com estudo da perfusão miocárdica na avaliação de viabilidade em pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda crônica submetidos à revascularização / Real-time perfusion echocardiography accuracy for detecting viability in chronic left ventricular dysfunction undergoing myocardial revascularization

INTRODUÇÃO: A ecocardiografia com perfusão miocárdica em tempo real (EPMTR) é uma técnica que permite a avaliação da perfusão miocárdica e a quantificação do fluxo miocárdico regional. Existem poucos dados na literatura a respeito da acurácia da EPMTR na detecção de viabilidade miocárdica e predição da melhora da qualidade de vida proporcionada pela revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro pacientes com doença arterial coronária e disfunção ventricular esquerda crônica foram submetidos à EPMTR e questionário de qualidade de vida antes e após revascularização miocárdica. EPMTR foi realizada com injeção intravenosa contínua de PESDA ou Definity® e energia modulada. Recuperação funcional regional foi considerada padrão de referência (miocárdio hibernante), viabilidade miocárdica foi definida como presença de perfusão homogênea em pelo menos 1 segmento miocárdico no território revascularizado à avaliação qualitativa e a análise do fluxo miocárdico foi realizada nos 17 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo obtendo-se índices de volume de sangue no miocárdio (A), da velocidade do fluxo () e do fluxo miocárdico absoluto (Ax) na condição de repouso no pré-operatório. Todos territórios revascularizados foram analisáveis. RESULTADOS: Presença de miocárdio hibernante foi observada em 77% dos territórios com viabilidade miocárdica pela EPMTR e em 44% dos territórios sem viabilidade (p=0,03). A presença de viabilidade pela EPMTR qualitativa apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 74%, 60%, 77% e 56%, respectivamente. Análise combinada (reserva contrátil e/ou perfusão miocárdica) resultou sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN de 89%, 40%, 73% e 67%, respectivamente. O valor de Ax 1,76 conferiu sensibilidade de 91,3%, especificidade de 50%, VPP de 75% e VPN de 77,8%, resultando em uma acurácia de 75,7%. O escore de qualidade de vida foi de 36,4 (29,1-43,6) para 18,1 (12,8-23,4; p =0,001)...

BACKGROUND: Real-time perfusion echocardiography (RTPE) is an emerging modality for assessing myocardial perfusion and allows noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial blood flow. Little is known about the accuracy of the RTPE for the assessment of myocardial viability and the possibility of prediction of quality of life improvement after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Twenty four patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular dysfunction underwent RTPE and answered Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire before and repeated after myocardial bypass coronary surgery. RTPE was performed using continuous PESDA or Definity intravenous infusion with power modulation image. Regional function recovery after surgical procedure was considered the standard reference (hibernating myocardial). Qualitatively, viability was defined as presence of homogeneous opacification in at least one myocardial segment in a rest revascularized territory, according coronary distribution. For myocardial blood flow evaluation, the left ventricle was divided into 17 segments, and indexes of myocardial blood volume (A), blood flow velocity (), and myocardial blood flow (Ax) were obtained for each myocardial segment at rest condition. All revascularized territories were analyzed. RESULTS: Hibernating myocardial was observed in 77% of RTPE viable territories and in 44% in non-viable ones (p=0.03). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values of qualitative RTPE viability detecting were 74%, 60%, 77% and 56%, respectively. A combined analysis (contractile reserve and/or myocardial perfusion) provided sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values of 89%, 40%, 73% e 67%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values of Ax1.76 for recovery of function were 91%, 50%, 75% and 78%, respectively, with an accuracy of 76%. Quality of life score improved from 36.4 (29.1-43.6)...

Angioplastia na circulação coronária nativa em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo miocárdica / Native coronary angioplasty in patients with prior coronary artery surgery

Objetivo - Avaliar os resultados clínicos da angioplastia na circulaçäo coronária nativa em pacientes previamente submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio. Métodos - No período de junho de 1987 a julho de 1990, 69 pacientes previamente submetidos a cirurgia de revascularizaçäo miocárdica realizaram angioplastia na sua circulaçäo coronária nativa. A idade variou de 31 a 82 (média = 57,5) anos, sendo 58 pacientes do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes apresentavam angina do peito e foram agrupados de acordo com as seguintes características: grupo I - revascularizaçäo incompleta por ocasiäo da cirurgia (28 pacientes); grupo II - progressäo da doença em vasos näo tratados cirurgicamente (24 pacientes) e, grupo III - progressäo da doença em vasos tratados cirurgicamente (17 pacientes). Resultados - O sucesso da angioplastia foi de 94% (65/69). Para os grupos I, II e III este índice foi 95%, 92% e 94%, respectivamente. Complicaçöes imediatas ocorreram em 4% dos pacientes, näo havendo cirurgia de emergência ou óbito nesta série. Quarenta pacientes foram reestudados (61%) em um período médio de 4 meses. Reestenose angiográfica foi observada em 10 pacientes (25), sendo 8 destes redilatados. A sobrevida foi de 95% (60/63%, sendo que 75% (45/60) apresentavam-se livres de eventos coronarianos ao final do período médio de observaçäo clínica de 13 meses. Conclusäo - A angioplastia neste grupo de pacientes foi um procedimento seguro e eficaz no tratamento da doença obstrutiva da circulaçäo coronária nativa

Purpose - To evaluate the clinical results after angioplasty in the native coronary vessels in patients who had undergone previous coronary artery surgery. Methods - From June 1987 to July 1990, 69 patients with previous coronary artery surgery underwent coronary angioplasty in the native arteries. Age ranged from 31 to 82 (mean = 57.5) years, fifty eight were males. Angina was present in all patients. The patients were classified in three groups according to the following criteria: group I incomplete revascularization following bypass surgery (28 patients); group II - progression of the disease in ungrafled vessels (24 patienis) and group III progression of the disease in grafted vessels (17 patients). Results - Primary success was achieved in 94% (65/69). Ninety -five percent in group I, 92% in group II and 94% in group III. Complications occurred in 4%; emergency surgery or deaths were not observed in this study. Forty patiens (61%) repeated coronary arteriography an average follow-up of 4 months and restenosis was detected in 10 (25%); 8 of them were redilated. Survival rates was 95% and 75% of them were free of coronary events after an average followup of 13 months. Conclusion - Coronary angioplasty in these patients is a safe and effective interventional procedure in the treatment of coronary artery disease in native coronary vessels