Necesidades de aprendizaje de médicos de atención primaria sobre reperfusión coronaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Learning necessities of primary care doctors on coronary reperfusion in the acute myocardial infarction

Introducción: el conocimiento sobre reperfusión coronaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en el nivel primario de atención es de extraordinaria importancia para disminuir las complicaciones y la mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar las necesidades de aprendizaje de médicos de atención primaria sobre reperfusión coronaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 65 galenos que laboraban en 5 policlínicos principales de urgencias de Santiago de Cuba en noviembre del 2017, para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta con variables de interés, que se calificó según metodología de evaluación y estándar previamente establecida por el equipo de trabajo. Resultados: del total de preguntas, solo una (5,9 por ciento) cumplió con el estándar de más de 70 por ciento de médicos con respuestas adecuadas; los años de experiencia y haber recibido adiestramiento influyeron positivamente en el número de dichas respuestas. La falta de capacitación fue la causa por la cual no se aplicó el tratamiento, y la planificación de esta, así como la creación de algoritmos de trabajo resultaron las medidas más propuestas por los galenos. Ninguno de ellos refirió sentirse adiestrado correctamente. Conclusiones: los médicos que laboraban en los 5 policlínicos principales de urgencias mostraron necesidades de aprendizaje y capacitación sobre el proceso de reperfusión coronaria.

Introduction: the knowledge on coronary reperfusion in the acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment in the primary care level is of extraordinary importance to decrease complications and mortality. Objective: to determine the necessities of doctors from primary care on coronary reperfusion in the acute myocardial infarction. Method: a descriptive study of 65 physicians who worked in 5 main polyclinics for emergencies of Santiago de Cuba was carried out in November, 2017 for which a survey with variables of interest was applied which was qualified according to evaluation methodology and previously established standard by the working team. Results: of all questions, only one (5.9 percent) fulfilled the standard of more than 70 percent of doctors with appropriate responses; the years of experience and receiving a previous training influenced positively in the number of these responses. The lack of training was the cause for which the treatment was not applied, and its planning, as well as the creation of working algorithms were the measures mostly proposed by the physicians. None of them referred to be correctly trained. Conclusions: doctors who worked in the 5 main emergency polyclinics showed learning necessities and training on the management for coronary reperfusion.

Effects of exercise combined with apelin-13 on cardiac function in the isolated rat heart / Efeitos do exercício combinado com apelina-13 na função cardíaca no coração isolado de ratos / Efectos del ejercicio combinado con apelin-13 en la función cardiaca del corazón de ratones aislados

ABSTRACT Exercise and apelin have been shown to increase cardiac function and elicit tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries. This study aimed at determining whether the combination of exercise training and apelin pretreatment could integrate the protective effects of each of them in the heart against IR injury. Male rats were divided into four experimental groups: 1: Rats with ischemia/reperfusion (IR), 2: subjected to exercise training for 8 weeks (EX+IR), 3: apelin-13 (10 nmol/kg/day) for 7 days (Apel+IR) in the last week of training, and 4: exercise training plus apelin-13 (EX+Apel+IR). Isolated hearts were perfused using the Langendorff method and subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Treadmill exercise training was conducted for 8 weeks. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the experiment. Ischemia-induced arrhythmias, myocardial infarct size (IS), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme and plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured in all animals. Administration of apelin-13 plus exercise increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) at the end of ischemia and reperfusion compared with other groups. After 30 min of ischemia, dP/dtmax was higher in EX+Apel+IR than in Apel+IR and EX+IR groups. During 30 min ischemia, exercise training, apelin-13 and combined treatment produced a significant reduction in the numbers of premature ventricular complexes. A combination of exercise and apelin-13 also reduced infarct size, CK-MB, LDH and severity of arrhythmia. These results suggest that combined therapies with apelin-13 and exercise training may integrate the beneficial effects of each of them alone on cardiac contractility, arrhythmia and limiting of infarct size. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO Foi demonstrado que o exercício e a apelina aumentam a função cardíaca e induzem a tolerância à lesões por isquemia/reperfusão (IR). O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se a combinação de treinamento físico e pré-tratamento com apelidos poderia integrar os efeitos protetores de cada um deles no coração contra a lesão por IR. Ratos machos foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: 1- Ratos com isquemia/ reperfusão (IR), 2- submetidos ao treinamento físico por 8 semanas (EX + IR), 3- apelino-13 (10 nmol / kg / dia) por 7 dias (Apel + IR) na última semana de treinamento, 4- treinamento físico mais apelina-13 (EX + Apel + IR). Corações isolados foram perfundidos pelo método de Langendorff e submetidos à 30 min de isquemia regional, seguida de 60 min de reperfusão. Treino em esteira foi conduzido por 8 semanas. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram registrados ao longo do experimento. Arritmias induzidas por isquemia, tamanho do infarto do miocárdio (IS), atividade da isoenzima Creatina Cinase-MB (CK-MB) e lactato desidrogenase plasmática (LDH) foram medidos em todos os animais. A administração de apelin-13 mais exercício aumentou a pressão desenvolvida pelo ventrículo esquerdo (LVDP) no final da isquemia e reperfusão em comparação com outros grupos. Após 30 min de isquemia, dp / dtmax foi maior em EX + Apel + IR do que nos grupos Apel + IR e EX + IR. Durante 30 min isquemia, treinamento físico, apelina-13 e tratamento combinado produziram redução significativa no número de complexos ventriculares prematuros. Combinação de exercício e apelina-13 também reduziu o tamanho do infarto, CK-MB, LDH e gravidade da arritmia. Estes resultados sugerem que terapias combinadas com apelina-13 e treinamento físico podem integrar os efeitos benéficos de cada um deles sozinhos na contratilidade cardíaca, arritmia e limitação do tamanho do infarto. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Se ha demostrado que el ejercicio y la apelina aumentan la función cardíaca y provocan tolerancia a las lesiones por isquemia/reperfusión (IR). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar si la combinación de entrenamiento con ejercicio y pre-tratamiento con apelina podrían integrar los efectos protectores de cada uno de ellos en el corazón frente a la lesión por IR. Los ratones machos se dividieron en cuatro grupos experimentales: 1: ratones con isquemia/reperfusión (IR) 2: sometidos a entrenamiento durante 8 semanas (EX + IR), 3: apelina-13 (10 nmol / kg / día) durante 7 días (Apel + IR) en la última semana de entrenamiento 4: entrenamiento físico más apelina-13 (EX + Apel + IR). Los corazones aislados se perfundieron mediante el método de Langendorff y se sometieron a 30 minutos de isquemia regional, seguidos de 60 minutos de reperfusión. El entrenamiento de la cinta de correr se llevó a cabo durante 8 semanas. Los parámetros hemodinámicos se registraron a lo largo del experimento. Se midieron las arritmias inducidas por isquemia, el tamaño del infarto de miocardio (IS), la isoenzima Creatina Kinase-MB (CK-MB) y las actividades de lactato deshidrogenasa plasmática (LDH) en todos los animales. La administración de ejercicios de apelina-13 plus aumenta la presión desarrollada del ventrículo izquierdo (PDVI) al final de la isquemia y la reperfusión en comparación con otros grupos. Después de 30 min de isquemia, la dp/dt max fue más alta en EX + Apel + IR que en los grupos Apel + IR y EX + IR. Durante la isquemia de 30 minutos, el entrenamiento físico, la apelina-13 y el tratamiento combinado, produjeron una reducción significativa en el número de complejos ventriculares prematuros. La combinación de ejercicio y apelina-13 también redujo el tamaño del infarto, CK-MB, LDH y la gravedad de la arritmia. Estos resultados sugieren que las terapias combinadas con apelina-13 y el entrenamiento físico pueden integrar los efectos beneficiosos de cada uno de ellos solo sobre la contractilidad cardíaca, la arritmia y la limitación del tamaño del infarto. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Pre-hospital delay factor of coronary reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction patients presenting with non-chest pains / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To explore pre-hospital delay factor of coronary reperfusion therapy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) patients presenting with non-chest pains. Methods A retrospective observation was conducted. The clinical data of STEAMI patients underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) admitted to Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from August 2013 to August 2015 were analyzed. The patients were divided into chest pain group and non-chest pain group according to the presence of chest pain or not. Clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups, and incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), door-to-balloon time, door-to-electrocardiograms (ECG) time and ECG-to-balloon time were evaluated. Influencing factors of pre-hospital delay was analyzed by logistic multiple stepwise regression. Results A total of 259 patients with STEAMI were enrolled, including 154 patients with chest pain and 105 presented with non-chest pains. Compared with chest pain group, the patients in the non-chest pain group were older (years: 68.12±8.93 vs. 62.34±7.12, P < 0.05), less female (26.67% vs. 42.20%, P< 0.05), and had a higher past history of angina, stroke and heart failure (27.61% vs. 13.63%, 31.42% vs. 18.83%, 26.67% vs. 11.68%, respectively, all P < 0.05), and higher percentage of Killip ≥ Ⅲ patients (15.24% vs. 6.49%, P < 0.05), the lower ambulance use (26.67% vs. 44.81%, P < 0.01), longer hospitalization time (days: 12.50±2.89 vs. 9.50±2.67, P < 0.05), higher incidence of MACE (19.05% vs. 9.09%, P < 0.05), longer door-to-balloon time and door-to-ECG time (minutes: 159.01±51.21 vs. 115.31±36.74, 53.06±18.17 vs. 30.35±9.93, both P < 0.01). It was shown by logistic multivariate regression analysis that no-chest pain [odds ratio (OR) = 5.14, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 2.34-10.81, P < 0.001], age ≥ 65 years old (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 0.93-2.99, P = 0.022), diabetes (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 0.66-2.15, P = 0.015) and no-ambulance transport (OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 0.73-2.75, P < 0.001) were risks factors of coronary reperfusion delay ≥ 2 hours. Conclusions STEAMI patients presenting without chest pain showed higher incidences of MACE, longer time of ECG obtained and initial PCI time delay. Clinicians should try to reduce the delay time of the patients in order to improve patient survival rates.

Reperfusión coronaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST: importancia del contexto y tiempo de aplicación / Coronary reperfusion in the acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment: importance of the context and time for using it

Para el diagnóstico del infarto agudo del miocardio y el tratamiento de quienes lo presentan, se han implementado diferentes estrategias, pero no siempre se han logrado los resultados esperados. A tales efectos, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva para profundizar en la importancia del contexto adecuado y el tiempo de inicio de la reperfusión coronaria en pacientes con infarto miocárdico agudo con elevación del segmento ST, teniendo en cuenta que a pesar de su disponibilidad y del beneficio evidente, un número importante de los afectados no la reciben o lo hacen tardíamente.

For the diagnosis of the acute myocardial infarction and the treatment of those who present it, different strategies have been implemented, but the expected results have not always been achieved. To accomplish this, an exhaustive literature review was carried out to deepen in the importance of the appropriate context and the time for beginning the coronary reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment, keeping in mind that in spite of their disposability and of the evident benefit, an important number of the affected patients don't receive it or it is belatedly used.

Results of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Support before Coronary Reperfusion in Cardiogenic Shock with Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND: Despite aggressive treatment, the mortality rate of cardiogenic shock with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is high. We performed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) prior to coronary reperfusion, and evaluated the early clinical results and risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2006 to November 2009, we reviewed the medical records of 20 patients in cardiogenic shock with AMI (mean age 67.7+/-11.7 yrs, M : F 14 : 6). After initially performing ECMO using the CAPIOX emergency bypass system (EBS(R)Terumo, Tokyo, Japan), patients underwent coronary reperfusion (coronary artery bypass grafting, 13; percutaneous coronary intervention, 7). RESULTS: All patients were in a cardiogenic shock state, cardiopulmonary resuscitations (CPR) were performed for fourteen patients (mean CPR time 20.8+/-26.0 min). The mean time from vascular access to the initiation of ECMO was 17.2+/-9.4 min and mean support time was 3.8+/-4.0 days. Fourteen patients were able to be weaned from ECMO and ten patients were discharged (mean admission duration 50.1+/-31.6 days). Patients survived on average 476.6+/-374.6 days of follow-up. Longer CPR and support time, increased cardiac enzyme, lower ejection fraction, lower albumin, and major complications were the risk factors of mortality (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The early application of ECMO prior to coronary reperfusion and control of risk factors allowed for good clinical results in cardiogenic shock with AMI.

Results of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Support before Coronary Reperfusion in Cardiogenic Shock with Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND: Despite aggressive treatment, the mortality rate of cardiogenic shock with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is high. We performed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) prior to coronary reperfusion, and evaluated the early clinical results and risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2006 to November 2009, we reviewed the medical records of 20 patients in cardiogenic shock with AMI (mean age 67.7+/-11.7 yrs, M : F 14 : 6). After initially performing ECMO using the CAPIOX emergency bypass system (EBS(R)Terumo, Tokyo, Japan), patients underwent coronary reperfusion (coronary artery bypass grafting, 13; percutaneous coronary intervention, 7). RESULTS: All patients were in a cardiogenic shock state, cardiopulmonary resuscitations (CPR) were performed for fourteen patients (mean CPR time 20.8+/-26.0 min). The mean time from vascular access to the initiation of ECMO was 17.2+/-9.4 min and mean support time was 3.8+/-4.0 days. Fourteen patients were able to be weaned from ECMO and ten patients were discharged (mean admission duration 50.1+/-31.6 days). Patients survived on average 476.6+/-374.6 days of follow-up. Longer CPR and support time, increased cardiac enzyme, lower ejection fraction, lower albumin, and major complications were the risk factors of mortality (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The early application of ECMO prior to coronary reperfusion and control of risk factors allowed for good clinical results in cardiogenic shock with AMI.

Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition protects against myocardial damage in experimental acute ischemia

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction is associated with tissue inflammation. Early coronary reperfusion clearly improves the outcome but may help propagate the inflammatory response and enhance tissue damage. Cyclooxygenase-2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in the formation of inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase-2 levels are increased when ischemic cardiac events occur. The overall function of COX-2 in the inflammatory process generated by myocardial ischemic damage has not yet been elucidated. GOAL: The objective of this study was to determine whether a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (rofecoxib) could alter the evolution of acute myocardial infarction after reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed with 48 mongrel dogs divided into two groups: controls and those treated with the drug. All animals were prepared for left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. The dogs then underwent 180 minutes of coronary occlusion, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Blood samples were collected from the venous sinus immediately before coronary occlusion and after 30 minutes of reperfusion for measurements of CPK-MB, CPK-MBm and troponin I. During the experiment we observed the mean blood pressure, heart rate and coronary flow. The coronary flow and heart rate did not change, but in the control group, there was blood pressure instability, in addition to maximal levels of CPK-MB post-infarction. The same results were observed for CPK-MBm and troponin I. CONCLUSION: In a canine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, selective inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 with rofecoxib was not associated with early detrimental effects on the hemodynamic profile or the gross extent of infarction; in fact, it may be beneficial by limiting cell necrosis.

Effects of Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on the Left Ventricular Remodeling after Coronary Artery Reperfusion in Rats

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin convertiong enzyme inhibitors have been shown to exert favorable effects on the left ventricular remodeling process associated with ventricular dilation after coronary occlusion. However, the effects of such therapy on global and regional left ventricular remodeling after coronart artery reperfusion have not been characterized, nor have such effects been assessed after exercise training. METHODS AND RESULTS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats(n=80) were randodmized into 4 groups at 5 days after 45 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Animals completion the experiment included : Untreated Sedentary group(n=20), Untreated with Swimming Exercise group(n=21), Captopril Treated Sedentary group(n=18) and Captoril Treated with Exercise group(n=21). At 3 weeks after randomization, global and regional morphologic changes of the left ventricle(LV) were examined from mid-ventricular transverse slices which were perfusion-fixed at a constant aortic pressure of 60mmHg and a left ventricular cavity pressure of 10mmHG. At rest and during exercise, compared to untreated rats, the captopril treated animals showed significantly decreased LV weight/tibial length ratio(LV/TL)(p<0.01),increased LV cavity area and dimension(both p<0.01), decreased total myocardial area and noninfarcted area(both p<30.001) and reduced wall thicknesses in the noninfarcted and infarcted regions(both p<0.001). Compared to treated and untreated dsedentary rats, exercise significantly increased LV/TL(p<0.05) and epicardial and endocardial areas in the infarcted zone(both p<0.05) and decreased transmurality(p<0.01). Exercise decreased LV cavity area in the captopril treated groups(42.3+/-10.4 vs. 40.4+/-6.0mm2),whereas exercise increased LV cavity area in the untreated groups(33.5+/-8.9 vs. 39.1+/-6.2mm2)(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings provide evidence in rats for evidence in rats for exaggerated left ventricular dilation and supperssion of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy globally and in the infarct zone with 3 weeks of captopril treatment following coronary artery reperfusion with acute nontransmural myocardial infarction. In addition, the effects of captopril on LV dilation and suppression of global and regional hypertrophic response were partially reversible by swimming exercise.

The Protective Effect of Calcium Antagonist on Myocardium in Coronary Reperfusion Following Experimental Myocardial Infarction

Although it has been suggested that the calcium antagonist verapamil has beneficial effects on ischemic myocardium, its effect during coronary reperfusion has not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of verapamil on myocardial damage quantitatively using 111 In-anticardiac myosin antibody (ACM Ab) and qualitatively using electronmicroscopic method. Anesthetized open-chest dogs were subjected to 1 hour of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined by injecting 85Sr-microsphere prior to LAD reperfusion, and regional myocardial damage was measured by injecting 111In-ACm Ab at 30 minutes after LAD reperfusion. Six dogs were randomly selected as saline control and verapamil-treated (0.6 mg/kg. hr) groups each. Saline or verapamil was infused at 40 minutes after LAD occlusion and continued through the experiment. 1) Verapamil produced significant (P<0.05 by Wilcoxon rank sum test) decrease in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and double product. There was no significant change in pulmonary hemodynamics or cardiac output. 2) Stroke volume was reduced significantly (P<0.05 by Wilcoxon rank sum test) after 30 minutes of LAD reperfusion in the control group, but it was preserved in the verapamil-treated group. 3) There was an inverse exponential relationship between 111In-ACm Ab localization and regional blood flow in both control (r=-0.86) and verapamil treated (r=-0.71) groups. Significant difference between the two groups was found in exponential curve (p[t]<0.05). 4) A lesser uptake of 111in-ACM Ab was observed in the verapamil treated group compared with that in the control group in the region where the regional blood flow was lower than 30+/- of normal. 5) In the control group, the myocardium showed swelling, contraction bands, and electron dense granules in the mitochondria which were proven to be calcium aggregates. In the verapamiltreated grooup, the myocardium showed fewer electro dense granules and mild degree of contraction bands. This study supports the concept that verapamil reduces the myocardial damage following coronary reperfusion in myocardial infarction and may reduce contraction band necrosis.