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In medical terms, cast refers to the replica obtained after filling a luminal structure with resin to reproduce its morphology. It can be accomplished by removing the soft tissue around it, termed corrosion or maceration. Corrosion casts form very important material in learning morphology of various structures like- vascular tree, tracheobronchial tree, luminal casts of various organs. Vascular casts have been studied using scanning electron microscopy, which has contributed to understanding the biological processes. If the specimen is fixed after resin injection, it can be used for surgical training, medical teaching etc. In the present review, the authors have tried to analyse the technical aspects of corrosion casting. We have also added note on polyurethane foam cast of coronary vessels, which was carried out in our laboratory.
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Polyurethane foam (PU foam) is a new material which is being used in producing both macro-anatomical and micro-anatomical specimens. PU foam is simple to use, without need for special equipment. The present study was carried out to evaluate morphology of coronary sinus and its tributaries. During the study, we encountered few problems in carrying out injections. Coronary sinus and its tributaries were difficult to cannulate since the coronary sinus lacks a vascular stem, around which ligature can be tied before injection so that the cannula can be held in place. In contrast, in majority of the organs it is easy to inject since they possess tubular vascular stem to hold the cannula in place. A new device was developed which could be used to cannulate coronary sinus orifice to inject the casting media. The second problem we faced was saponification of adipose tissue. This made corrosion of the soft tissue difficult. Hence in this study, we describe the device we have developed to place in the coronary sinus orifice, and how saponified adipose tissue was taken care during the actual maceration step.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue , Catheters , Coronary Sinus , Coronary Vessels , Corrosion , Ligation , Methods , PolyurethanesABSTRACT
Aim: To assess the arterial pattern of middle segmental artery and its relation with collecting system in the human kidneys. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fresh human Kidneys by corrosion cast techniques. We used different colour coded moulding granules of butyl butyrate, red for artery, blue for vein and black for collecting system of the human kidneys. 20% solution of butyl butyrate in acetone was injected into renal vessels and ureter of each kidney. Injected kidneys were kept immersed in concentrated Potassium Hydroxide solution for corrosion to obtain the endocasts. These endocasts were cleaned under the running tap water and observed macroscopically. Results: We observed three types of variations in arterial pattern of middle segmental artery namely Middle Segmental Artery Type-1 (MSAT1), Middle Segmental Artery Type-2 (MSAT2), Middle Segmental Artery Type-3 (MSAT3) and they were seen in 29(58%), 14(28%), 6(12%) kidneys respectively. We also observed three different variations in relation between middle segmental artery and collecting system namely Middle Segmental Artery Group-1 (MSAG1), Middle Segmental Artery Group-2 (MSAG2), Middle Segmental Artery Group-3 (MSAG3) and they were seen in 32%, 24%, 42% kidneys respectively. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of these variations is of valuable contribution for uro-surgeon in performing more and more conservative renal surgeries which lead to preservation of healthy and functional renal parenchyma and prevent intraoperative and post-operative complications.
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Objectives: The aim of the study was to know the intrahepatic ramification pattern of portal vein in right lobe of liver & its variations. Methods: 25 human fresh livers were obtained after autopsy and studied by corrosion cast method. Polymeric granules of butyl butyrate were dissolved in acetone and 20% homogenous solution was made. Solution was injected into portal vein and the injected liver was placed in 10 %formal saline for 24 hours at room temperature (20°C) for polymerization of infused butyl butyrate solution. Maceration of liver tissue achieved by wholeorgan immersion in 1.8 N KOH solution at 68°C for 24 hrs. Each cast thus obtained was preserved in glycerin and details were studied. Results: The length of the right portal vein varies 0.5 to 1.8 cm (1.2 cm). The right portal vein bifurcated into second order branches - right anterior portal vein (RAPV) & right posterior portal vein (RPPV) in 87 % of the cases, while trifurcated in rest of 13 % of cases. The angle between the anterior and posterior division ranged from 58°-95 °. Anterio-superior (P8) branch shown three type of ramification - Bifurcation type (72 %), P8- one pedicle type (8 %) and P8- trifurcation type (20%). Anterio-inferior (P5max ) branch shown the three type of ramification pattern - P5 -common type (72 %), P5 – P8 anterior type (28 %) but P5 – P8 posterior type was not observed. Right Posterior Portal Vein has shown three types of ramification pattern - Type I-Fan shaped (64%),Type II (28 %) & Type III-Trifurcation type (8%). Conclusions: The findings of present study on hepatic vasculature have immense importance in the field of hepato-biliary surgeries like hepatic resection, segmentectomy and liver transplantation.
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Background: Renal arteries presented great morphological variations in their emergence, frequency, and ramification pattern. Therefore, this study was aimed to establish the possible relationship between the caliber of the renal artery and existence of the accessory renal arteries. Methods: Fifty kidneys obtained from fresh cadavers were subjected for corrosion cast to determine the diameter of main and accessory renal arteries. Results: In our study, we found that the incidence of single accessory renal artery (24%) was higher than the presence of two or more accessory arteries (4%) from the aorta. However, no significant difference was observed in the number of accessory renal arteries with respect to right and left side. Superior polar type of accessory renal artery was seen only on the left side in 2% of the specimens, and inferior polar arteries were found in 6% of the specimens on both the sides. The hilar type of accessory renal arteries were found in 8% and 6% of the cases on right and left sides respectively. Conclusion: The diameter of the main/principle renal artery in kidney presenting the accessory renal arteries was significantly less than that of the kidney with single renal artery.
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Aim of our study to observe the arterial pattern of lower segmental artery and its relation with collecting system. 50 fresh human Kidneys were studied by corrosion cast method. Moulding granules of butyl butyrate dissolved in acetone for 24 hours and prepared 20% homogenous solution. Solution was injected into renal vessel and ureter. Injected Kidney was corroded in concentrated potassium hydroxide solution and cleaned with running water. We observed three dimensional endocasts of collecting system and renal vessel. We found 5 types of variation in arterial pattern of lower segmental artery namely LSAT1, LSAT2, LSAT3, LSAT4, LSAT5 and they were seen in 70%, 4%, 2%, 4% and 20% Kidneys respectively. We also found two types of variation in relation between lower segmental artery and collecting system namely LSAG1 and LSAG2. LSAG1 seen in 80% Kidneys and LSAG2 in 20% Kidneys.The finding of our study is helpful for urosurgeon in intrarenal operations, endourological stone removal, renal trauma management and to avoid post operative complications.
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Introduction: A study of placental vasculature pattern was undertaken by using corrosion cast technique. The placenta is a highly vascularised organ. In this study we aimed to elucidate the structure of the cotyledonary vasculature of the human placenta after delivery, which serves as a core for the shape of the whole foetal villosity. Material & Method: Appropriate cast material was injected through placental vessels to form a corrosion cast model of placental blood vessels which was followed by meticulous dissection. Results: The cast models demonstrated very well the Hyrtl anastomosis between the umbilical arteries in the vicinity of the umbilical cord insertion into the placenta but no extra-placental anastomosis found between umbilical artery and umbilical vein. The chorionic vasculature exhibits a combination of the dichotomous and monopodial patterns. The chorionic vessels branch through 6 to 8 generations from the cord insertion towards the margins of the chorionic plate. The vein bifurcated twice immediately after insertion into the placenta. Conclusion: 3-dimensional structure of placenta can be demonstrated by micro vascular casts which reflect the shape of the whole or part of the organ, and include specific details such as the capillary architectural structure. Macroscopic visualisation can technically be advanced in 3 ways: treatment of maternal and fetal circulatory systems in common or each of the 2 systems separately.
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OBJECTIVE To study the histopathologic and microvascular changes in allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa of SD rats following persistent exposure to allergen. METHODS A total of 60 heathy SD rats were divided into two groups randomly: the persistence group(n=30)and the control group(n=30). The animals of the persistence group were exposed to allergen persistently after modeling of 7 weeks with OVA provocation in nasal mucosa for 16 weeks. At 8, 12, 16 weeks after OVA provocation each group were sacrificed at each time point. The animals of control group were not provocated and were sacrificed at the same time point. Their nasal mucosa of 5 animals from each group were observed under optical microscope and the other 5 animals were used to made microvascular corrosion casts to observe microvascular changes under scanning electron microscope. RESULTS In the persistence group, the early histopathological transformation was acute inflammatory reaction, nasal mucosa tissues congestion, partial nasal mucosa shedding. The inflammation cells infiltrated into the submucosa. The acute inflammatory reaction declined as the time went by. Then the nasal mucosa repaired step by step. Damaged epithelium repaired in a certain extent with fibration, but the restoration result of epithelial are untidiness, goblet cell volume is increased and metaplasia submucosal blood vessels increased, Through scanning electron microscope, we found the capillary of nasal mucosa expanded and congested, the vascular endothelial cell swelled. As time went by, the capillary hyperplasia and the microvascular endothelial cell analosis even microvascular wall anomalism. CONCLUSION Inflammatory injury at early stage after allergen provocation, the mucosa hyperblastosis and friber restoration in mucosa tissue and microvascular networks reconstitution at later stage form a histopathological basis of dysfunction after persistent exposure to allergen.
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Hearts from eight adult dogs were perfused through both coronary arteries with methylmethacrylate. Small specimens cut out from the left ventricular wall were eroded in 50% HCL for 5-7 days. The replicas were studied under the SEM (S-450). The main results were outlined as follows: The subendocardial capillary plexus composed of varied shapes and orientation of meshes was present. The capillary network of the myocardial layers was consisted of many parallel capillaries and between them a variety of models of anastomoses, such as "H" "K" and "8" modes etc, were observed. In our findings, it was demonstrated that the arteriole and venule were distributed between the myocardial bundles and their direction was often perpendicular to the myocardial bundles. The postcapillary venules were poured into venule by the "ginger or turnip root" arrangement. The replicas of the Thebesian veins were proved in our specimens. The A-V shunting was not observed.
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The microvasculature of the rabbit right ventricle was studied by the method of vascular corrosion cast and scanning electron microscopy. In the endocardium could be seen thin and sparse capillary network i. e. subendothelial capillary network formed by the branches of the arterioles passing through myocardium. In the myocardium, arteriole and its branches distributed in certain area. Sphincters could be seen in the beginning of the arterioles. Capillaries of the papillary muscle in right ventricle were parallel to muscle bundle and were thinner and sparser than those of the papillary muscle in left ventricle. Venous system in right ventricle wall was similar in architecture to that in left ventricle, postcapillary venule joined its corresponding venule in a "turnip root" like pattern. No A-V anastomosis could be seen, yet thebesian vessels and myocardial sinusoids directly opened into ventrical chamber could be found.
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The authors used a microvascular corrosion cast/scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique to study the microvascular bed of the muscles of the medial pterygoid and masseter in two normal babies. The cast were prepared by perfusing the microvascular vessels with methyl methacrylate. Under SEM, the patterns of branches of the arteriole are: 1. tree like ramifications; 2. symmetrical branching; 3. fine plexiform branching. Moreover, the casts of arterial and venous vessels showed on their surfaces the typical imprint of the endothelial lining. Therefore, the venous vessels could be easily identified by the round nuclei of the endothelial cells of the venous vessels. On the other side, arteries and arterioles displayed spindle shaped nuclear imprints, oriented along the direction of the vessel. The morphological and functional characterization of the imprint of the precapillary sphincter and the two-grade anastomoses of the arcade arteries. The diameter of the capillary casts (mean?SE) was 5.6?1.9?m. Two or three capillaries join together to form a postcapillary venules, sometimes a single capillary reaches a major venous trunk was observed. These structural features were considered to play an important physiological role in the microcirculation in skeletal muscle.