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Objective To set up the quality standards for vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizome, which can be used for the quality control of production, supervision, circulation and application of the steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar. Methods The moisture content, total ash, ethanol extract content and active ingredients of the steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar were determined according to the related assay method in Part IV of Chinese Pharmacopeia 2015. Results According to the guidelines from the traditional Chinese medicine quality standards and related testing methods, the moisture content of steam processed Corydalis rhizoma with vinegar should be less than 15.0%, the total ash content less than 4.0%, the ethanol extract content more than 11.0%, and the representative component of tetrahydropalmatine more than 0.05%. Conclusion The established process with this study for the quality standard of vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizoma was conformed to the state requirements for traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used as a reference for the quality standard of vinegar-steamed Corydalis rhizoma.
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ObjectiveModern scientific methods and techniques were used to scientifically characterize the traditional softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma， so as to clarify the scientificity and rationality of the traditional process， and provide reference for inheriting the processing methods and experience of traditional Chinese medicine. MethodLow-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging （LF-NMR/MRI） was used to characterize the water types and distribution in the softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma. Samples during the softening process was cut into thick slices and its section was observed by stereoscopic microscope. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was employed to determine the content change of tetrahydropalmatine during the softening process with the mobile phase of methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （60∶40， triethylamine regulated to pH 6.5） and detection wavelength at 280 nm. The determination method of softening endpoint of Corydalis Rhizoma was simulated by texture analyzer （hand pinch method）， and the softening degree of the finished products was determined after optimizing the relevant parameters. ResultLF-NMR/MRI showed that the water could penetrate through the core and distribute evenly in Corydalis Rhizoma softened by Zhangbang method. The water first entered into the medicinal material from the epidermis and stem marks in the soaking stage as the form of free water， and then penetrated into the inner core to achieve redistribution in the moistening stage. Under stereoscopic microscope， it was observed that Corydalis Rhizoma softened by the Zhangbang method could be sliced well， but the core bursting slices were easy to appear if the softening time was not enough， and the softening of samples was caused by the keratine-like powder after absorbing water. HPLC measurement showed that the loss of tetrahydropalmatine in the softening method was small， its content decreased about 5% in the soaking process， and its content was almost unchanged during the moistening process. The softening degree of Corydalis Rhizoma could be quantified by the texture analyzer， and the optimum parameters were 2 mm·s-1 of speed before test， test speed and speed after test， 20 g of the trigger force， 20% of compression degree. The compressive force of the qualified softened Corydalis Rhizoma was 12.75-15.69 N with the relative standard deviation （RSD） of 6.8%. ConclusionModern scientific methods and techniques can characterize the scientificity and rationality of the traditional processing methods， and confirm that the Zhangbang softening method has the advantages of high efficiency， convenience and small loss of index components. The texture analyzer can simulate the softening endpoint judgment method （hand pinch method）， and realize the goal from subjective experience judgment to objective technology quantification， which has a good demonstration role for the modern inheritance of traditional processing technology.
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ObjectiveTo compare the differences in resistance and structure of skin between acupoints and non-acupoints， and to study the difference in skin permeability characteristics of Corydalis Rhizoma total alkaloid patches （CTTP） after administration at Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint， so as to provide experimental support for its clinical acupoint application to prevent and treat chronic pain. MethodTaking corydaline （CD）， tetrahydropalmatine （THP） and corydalis L （CDL） as evaluation indexes， and the quantitative analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The mobile phase was methanol-0.04 mol·L-1 phosphoric acid aqueous solution （70∶30， pH 6.0 adjusted with triethylamine）， the detection wavelength was 281 nm. In vitro transdermal test in Franz diffusion cell and in vivo transdermal test were used to study the skin permeability characteristics of CTTP through Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint administration. At the same time， the skin resistance between Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint was measured before and after the administration， and the distribution of the drug in each layer of the skin was compared by freezing sectioning， and visual verification was performed with fluorescence inverted microscope. ResultAfter 24 h of administration， the results of in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the cumulative permeation and retention of CD， THP and CDL at Shenque acupoint skin were higher than those at non-acupoint skin （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the skin resistance of Shenque acupoint was lower than that of non-acupoint at all time points. The fluorescence microscopic observation results showed that the drug content of each layer of the skin was all Shenque acupoint>non-acupoint， indicating that the skin of Shenque acupoint had better effect on drug penetration and storage than non-acupoint. ConclusionThe 24 h cumulative permeation and retention of CTTP in Shenque acupoint skin are higher than those in non-acupoint skin， and the mechanism may be related to the thin skin， low electrical resistance and large number of hair follicle bodies at Shenque acupoint.
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ObjectiveTo compare the differences in resistance and structure of skin between acupoints and non-acupoints， and to study the difference in skin permeability characteristics of Corydalis Rhizoma total alkaloid patches （CTTP） after administration at Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint， so as to provide experimental support for its clinical acupoint application to prevent and treat chronic pain. MethodTaking corydaline （CD）， tetrahydropalmatine （THP） and corydalis L （CDL） as evaluation indexes， and the quantitative analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The mobile phase was methanol-0.04 mol·L-1 phosphoric acid aqueous solution （70∶30， pH 6.0 adjusted with triethylamine）， the detection wavelength was 281 nm. In vitro transdermal test in Franz diffusion cell and in vivo transdermal test were used to study the skin permeability characteristics of CTTP through Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint administration. At the same time， the skin resistance between Shenque acupoint and non-acupoint was measured before and after the administration， and the distribution of the drug in each layer of the skin was compared by freezing sectioning， and visual verification was performed with fluorescence inverted microscope. ResultAfter 24 h of administration， the results of in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the cumulative permeation and retention of CD， THP and CDL at Shenque acupoint skin were higher than those at non-acupoint skin （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the skin resistance of Shenque acupoint was lower than that of non-acupoint at all time points. The fluorescence microscopic observation results showed that the drug content of each layer of the skin was all Shenque acupoint>non-acupoint， indicating that the skin of Shenque acupoint had better effect on drug penetration and storage than non-acupoint. ConclusionThe 24 h cumulative permeation and retention of CTTP in Shenque acupoint skin are higher than those in non-acupoint skin， and the mechanism may be related to the thin skin， low electrical resistance and large number of hair follicle bodies at Shenque acupoint.
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ObjectiveModern scientific methods and techniques were used to scientifically characterize the traditional softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma， so as to clarify the scientificity and rationality of the traditional process， and provide reference for inheriting the processing methods and experience of traditional Chinese medicine. MethodLow-field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging （LF-NMR/MRI） was used to characterize the water types and distribution in the softening process of Corydalis Rhizoma. Samples during the softening process was cut into thick slices and its section was observed by stereoscopic microscope. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was employed to determine the content change of tetrahydropalmatine during the softening process with the mobile phase of methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （60∶40， triethylamine regulated to pH 6.5） and detection wavelength at 280 nm. The determination method of softening endpoint of Corydalis Rhizoma was simulated by texture analyzer （hand pinch method）， and the softening degree of the finished products was determined after optimizing the relevant parameters. ResultLF-NMR/MRI showed that the water could penetrate through the core and distribute evenly in Corydalis Rhizoma softened by Zhangbang method. The water first entered into the medicinal material from the epidermis and stem marks in the soaking stage as the form of free water， and then penetrated into the inner core to achieve redistribution in the moistening stage. Under stereoscopic microscope， it was observed that Corydalis Rhizoma softened by the Zhangbang method could be sliced well， but the core bursting slices were easy to appear if the softening time was not enough， and the softening of samples was caused by the keratine-like powder after absorbing water. HPLC measurement showed that the loss of tetrahydropalmatine in the softening method was small， its content decreased about 5% in the soaking process， and its content was almost unchanged during the moistening process. The softening degree of Corydalis Rhizoma could be quantified by the texture analyzer， and the optimum parameters were 2 mm·s-1 of speed before test， test speed and speed after test， 20 g of the trigger force， 20% of compression degree. The compressive force of the qualified softened Corydalis Rhizoma was 12.75-15.69 N with the relative standard deviation （RSD） of 6.8%. ConclusionModern scientific methods and techniques can characterize the scientificity and rationality of the traditional processing methods， and confirm that the Zhangbang softening method has the advantages of high efficiency， convenience and small loss of index components. The texture analyzer can simulate the softening endpoint judgment method （hand pinch method）， and realize the goal from subjective experience judgment to objective technology quantification， which has a good demonstration role for the modern inheritance of traditional processing technology.
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Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in treatment of atrial fibrillation by predicting targets and signaling pathways based on network pharmacology.Method:The traditional Chinese medicine system platform (TCMSP) database was used to screen out active components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma,predict targets,and construct the active component-predicted target network.Through the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM),Therapeutic Target Database (TTD),and Genecards databases,potential target information of atrial fibrillation was retrieved.STRING 11.0 database was used to obtain the protein-protein interaction data of relevant targets,and the results were visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.1 software to construct protein-protein interaction network relating to atrial fibrillation.The predicted targets of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were mapped to the potential targets of atrial fibrillation.The intersection targets were the potential targets for the treatment of atrial fibrillation with Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma.Then,Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID),a database for annotation,was used to analyze biological functions and pathways of the potential targets of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.Finally,Cytoscape3.7.1 software was utilized to construct active component-potential target-signal pathway network of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in treatment of atrial fibrillation.Result:Totally 51 active components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were screened out,and 18 potential targets for the treatment of atrial fibrillation with Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were predicted.The effect was mainly correlated with the regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6),sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (SCN5A),tumor necrosis factor (TNF),nitric-oxide synthase,endothelial (NOS3),potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily hmember 2 (KCNH2),collagen alpha-1(I) chain (COL1A1),retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha (RXRA),tissue factor (F3),alpha-1B adrenergic receptor (ADRA1B) and other target proteins,cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway,transcriptional disorders in cancer,calcium signaling pathways,and adrenergic signals in cardiomyocytes.Conclusion:Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma treat atrial fibrillation based on multiple components,multiple targets and multiple channels,and provide a scientific basis for subsequent experimental studies for further explainning its mechanism of action.
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Objective: To improve the quality control level of ethanol extraction process of Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) by using quality by design (QbD), so as to meet the extraction requirements of Kedaling Tablets. Methods: The critical process parameters were solvent multiple, extraction time and soaking time, and the critical quality attributes were dry extract rate, content and transfer rate of dehydrocorydaline. The response surface methodology was used to establish the mathematical model between the critical process parameters and the critical quality attributes. The overlapping design space of multiple index design spaces was established to select the optimal operation space, where the process verification was carried out. Results: The operating space parameters of ethanol extraction of CR was 14-24 h of the immersion time, 3.0-4.0 times of the first time solvent multiple, 1.5-2.0 times of the second and third time solvent multiple, and 1.5-2.5 h of the extraction time. Under this operating space, the extraction yield of CR was ranged from 6%-8%, the content of dehydrocorydaline was more than 2.8%, and the transfer rate was not less than 85%. Conclusion: The concept of QbD is helpful to improve the ethanol extraction process of CR, and to obtain a reliable and suitable extraction operation space for the production of Kedaling Tablets.
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Objective: To explore the combination rule of Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus drug pair through the research in "Pharmaceutical Standard of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China-Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulation", so as to provide theoretical basis for clinical application and new product development of this pair. Methods: The prescriptions containing Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus were collected from Pharmaceutical Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China-TCM Formulation and input into TCM inheritance support platform software (V2.5) to establish the database. The frequency of attending diseases, compatibility medicinal materials, and meridian of drug were analyzed statistically. The core combination of medicinal materials in the prescriptions containing Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus were analyzed statistically with association rule Apriori algorithm (support degrees were 10%, 20%, 30%, confidence was 0.90). Meridian of drug with higher compatibility frequency were selected and analyzed in respect of prescription rules. Results: A total of 51 prescriptions containing Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus were screened, eight kinds of attending diseases (frequency≥2), such as stomachache, hypochondriac pain, leukorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammation, menstrual disorder, etc. Nine kinds of attending syndrome (frequency≥2) were included such as liver-stomach disharmony, syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis, syndrome of liver depression and qi stagnation, syndrome of liver depression and blood deficiency, syndrome of blood-heat in uterus, etc. There were 17 commonly used compatibility medicinal materials (frequency≥5), including Paeoniae Radix Alba, Aucklandiae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Cyperi Rhizoma etc. There were 20 commonly used medicinal materials combinations (frequency≥6), including Corydalis Rhizoma-Paeoniae Radix Alba-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Aucklandiae Radix-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Cyperi Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus. Meridian of drug with higher compatibility frequency was distributed to liver, spleen and stomach channel tropism. There were five kinds of core medicinal materials commonly acted on the liver meridian with Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus, including Aucklandiae Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Amomi Fructus, and Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum. There were commonly used core medicinal materials combinations (frequency≥7), including Corydalis Rhizoma-Aucklandiae Radix-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Paeoniae Radix Alba-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Paeoniae Radix Alba-Aucklandiae Radix-Toosendan Fructus. There were three kinds of core medicinal materials commonly acted on the spleen meridian and the stomach meridian with Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus, including Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum, Aucklandiae Radix and Amomi Fructus. There were commonly used core medicinal materials combinations (frequency≥4), including Corydalis Rhizoma-Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Aucklandiae Radix-Toosendan Fructus, Corydalis Rhizoma-Amomi Fructus-Toosendan Fructus. Conclusions: Herbal medicines used frequently in prescriptions containing Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus can regulate qi flowing for relieving pain. The medicine using is relatively concentrated, and the composition is clear. In addition, Prescription rules of three kinds of meridian prescriptions were chosen to make comparative analysis, and the compatibility features of the prescriptions containing Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus was reflected in different meridian of drug and the composing principles. This study also can provide theoretical basis for treating different diseases with same method and the better application of Corydalis Rhizoma-Toosendan Fructus in clinical practice.
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Objective To establish the quality standard of Wuji-Jianwei granules. Methods The contents of Bupleuri Radix, Codonopsis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Corydalis Rhizoma in Wuji-Jianwei granules were identified by using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. The contents of peoniflorin was determined by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results The TLC had strong specificity and high separation, negative control without interference. The linear range was 0.124 8-0.748 8 μg for peoniflorin (r=0.999 6). The average recovery was 94.42% (RSD=1.46%) and the content of peoniflorin was 0.725 3 mg/g. Conclusions The method is accurate and reasonable, and can be used for the quality control of Wuji-Jianwei granules.
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Objective To optimize the fresh-cutting process of Corydalis Rhizoma by response surface methodology, and obtain the best technology for fresh-cut processing of Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods The slice thickness, the hot air drying temperature and the loading amount were taken as the investigation factors. The total alkaloid content, the extract content and the drying efficiency were taken as the indicators. The weight coefficient of each index was obtained by principal component analysis method, and the comprehensive score was calculated. Single factor analysis was performed on the investigation factors to obtain the initial optimization range, and the response surface optimization method was used to optimize the final process optimization parameters. Results The best production conditions for fresh-cut processing were determined as slice thickness of 4 mm, dry load of 7 kg/m2, drying temperature of 85 ℃, total drying time of (279.0 ± 1.1) min, and comprehensive score of (0.860 6 ± 0.010 0). At this time, the total alkaloid content of Corydalis Rhizoma was (6.274 ± 0.030) mg/g, the content of the leachate was (17.86 ± 0.22)%, and the drying efficiency was (25.09 ± 0.00) g/(m2∙min). Conclusion The established drying process can better preserve the content of alkaloids and extracts in Corydalis Rhizoma, maintain high drying efficiency, ensure high quality and reduce energy consumption of enterprises, and provide a reliable theoretical basis for the production and processing of Corydalis Rhizoma pieces.
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Objective: To study the material basis and mechanism of Corydalis Rhizoma in the treatment of myocardial ischemia by using molecular docking technology. Methods In this paper, the target small molecule compounds were screened by TCMSP platform, and Maesrto11.1 software was used to dock the small molecule compounds in Corydalis Rhizoma with the corresponding target protein. Cytoscape 3.6.1 was used to construct multi-component-target network pharmacology figure, and its network characteristics was elucidated by topology analysis. Results: Among the 16 myocardial ischemia-related targets, 8 quaternary amine, 1 flavonoid, and 2 tertiary amine bases showed good docking results. The docking results of quaternary amine compounds and flavonoids were generally better than those of tertiary amines. In the docking results, there were 10 kinds of target protein in the quaternary amine base with higher quaternary amine base than tertiary amine base. The results of network pharmacology analysis showed that the network heterogeneity was 0.57, the average number of adjacent nodes was 3.59, the characteristic network length was 3.02, and the network centrality was 0.21. Conclusion: Corydalis Rhizoma quaternary amine compounds such as coptisine, palmatine, dehydrocorybulbine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, berberine, and quercetin may be the material basis for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Corydalis Rhizoma treatment of myocardial ischemia is the result of the interaction between multi-component and multi-target.
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Objective: Based on the color space technology of CIE-LAB,the color of vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma decoction pieces was digitized,combining with the contents of 10 major alkaloids in the decoction pieces,to discuss the correlation between the color and contents of main ingredients of vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma decoction pieces,and investigate the intrinsic quality difference in the decoction pieces with different color. Method: The precision colorimeter was used to determine the color parameters of vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma decoction pieces;HPLC was employed to determine contents of main chemical components in the decoction pieces,which was performed on Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution(B) for gradient elution(0-10 min,5%-22%A;10-30 min,22%-25%A;30-50 min,25%-60%A;50-70 min,60%-95%A),detection wavelength of 280 nm,column temperature at 30℃ and flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. Result: The quality of vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma decoction pieces with different color was in line with the requirement of the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,but there were differences in the intrinsic quality between the decoction pieces.The total content of chemical components in the samples showed a positive correlation with the a*(green-red axis) and total chromatic aberration value(ΔE) in the CIE-LAB color space, and it was significantly negative correlated with L*(lightness) and b*(blue-yellow axis).In the 10 tested components,except for D-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine and tetrahydrocoptisine,contents of protopine and other 6 components were positively correlated with color,and only the content of corydaline was negatively correlated with color. Conclusion: Color analysis technology can objectively quantify the color of the decoction pieces,and can achieve a quick evaluation of quality of the decoction pieces by analyzing correlation between the color and the contents of main active ingredients.
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Objective: In order to clarify the characteristic chemical constituents and furnish applicable information to the basic research and quality control research related to the chemistry of traditional Chinese medicines for Corydalis Rhizoma,this paper investigated the chemical constituents of Corydalis Rhizoma extensively. Method: The dried-up and pulverized plant materials were extracted using 95% EtOH as solvent,the EtOH extract was fractionated using different solvents to afford the EtOAc-soluble and n-BuOH-soluble portion,respectively,among others. These two portions were subjected to procedures of isolation and purification on silica gel or ODS column chromatographies to afford monomers. 1D and 2D NMR and MS methods,along with comparison with the data of literatures,were used to identify the structures. Result: Twelve compounds,all belonging to alkaloids,were isolated and identified as d-corydaline(1),tetrahydrocoptisine(2),tetrahydropalmatine(3),tetrahydrocolumbamine(4),corybulbine(5),tetrahydrojatrorrhizine(6),dehydrocorydaline(7),dehydroglaucine(8),8-oxodihydrocoptisine(9),protopine(10),taxilamine(11),and pontevedrine(12). Of these compounds,the structure of 12 was a revised structure which was assigned by combined examinations of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and MS data. Conclusion: Compounds 6 and 11 were reported from Corydalis Rhizoma for the first time. The structure of pontevedrine was verified as 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-4,5(6H)-dione.
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Objective To investigate the effect of compatibility on brain tissue distribution in rat of corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, imperatorin and isoimperatorin in Corydalis Rhizoma and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, and to provide further experimental evidence for confirming the Q-marker of Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription. Methods After oral administration of Corydalis Rhizoma, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, and Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription extracts respectively, the concentration of five compounds in brain tissue samples at different time points was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and the effect of compatibility on brain tissue distribution was further evaluated by kinetic parameters. Results Compared with single-herb group, AUC and Cmax of corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine and protopine in Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription group were increased significantly, and MRT of imperatorin and isoimperatorin were prolonged at the same time. Conclusion Corydalis Rhizoma and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix exist synergistic effect, the compatibility of these two herbs promote brain tissue distribution of corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, imperatorin and isoimperatorin, which can be used as Q-marker of Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription.
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Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) recorded that Corydalis Rhizoma and Corydalis Decumbentis Rhizoma are derived from the genus Corydalis, sexual taste similar efficacy, but the actual clinical application of the focus is different. In this paper, the research progress of the two kinds of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is summarized from the three aspects of herbal research, chemical composition, and pharmacological action, which can provide reference for the identification and clinical application of the two drugs. Based on the core concepts of Q-marker, Q-marker components of Corydalis Decumbentis Rhizoma are forecasted and analyzed from original source, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, in vivo process, and the traditional drug property, which provides a theoretical basis for the establishment and improvement of the quality standard of medicinal materials.
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Objective To determine the technological conditions for the purification of the total alkaloid from the Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) by macroporous adsorption resin. Methods Total alkaloids of CR were determined by acid dye colorimetry, palmatine hydrochloride, dehydrocorydaline, tetrahydropalmatine, and corydaline were determined by HPLC. Six macroporous adsorption resins were investigated with the absorption rates, elution rates, and the content of the total alkaloid and four alkaloids of CR by static and dynamic adsorbing experiments. The purification process conditions of the total alkaloid of CR were optimized by the loading amount and volume flow of sample, the type and volume of the impurity removal of solvent and elution solvent and so on. The stability of the purification process was investigated by 5, 10 times enlargement. Results D141 type macroporous adsorption resin was the best choice for the purification of the total alkaloid from CR, the optimized parameters were as follows: Drug concentration was 0.6 g/mL of medicinal material and was added to the D141 macroporous resin column that the ratio of diameter to height range from 1:5 to 1:9 at a flow rate of 2 BV/h to 2 BV, 1.3 BV of purified water was used to remove impurities, and then 6 BV 95% ethanol was used as eluent at a flow rate of 2 BV/h. The purity of the total alkaloid of CR was up to 68.19% after purification, and the content of palmatine hydrochloride, dehydrocorydaline, tetrahydropalmatine, and corydaline was 1.95%, 11.74%, 4.93%, and 6.36%, respectively. The purity of the total alkaloid of the CR can reach more than 65% by 5 times and 10 times enlargement. Conclusion The purity of the total alkaloids can reach more than 65% after verification test, and the transfer rate of total alkaloids and four alkaloid monomers of CR can reach more than 85%, indicating that D141 macroporous adsorption resin can effectively purify total alkaloids from CR, and can be applied to industrial production.
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Shaanxi has a long history and profound cultural heritage. It has been referred to as “Qin” for a long time in history. Shaanxi is rich in medicinal plant resources, various main Chinese medicines such as Fraxini cortex, Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, Ten “Qin medicine” (Astragali Radix in Zizhou County, Bupleuri Radix in Baoji, Corydalis Rhizoma in Yang County, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in Shangluo, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata in Hanzhong; Eucommiae Cortex in lueyang County; Gastrodiae Rhizoma in Ningshan County; Polyporus in Ningshan County; Scutellariae Radix in Chengcheng County; Corni Fructus in Foping County; Polygonati Rhizoma in Lueyang County) and “Taibaiqi medicine” are typically species of “Qin medicine”. In history, “Qin medicine” represents genuine medicinal materials produced from Shaanxi Province and the surrounding region. In recently, the industry of “Qin medicine” becomes one of the most valuable resources in Shaanxi, which also contributes to the integral part of Chinese medical and health services. Here, the research progress on germplasm resources, cultivation techniques, plantation base construction, variety breeding, bioactive compounds, and quality control of “Qin medicine” were integrated and reviewed, and its future development of “Qin medicine” was also prospected.
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Objective: To evaluate the hepatotoxicity caused by water extract with alcohol precipitating of Toosendan Fructus (TF) and Toosendan Fructus + Corydalis Rhizoma (TF + CR) based on metabolic profiling of fatty acids in mice serum. Methods: A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was applied for simultaneous quantification of 15 fatty acids, including both non-esterified and esterified fatty acids, in the serum of control, TF-treated, and TF + CR-treated mice. Meanwhile, the change of fatty acid metabolic profile in liver injured mice was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results: The result of PCA showed that the metabolic profile of serum fatty acids in TF-treated mice significantly deviated from the normal level, and CR with hepatoprotective effect could obviously reverse the deviation. More importantly, the result of PLS-DA illustrated that palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and arachidonic acid had important contribution on the hepatotoxicity induced by TF. Therefore, the three fatty acids were identified as potential biomarkers. Conclusion: Hepatotoxicity caused by TF has a good correlation with the metabolic profiling of fatty acid. The project can provide foundation for further investigation on the evaluation and mechanism of TF-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Objective To optimize the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma. Methods On the basis of single factor test, the index was evaluated by total rating of content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine and the total alkaloid, which were determined by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry method, four factors (fire, stuffy time, processing time and dosage of vinegar) were studied by response surface, the microwave processing technology of vinegar Corydalis Rhizoma was optimized by response surface methodology. Results The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 70%, stuffy time of 1.5 h, microwave time of 2.6 min, vinegar dosage of 27.5%, the content of tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, and total alkaloid were 0.112 4%, 0.041 8%, and 0.85%. Conclusion Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the compatibility rationality of Yuanhu Zhitong Dropping Pills (YZDP) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: The potential targets and pathways of tetrahydropalmatine, palmatine, glaucine, protopine, imperatorin, and isoimperatorin, selected as the representative compounds of alkaloid and coumarin from Corydalis Rhizoma and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, were predicted by the methods of network pharmacology. The results were verified by docking and the mechanism and compatibility regularity of YZDP were analyzed by integrating all the data. Results: The in silico prediction results showed that the six compounds of YZDP affected 19 related pathways through 23 target proteins. The pathways were involved in central analgesia, hormonal regulation, spasmolysis, vasodilatation, inflammation, and immunoregulation. The alkaloid and coumarin showed common targets and pathways but also had their own emphasis. The pathways were connected by the common targets, showing the synergistic effect of different compounds by acting on multi-targets and multi-pathways. Conclusion: Corydalis Rhizoma acts as monarch drug, showing the effect of analgesia, regulating qi, and activating blood by acting on thromboxane receptors, angiotensin receptors, and targets related with central analgesia and spasmolysis. Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, showing the effect of regulating qi, and activating blood by regulating the pathways of spasm, inflammation, and so on, acts as ministerial drug to assist monarch drug to enhance treatment which reflected the compatibility rationality of Corydalis Rhizoma and Angelicae dahuricae Radix.