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Introduction: The knowledge of polychaetes in the subtropical region of Africa benefited from the activity of J. Day. However, 50 years after the publication of his Monograph of the Polychaeta of southern Africa, it is necessary to reconsider the identity of the Cirratulidae due to changes in the diagnostic characters and new approaches to the taxonomy of the group to corroborate the status of cosmopolitan species in this region. Objective: We hypothesize that biodiversity of multitentacular Cirratulidae polychaetes has been significantly underestimated in southern Africa. Methods: The present work analyzes material deposited in the Iziko museum, as well as recently collected specimens, using scanning electron microscope to identify them. Results: The material corresponds to two new species belonging to the genus Protocirrineris. Protocirrineris strandloperarum sp. nov. is characterized by having the tentacular filaments between the chaetigers 5 to 10-12 and the first pair of branchiae from chaetiger 7, and P. magalhaesi sp. nov. is characterized by having tentacular filaments between chaetigers 4-8 and the first pair of branchiae from chaetigers 2 or 3. Descriptions of these species, with light and scanning electron microscope images, are given. Schematic drawings of the two new species are shown comparatively with diagnostic characters. Conclusions: The use of new techniques enables discovery of new taxonomic characters and two new species of the genus. The diversity of Cirratulidae polychaetes is underestimated also in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa.
Introducción: El conocimiento de los poliquetos de la región subtropical de África fue logrado gracias a John Day. Sin embargo, 50 años después es necesario reconsiderar la identidad de los Cirratulidae, debido a los cambios en los caracteres diagnósticos y a las nuevas herramientas de análisis. Objetivo: Nuestra hipótesis es que la biodiversidad de los poliquetos cirratulidos multitentaculares ha sido subestimada significativamente en el sur de África. Métodos: El trabajo actual analiza muestras tomadas recientemente y material depositado en el museo de Iziko con microscopia electrónica de barrido para su identificación. Resultados: El material corresponde a dos especies nuevas, Protocirrineris strandloperarum sp. nov. y Protocirrineris magalhaesi sp. nov. Una imagen esquemática con los caracteres diagnósticos es dada para las especies descriptas en este trabajo. Conclusiones: el uso de nuevas técnicas permitió descubrir nuevos caracteres diagnósticos y dos nuevas especies del género. La diversidad de Cirratulidae también está subestimada en la región subtropical y tropical de África.
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Introducción: La fuente principal de ruido en la ciudad de La Habana es el tráfico terrestre. No obstante, las quejas mayormente se relacionaron con fuentes de ruido mecánico y audio musical. El pasado año algunas quejas acerca de la exposición a los así llamados ataques sónicos fueron presentadas por diplomáticos de Estados Unidos. Objetivo: Fundamentar la improbabilidad de que los sonidos urbanos inusuales aquí referidos constituyeran ataques sónicos. Métodos: Se analizaron grabaciones facilitadas del sonido objetivo y también se evaluó el ruido cosmopolita a través de mediciones del nivel sonoro. Resultados: Considerando el ambiente sonoro nocturno en la vecindad suburbana y las muestras grabadas de sonido objetivo, se observó que el ruido de fondo en la noche está relacionado en cierta medida con la presencia o ausencia de grillos (grillus assimilis) en los espacios verdes de la vecindad residencial, al oeste de La Habana. El sonido objetivo se describió en función de su estructura de frecuencia por dos morfologías principales, una de ellas refleja un ruido de banda ancha con un tono de alta frecuencia superpuesto. La otra no contiene tono de alta frecuencia. Varios eventos de sonidos objetivos grabados mostraron cierta similitud con los sonidos de fondo con grillos añadidos. Conclusiones: La intensidad del sonido y sus estructuras de frecuencia no sostienen la hipótesis de un daño inducido de salud. Algunas veces el nivel de sonido objetivo es cercano al nivel de fondo ambiental. El sonido direccional no parece capaz de penetrar el ambiente construido(AU)
Introduction: The main source of noise in the city of Havana is land traffic. However, complaints have mostly dealt with sources of mechanical noise and musical audio. Last year there were some complaints about exposure to so-called sonic attacks by US diplomats. Objective: Ground the improbability that the unusual urban sounds referred here constituted sonic attacks. Methods: Some recordings of the target sound supplied were analyzed and also, background noise was characterized through sound level measurements. It was watched that, background noise at night is connected eventually to presence or absence of crickets (Grillus assimilis) in green settings of a residential neighborhood, Western of Havana. Results: Target sound is described on behalf its frequency structure, by two main shapes, one of them reflects a broadband noise with a high pitch overlapped. The other one has no high frequency pitch. Several target sounds events recorded show certain likeness to the background with cricket sounds. Conclusions: The intensity of exposure does not support the hypothesis of induced health damage. Sometimes the target sound level is close to the background level. Directional sound at the reported levels does not seem able to penetrate the built environment(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sound Spectrography/methods , Noise Effects , TrafficABSTRACT
@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> The Ibalois in La Trinidad, Benguet are witnesses to health negotiations that had been subjected to historical and material change.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>OBJECTIVE:</b> To present indicators of resistance - the struggles, apparent ambivalence, and aspirations of the Ibaloi people in relation to health negotiations, as indicative of their being active agents in confronting change. Its ultimate objective was to show how the Ibalois have managed to not allow themselves to be subjected to the biological reductionism of "medical gaze" as they assert the value of a number of traditional health and cultural practices amidst historical and material change.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> A case study research design with Key Informants Interview (KII) as data collection technique was used as design for the study. To collect data, fifteen key informants were interviewed, eight from the folk medical sector and seven from the professional medical sector. Emic viewpoint was used in the presentation of data to analyze cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied. Data from the folk medical sector were triangulated with data coming from local and international studies and with reports coming from the professional health sector: records from barangay and provincial health clinics managed by nurses and midwives as well as data coming from a local tertiary hospital and a national media news coverage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The struggles of the Ibalois are acts of resistance as they confront both traditional health practice or change. Their ambivalent emotions manifest creative responses to the diurnal or apparently humdrum occurrences that they encounter. Their aspirations indicate their hope and constant desire for a better future, and particular to this study, better health conditions. Indeed, health negotiations in Barangay Bahong, La Trinidad, Benguet and the continued relevance given to the mambonong are not indicative of a petrified indigenous.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Amidst the various historic turns and power shifts in the Cordillera region, the Ibalois have portrayed themselves as human agents, not just as one objective force in society - who define their culture (i.e. health practices) themselves in as much as this gives meaning and relevance to their lives. </p>
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Humans , NegotiatingABSTRACT
Abstract: There are many taxonomic problems in polychaete species names and solving confusing or inadequate taxonomic procedures is both time-demanding and extremely important. Our objective in this contribution was to analyse what is the current taxonomic situation for Nereis falsa de Quatrefages, 1866; it was based upon Nereis pulsatoria? Rathke, 1837 from the Black Sea, and it is currently regarded as having a very wide distribution. The species has been collected from different benthic substrates and even can be found on floating objects or marine turtles. Nereis falsa has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, the Eastern Atlantic along Africa, the Western Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Brazil), and the Indian Ocean. However, despite the fact N. falsa was proposed as a species from the Black Sea, it has not yet been found there. How can we explain that a species is able to attain a very wide distribution and yet be missing from its type locality? After a careful study of previous publications and with our understanding of the systematics of nereidid polychaetes, we clarify the current situation by examining several related species and pointed out some nomenclatural issues. Our analysis indicates there is more than one species included under the same name, and in this contribution we propose some means to promote discussion and actions, and suggest some basic research for solving this issue. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 847-857. Epub 2017 September 01.
Resumen: Entre los nombres de especies de poliquetos hay muchos problemas taxonómicos y resolver los procedimientos taxonómicos confusos o inadecuados consume mucho tiempo y es muy importante. Nuestro objetivo en esta contribución es analizar cuál es la situación para Nereis falsa de Quatrefages, 1866; fue basada en Nereis pulsatoria? Rathke, 1837 del Mar Negro, y se considera como una especie de amplia distribución. La especie se ha recolectado en diferentes sustratos bénticos e incluso puede hallarse en objetos flotantes o sobre tortugas marinas. Nereis falsa se ha registrado del Mar Mediterráneo, en el Atlántico oriental a lo largo del África, en el Atlántico occidental (Golfo de México, Mar Caribe, Brasil), y en el Índico. Sin embargo, a pesar de haber sido propuesta para una especie del Mar Negro no se ha vuelto a encontrar en el mismo. ¿Cómo conjugar que una especie pueda alcanzar una vasta distribución y faltar en su localidad tipo? Después de un estudio cuidadoso de las publicaciones sobre el tema y con nuestra comprensión de la sistemática de los poliquetos neréididos, clarificamos la situación prevalente al examinar varias especies relacionadas e indicamos algunas cuestiones nomenclaturales. Nuestro análisis indica que hay más de una especie bajo el mismo nombre y en esta contribución, nos enfocamos al problema, proponemos algunas formas para promover la discusión y la acción, y sugerimos algunas actividades de investigación para resolver el problema.
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Background: The presbycusis patients (usually beyond 50 years) come to us with much loss of hearing sensitivity. The deafness unperceived starts much earlier before their perception. Objectives: To identify the severity of the subtle deafness in the cosmopolitan, small town and rural areas. Materials and methods: We had selected the people with absolutely normal hearing (claimed by the subjects) between 21-50 years. They were confident of their hearing status, even on deep probing. We divided the people into three categories like cosmopolitan, small town and rural. We had selected the people of Mumbai under the cosmopolitan category. The audiological evaluation was carried out in sound treated room meeting the ANSI Standards of permissible ambient noise levels in sound treated room.Manual Pure Tone Audiometer in a two room set up that confirm to ANSI S-3.6-1996 standard was used. The instrument used for this study was calibrated ALPS AD 2100 audiometer with TDH 49 ear phones. Results: The cosmopolitan population were affected most. Later small town people and lastly rural area people were affected. In cosmopolitan population the 4 kHz was mostly affected, suggesting the significant impact of noise on their hearing. In town population also the 4 kHz is affected, but not to the extent of cosmopolitan people. The cosmopolitan people were affected worst among the three categories. And interestingly the small town population and rural population have almost the same hearing thresholds. Y. Kishore Kumar, Jaya Sahu, Ajay Basod, Nityam Sagar Patel. The Comparative Study of Subtle Deafness in Cosmopolitan, Town and Rural Population. IAIM, 2017; 4(1): 72-77. Page 73 Conclusion: The severity of subtle deafness is most in cosmopolitan, lesser in small town and least in rural population. The pure tone audiometry should be done in cosmopolitan people in early twenties, in small town people in early thirties and in rural population in early forties.
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En este trabajo se reportan las especies de Brachionidae reconocidos en las muestras recogidas en octubre de 2010 en la albufera Laguna El Paraiso, Huacho (11°13' − 11° 10'S, 77° 35' − 77°40'W). Cinco especies fueron determinadas: Keratella tropica, Brachionus quadridentatus, B. urceolaris, B. angularis y B. ibericus Ciros-Pérez 2001. Este último es un nuevo reporte para el Perú y amplía su distribución a nivel mundial
This paper reports the Brachionidae species recognized in samples collected in October 2010 in the albufera Laguna El Paraiso, Huacho (11°13 − 11°10'S , 77°35' − 77°40'W). Five species were determined: Keratella tropica, Brachionus quadridentatus, B. urceolaris, B. angularis and B. ibericus Ciros-Pérez 2001, which is a new report for Peru and this report expanding its worldwide distribution
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The Island of Martin Garcia lies at the confluence of the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers (upper Río de la Plata). This island is an outcrop of the crystalline basement. Due to basalt exploitation the island exhibits several ponds covered by carpets of free-floating macrophytes. Seven major environmental variables were measured: water and air temperature, percentage of oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and pH. Eleven leech species were found, Helobdella striata, H. diploides, H. adiastola and H. hyalina were new records. UPGMA clustering of species based on their occurrence in different ecological conditions revealed three main species groups. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) explained 97.2 percent of the correlation between species and environmental variables. H. triserialis shows the widest range of tolerance, H. hyalina shows positive relationships to conductivity; H. diploides shows a high correlation with dissolved oxygen, H. striata, H. lineata, and S. similis are negatively correlated with water temperature, and H. simplex is positively correlated with pH. Relationships between the species richness (S) and the sampling sites were negatively correlated with water temperature and positively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Leech biodiversity from the water bodies of Martín García Island, shows a great diversity of species and a wide plasticity regarding the characteristics of the environmental factors considered.
A Ilha Martín García encontra-se na afluência dos Rios Uruguay e Paraná (no Rio de la Plata superior) e constitui um afloramento do maciço cristalino de Brasília. Por causa da exploração do basalto, formaram-se lacunas que apresentam tapetes de vegetação flutuantes e macrófitas enraizadas. Mediram-se sete variáveis físico-químicas da água: temperatura do ar e da água, porcentagem de saturação de oxigênio, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos e pH. Encontraram-se onze espécies de sanguessuga, como Helobdella striata, H. diploides, H. adiastola e H. hyalina que constituem novos registros para a ilha. A análise de agrupamento baseado na ocorrência das espécies em condições ecológicas diferentes revelou três grupos principais. A análise canônica da correspondência sugere que a distribuição das espécies relaciona-se às variáveis ambientais consideradas, 97,2 por cento da correlação entre as espécies e as variáveis se distribui no eixo dois do diagrama de ordenamento. As variáveis com maior flutuação foram a condutividade e o pH. H. triserialis foi a espécie mais tolerante às variáveis ambientais; H. hyalina se relacionou positivamente com a condutividade; H. diploides teve alta correlação com o oxigênio dissolvido; H. striata, H. lineata e Semiscolex similis relacionaram-se negativamente com a temperatura da água e H. simplex, positivamente com o pH. As relações entre a riqueza de espécies (S) e os lugares de amostras foram negativas com a temperatura da água e positivas com o oxigênio dissolvido. Os corpos da água da Ilha Martín García mostram uma grande biodiversidade de espécies de sanguessuga, assim como uma ampla ductilidade com relação aos fatores ambientais considerados.