Analysis of micro-costing through the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) method in viscosupplementation procedures in different application regimens / Análise do microcusteio por meio de método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) nos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação

Objective: To evaluate the micro-costing of viscosupplementation procedures compared to different infiltration regimens. Methods: This study compared, through the Time-Driven ActivityBased Costing method, the micro-costing of these different application regimens using national cost averages as a basis for calculation in a medium-sized outpatient service. Results: The results demonstrated that the difference in costs with the single application is 31.47% less for three and 119.13% for five applications. Conclusions: No study showed a superiority of the five-application regimen over the three-application regimen, which leads one to believe that there is no justification for this procedure from an economic or quality-of-life point of view.

Objective: Avaliar o microcusteio dos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação. Métodos: Este estudo comparou, por meio do método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, o microcusteio desses diferentes regimes de aplicação, usando com base de cálculo médias nacionais de custo em um serviço ambulatorial de porte médio. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a diferença nos custos com a aplicação única é 31,47% menor para três aplicações e 119,13% para cinco aplicações. Conclusão: Em nenhum estudo houve superioridade do regime de cinco aplicações ao regime de três, fato que leva a acreditar que não há nenhuma justificativa para esse procedimento do ponto de vista econômico ou de qualidade de vida do paciente.

Cost analysis of drug treatment in hypertensive patients at social security health care family medicine units / Análisis de costo de tratamientos farmacológicos en pacientes hipertensos en unidades de medicina familiar de seguridad social en salud

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the increase of drug treatment costs associated with predictive factors of hypertensive patients in family medicine units. Materials and methods: A generalized linear model was employed to estimate costs with data from a microcosting costing study for a 1-year time horizon. Sources of dada were medical electronic files, pharmacy records and unitary prices updated to 2019. Results: From a total of 864 patients older than 65 years were 67% and women 65%. Factors with most influence on mean drug treatment costs were diabetes, age and complications associated with hypertension. Mean annual cost of antihypertensive treatment was 61 dollars (CI95% 55,67) and median were 32 dollars (IQR 30,35) per patient. Incremental costs for diabetes were 23 dollars (CI95% 13,33) and 25 dollars (CI95% 5, 45) in the group of ≥ 65 years. Conclusion: Diabetes, age and complications were the factors with largest influence on hypertension pharmacological costs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar el aumento de costos de tratamiento farmacológico de hipertensión asociado con factores predictivos en pacientes de unidades de medicina familiar. Material y métodos: El análisis utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado alimentado con información de un estudio de microcosteo en 2016. Las fuentes de información fueron los registros médicos del expediente electrónico y de farmacia y los precios unitarios del cuadro básico de medicamentos transformados a dólares americanos correspondientes a 2019. Resultados: Las variables significativas con mayor influencia fueron diabetes, edad y complicaciones asociadas con hipertensión. El costo promedio anual de tratamiento antihipertensivo por paciente fue de 61 dólares (IC95% 55,67) Los resultados sugieren un costo incremental de 23 dólares (IC95% 13,33) cuando se tiene diabetes y de 25 dólares (IC95% 5, 45) en el grupo ≥ 65 años. Conclusiones: Diabetes, edad y complicaciones son los factores encontrados que más influyen en los costos farmacológicos de tratamiento de la hipertensión.

Comparative analysis between prevention and treatment costs for gestational diabetes mellitus in primary and tertiary health care in a city in Southern Brazil / Análise comparativa entre os custos de prevenção e tratamento do diabetes mellitus gestacional na assistência à saúde primária e terciária em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Objective: The present study's purpose is to evaluate the economic context in which the Brazilian public health system, the only universal public health system with more than 200 million users, stands out. This evaluation will be made through the lens of the execution of gestational health care services in a city of approximately 500 thousand inhabitants in southern Brazil. The care costs of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will be compared to those of patients without GDM, analyzing the different economic valuation methods. And lastly, there was an intent to explore the generated costs in the context of economic valuation applied to health to comprehend better the complexity of the union of the financial and health areas to optimize the services offered. Methods: For the economic context in health, an analysis of health investments was performed through the Transparency Portal. The costs involved in preventing GDM were raised by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) table of procedures performed ordinarily in low-risk pregnancies. The expenses involved in DMG patients were increased at the High-Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Medicine Clinic of DMG patients. Results: Preventing GDM is more cost-effective, cost-minimizing, and cost-useful than treating patients diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: The result is an extremely interesting costopportunity, given the economic context in which it is presented

Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o contexto econômico em que se encontra o sistema público de saúde brasileiro, único sistema público universal de saúde com mais de 200 milhões de usuários. Essa avaliação será feita sob a ótica da execução de serviços de saúde gestacional em um município de aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes no Sul do Brasil. Os custos assistenciais de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) serão comparados aos de pacientes sem DMG, analisando os diferentes métodos de valoração econômica. Também serão analisados os custos gerados no contexto da valoração econômica aplicada à saúde para uma melhor com preensão da complexidade da união das áreas econômica e da saúde com o objetivo de otimizar os serviços oferecidos. Métodos: Para a contextualização econômica em saúde, foi feita a análise dos investimentos em saúde pelo Portal da Transparência. Os custos envolvidos na prevenção da DMG foram levantados pela tabela de procedimentos realizados ordinariamente em gestações de baixo risco do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os custos envolvidos em pacientes com DMG foram levantados no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco e Medicina Fetal de pacientes com DMG. Resultados: Prevenir o DMG apresenta maiores custo-benefício, custo-efetividade, custo-minimização e custo-utilidade em comparação com o tratamento das pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMG. Conclusão: O resultado é um custo-oportunidade extremamente interessante, dado o contexto econômico em que se apresenta

Análisis de usos y resistencia a antibióticos en una UCI de Montería, Colombia / Analysis of antibiotic uses and resistance in an ICU from Monteria, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El uso de antibióticos, enfrenta grandes problemas que deben ser resueltos en pro de la calidad de vida de los pacientes buscando un equilibrio en el costo-efectividad. Los análisis farmacoeconómicos son una herramienta útil para determinar qué fármacos deben estar disponibles en guías farmacoterapéuticas. Aunque el método de selección de fármacos varía en cada institución, el principio general es que deben ser elegidos los más efectivos al menor costo. El objetivo fue establecer el costo de los tratamientos, la evaluación de susceptibilidad y resistencia a los antibióticos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Montería. Métodos: La muestra se integró por todos los pacientes ingresados a la UCI, que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico, durante doce meses. De las historias clínicas, se identificaron y se clasificaron los tratamientos aplicados, duración del tratamiento, costo del tratamiento por paciente, consumos por paciente de los antibióticos con el fin de estimar los costos de los antibióticos utilizados en pacientes de la UCI. Resultados: Se registraron 670 ingresos, de los cuales el 48,40% recibieron terapia antimicrobiana. Las principales causas de ingreso a la UCI fueron: evento coronario agudo (16,69%), insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (13,83%), sepsis (12,48%). Los microorganismos encontrados fueron: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, A. haemolyticus. Conclusión: Los sistemas estandarizados de vigilancia para el uso de antibióticos es una herramienta esencial en el uso racional y en el control de la resistencia antibacteriana.

Abstract The use of antibiotics, faces major problems that must be solved to ensure high-quality care of patients, which seeking a balance in cost-effectiveness. Pharmacoeconomics analyzes are a useful tool for determining which drugs should be available for pharmacotherapy strategies. Although the method of drug selection varies in each institution, the general principle is that the most effective ones should be chosen amongst the lowest-cost. The objective was to establish the cost of treatments, susceptibility assessment and resistance to antibiotics in an Intensive Care Unit in Montería. The sample was integrated by all the patients admitted to the ICU, who received antibiotic treatment, during twelve months. From the clinical records served, the treatments applied, duration of treatment, cost of treatment per patient, consumption per patient of the antibiotics were identified and classified to estimate the costs in relation to the therapeutic effectiveness of the antibiotics used in patients in the ICU. A total of 670 patients were registered, of whom 48,40% received antimicrobial therapy. The main causes of ICU admission were: acute coronary event (16,69%), acute respiratory failure (13,83%), sepsis (12,48%). The strains were: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, A. baumanni, A. haemolyticus. Standardized surveillance systems for the use of antibiotics are an essential strategic intervention for the rational use and control antimicrobial resistance.

Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia / Direct medical costs of suicide attempts by patients in Columbia's Antioquia Mental Hospital / Custos médicos diretos por tentativa de suicídio em pacientes do hospital de saúde mental de Antioquia, Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de los costos médicos directos en relación al número de intentos de suicidio y comparar los costos de atención cognitivo-conductual respecto al tratamiento convencional. Métodos Se cuantificaron los costos por prestación de servicios hospitalarios por intento de suicidio en 248 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental atendidos en la empresa social del estado (E.S.E.) Hospital Mental de Antioquia y se implementó una evaluación de costo-consecuencia. Resultados Se encontró que los costos directos promedio de la atención de pacientes con cuatro o más intentos de suicidio fueron equivalentes a 5 641 dólares estadounidenses (USD), con una diferencia de USD 5 490 respecto al grupo con un solo intento. Además, dichos costos aumentaron conforme se incrementó el número de intentos. Por último, el diagnóstico de enfermedad mental (p. ej., cronicidad), el método de intento y la necesidad de servicios especializados se relacionaron con el incremento en los costos directos. Conclusiones La implementación de estrategias preventivas desde la salud pública que evalúen y hagan seguimiento a los factores psicosociales podría reducir la presentación de la problemática y de sus costos médicos directos.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. Methods The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. Results It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. Conclusions The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e do tratamento convencional. Métodos O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. Resultados Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. Conclusões A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

Causation and apportionment analysis of injury and physical impairment

Most injury is caused by an external cause to the human body, resulting in morphological or functional disability. However, in the physical impairment related diseases, it is difficult for the disease to occur only by internal factors, and it can be said that internal factors and external factors are combined. Therefore, when the physical impairment is caused by disease, it is important to the apportionment analysis of injury to think about the cause of the physical impairment by considering both the external and internal factors. The most commonly used the apportionment guide is the “Rhim's trauma apportionment guideline” in impairment evaluation. But this guideline is often difficult to assess in certain diseases. Since the apportionment analysis of external factors can bring about a difference in degree according to the viewpoint of the assessor, the degree of the physical impairment may vary greatly depending on case by case. Especially, it is not reasonable to assess based on causal relation with common sense or emotional, and it is necessary to make rational assessment based on medical evidence and professional knowledge.

Impacto de diferentes métodos de asignación de costos indirectos estructurales de hospitales públicos, en el ranking costo-efectividad de 47 intervenciones en salud / Impact of different overhead cost allocation methods of public hospitals on the cost-effectiveness ranking of 47 health programs

Background: Costs allocation methods are important for economic evaluation of health care. Aim: To evaluate the impact of overhead costs rates of different hospitals on the cost-effectiveness rankings of health programs. Material and Methods: Using the cost reports from eight hospitals, a Montecarlo simulation was implemented, programming the complete micro-costing algorithm to calculate the final cost of 47 health care interventions, from the health sector perspective. The independent variables considered were the overhead cost rates per establishment and the actual overhead costs. Changing these variables, resulted in changes of the final cost of interventions and cost-effectiveness ratios. Finally the probabilities of changes in the cost-effectiveness ranking of each intervention were calculated. Results: Thirteen programs did not change their ranking order. However, 34 interventions modified their position with different occurrence probabilities. In the new proposed ranking, 21 programs changed their position from one to six places. Conclusions: Different overhead cost rates, representing different assignation forms, have a relative impact in the cost-effectiveness order. Montecarlo simulation can help to improve the accuracy of ranking assignment.

Implementing apportionment strategy to identify costs in a multidisciplinary clinic / Implantação de estratégia de rateio para identificação do custo em clínica multidisciplinar

ABSTRACT Objective To present the implementation of an apportionment strategy proportional to the productive areas of a multidisciplinary clinic, defining the minimum values to be passed monthly to health professionals who work there. Methods A study of the clinic structure was carried out, in which the area of occupation of each service was defined. Later the cost was prorated, allocating a value to each room, proportional to the space occupied. Results The apportionment implementation allowed the clinic managers to visualize the cost of each room, providing a value base for formation of a minimum amount necessary to be passed monthly to each professional, as a form of payment for rent of using their facilities. Conclusion The risk of financial loss of the clinic was minimized due to variation of its productivity, as well as the conditions of transference at the time of hiring by professionals were clear, promoting greater confidence and safety in contract relations.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a implantação de uma estratégia de rateio proporcional às áreas produtivas de uma clínica multidisciplinar, definindo valores mínimos a serem repassados mensalmente aos profissionais de saúde que as ocupam. Métodos Estudo da estrutura da clínica, no qual foi definida, em metros quadrados, a área de ocupação de cada serviço. Em seguida, o custo foi rateado, alocando um valor a cada sala, proporcional ao espaço ocupado. Resultados A implantação do rateio possibilitou aos gestores da clínica estudada visualizar o custo de cada sala, fornecendo uma base de valor para formação de um valor mínimo necessário a ser repassado mensalmente para cada profissional, como forma de pagamento pelo aluguel de utilização de suas instalações. Conclusão Minimizou-se o risco de prejuízo da clínica pela variação de sua produtividade, bem como ficaram claras as condições de repasse no momento de contratação do aluguel pelos profissionais, promovendo maior confiança e segurança na relação contratual.

Analysis on funds application of community based organizations involved in HIV/AIDS response and government financial investment in China, 2014 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To understand the government financial investments to community based organizations (CBO) involved in HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention of China and its influencing factors.@*Methods@#Questionnaire of the situation of CBO involved in HIV/AIDS control and prevention were designed, and filled by the staff of Provincial Health Administrative Departments of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The research focused on the fields of CBO involved in HIV/AIDS response in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), including intervention on HIV/AIDS high risk population (female sex worker (FSW), man who sex with man (MSM), drug user (DU) and case management and care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH)). 29 valid questionnaires were collecting, with Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions not filled. Questionnaire included financial supports from local governments, transfer payment from central government for CBO involved in HIV/AIDS response in 2014, and unit cost for CBO involved in HIV/AIDS control and prevention. Multivariate analysis was conducted on the project application and financial investment of community based organizations involved in HIV/AIDS control and prevention in 2014.@*Results@#The total amount of CBO to apply for participation in AIDS prevention and control was 64 482 828 Yuan in 2014. The actual total amount of investment was 50 616 367 Yuan, The investment came from the central government funding, the provincial level government funding, the prefecture and county level government funding investment and other sources of funding. 22 of 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) received the funds from the central government finance, and median of investment funds 500 000 Yuan. 15 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) gained the funds from the provincial government finance, and median of investment funds 350 000 Yuan. 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) got the funds from the prefecture and county level government finance, and median of investment funds 408 750 Yuan. 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) acquired the funds from other sources, and median of investment funds 228 400 Yuan. The median (P25, P75) unit costs of intervention for FSW from 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) was 70 (23, 280) Yuan per year; DU from 14 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) was 83 (44, 200 ) Yuan per year; MSM from 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) was 100 (35, 280) Yuan per year; the follow-up and care for PLWH from 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) was 200 (45, 500) Yuan per year. Multivariate linear regression analysis results showed that the amount of PLWH in 2014 influenced on the total number of application funds of CBO involved in HIV/AIDS response (b=178.11, 95% CI: 51.86-305.36) and the amount of PLWH (b=77.72, 95% CI: 16.28-139.16), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of the province (b=36.20, 95% CI: 4.60-67.80) impacted financial investment to CBO involved in HIV/AIDS response, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Funds application and financial investment of CBO involved in HIV/AIDS control and prevention were huge. Financial investment from government was main resources for CBO in 2014. The amount of financial investment funds from governments was influenced by the HIV/AIDS epidemic situation and the development level of local economic.

An Empirical Analysis of Costs related to Nursing Practice / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nursing service costs associated with all health care costs incurred by the institution. METHODS: This study was an empirical case study research in which the nursing cost was separated from total medical cost. The nursing cost index was calculated through a cost allocation method after summarizing costs for personnel, raw materials and administration of each department in one public hospital. The 2014 budget plan, published in ‘Public Hospitals Alert’, was used as data and the data were analyzed using the Microsoft Office EXCEL 2013 program. RESULTS: When comparing total medical costs and nursing costs, the nursing cost were 27.14% of the total medical cost. The nursing cost per nurse per hour was calculated as ₩29,128 The nursing cost per inpatient per day was calculated as ₩157,970, and the administration cost per patient was calculated as ₩133,710. CONCLUSION: The results of the research present the process of cost allocation of specific cost elements in the hospital and evidence for administrative costs which in the past have been only vaguely formulated. These are the significant implications of this study.

La enfermedad renal crónica en Colombia: necesidades en salud y respuesta del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud / Chronic Kidney Disease in Colombia: Health Needs and Response of the General System of Social Security in Health / Doença Renal Crônica na Colômbia: necessidades em saúde e de resposta do Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es una enfermedad de alto costo, progresiva, no trasmisible y estrechamente ligada a otras enfermedades, como las cardiovasculares (ECV) y la diabetes mellitus (DM). La incidencia, prevalencia y mortalidad de la ERC va en aumento en Colombia, a pesar de que existen políticas que orientan el proceso de prevención y manejo. En el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, la ERC se ha manejado bajo un modelo de atención individual y biomédico que desestima la importancia de la prevención de la enfermedad. La autoridad sanitaria no ejerce eficazmente la vigilancia y control de los actores y privilegia la compensación económica a las Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), sin que medie una verdadera evaluación de los resultados en salud. Este ensayo muestra la situación de la ERC en el país y la respuesta del SGSSS, con el propósito de incentivar la reflexión hacia la necesidad de introducir un nuevo modelo de atención.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a high-cost illness, non-transmissible and progressive disease, closely related to others diseases such as cardiovascular ones and diabetes. Incidence, prevalence and mortality are increasing in Colombia, despite the existence of policies tempting to orientate the prevention, and healthcare process. In The General Social Security System, CKD has been treated preferably under a model of individual and biomedical attention that dismisses the importance of prevention of the disease. The health authority seems to be weak to exert an actual surveillance and control of actors involved in the System, and encourage economic compensation to Health Insurance Companies without taking into account an actual assessments of health results. This essay shows both, CKD situation in the country, and the response of the General System of Social Security in Health, with the purpose of encourage the reflection on the need to introduce a new model of healthcare.

A Doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma doença de alto custo, progressiva, não transmissível e intimamente ligada a outras patologias, tais como as cardiovasculares (DCV) e a diabetes mellitus (DM). A incidência, prevalência e mortalidade da DRC estão aumentando na Colômbia, embora existam políticas que orientem o processo de prevenção e gestão. No Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde (SGSSS), a DRC tem sido gerida sob um modelo de atenção individual e biomédico descartando a importância da prevenção de doenças. A autoridade de saúde não exerce efetivamente a fiscalização e o controle dos atores, e ainda privilegia a compensação econômica para as companhias de seguros da Saúde (EPS), sem que haja uma verdadeira avaliação dos resultados em saúde. Nesta dissertação pretende-se mostrar a situação da DRC na Colômbia, e a resposta do SGSSS, com o objetivo de incentivar a reflexão sobre a necessidade.

Estimación de costos económicos en la atención de la neumonía nosocomial en un hospital regional peruano, 2009 al 2011 / Estimation of economic costs for the care of patients with nosocomial pneumonia in a regional peruvian hospital, 2009-2011

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar los costos económicos en la atención de la neumonía nosocomial al compararlo con el grupo sin neumonía nosocomial en Hospital II Huánuco EsSalud, 2009 -2011. Materiales y métodos. Evaluación económica parcial. Diseño de casos y controles pareado. Se empleó una ficha de recolección. Variable dependiente: neumonía nosocomial. Variables independientes: costos directos sanitarios, costos directos no sanitarios, costos indirectos, ocupación, comorbilidad, procedencia y grado de instrucción. Se realizó análisis bivariado. Resultados. Se identificaron 40 pares de casos y controles. Los casos estuvieron hospitalizados más de dos semanas y emplearon más de dos antibióticos. Los costos directos sanitarios asociados fueron por hospitalización, antibióticos, exámenes auxiliares, evaluaciones especializadas y otras medicaciones. Los costos directos no sanitarios y los costos indirectos asociados fueron por transporte, alimentación, alojamiento, ingresos por planilla dejados de percibir, ingresos por honorarios profesionales dejados de percibir, gastos extrainstitucionales, pago a cuidadores durante hospitalización y por telefonía. Conclusiones. Los costos directos sanitarios en neumonía nosocomial fueron más del triple, mientras los costos directos no sanitarios y costos indirectos fueron más del doble al compararlo con el grupo sin infección. Se identificaron variables con mayor impacto en los costos.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate and compare the economic costs for the care of patients with and without nosocomial pneumonia at Hospital II Huánuco EsSalud during 2009-2011, in Peru. Materials and Methods. This was a partial economic evaluation of paired cases and controls. A collection sheet was used. Dependent variable: nosocomial pneumonia. Independent variables: direct health costs, direct non-health costs, indirect costs, occupation, age, comorbidities, sex, origin, and education level. A bivariate analysis was performed. Results. Forty pairs of cases and controls were identified. These patients were hospitalized for >2 weeks and prescribed more than two antibiotics. The associated direct health costs included those for hospitalization, antibiotics, auxiliary examinations, specialized assessments, and other medications. The direct non-health costs and associated indirect costs included those for transportation, food, housing, foregone payroll revenue, foregone professional fee revenue, extra-institutional expenses, and payment to caregivers during hospitalization and by telephone. Conclusions. The direct health costs for nosocomial pneumonia patients were more than three times and the indirect costs were more than two times higher than those for the controls. Variables with the greatest impact on costs were identified.

Costo día cama servicio pensionado para una enfermedad en un hospital de Chile / Day bed cost pensioners service for a disease in a hospital of Chile

Uno de los temas de mayor complejidad en salud es la determinación de los costos involucrados en una atención de una enfermedad, por la gran cantidad de costos indirectos incurridos que provienen de los diversos servicios que directa o indirectamente intervienen, por lo que su asignación al usuario requirente, afectado por un problema de salud, ya sea de recuperación o rehabilitación, es sin lugar a dudas el problema más importante a resolver de cualquier sistema de costos. Además, es un problema ineludible pues la organización necesita tener información confiable, oportuna y lo más exacta posible sobre el costo de sus productos, para una correcta toma de decisiones, por lo que el objetivo del presente artículo es calcular el costo indirecto incurrido por procedimiento y su asignación por inductor de costos a un caso real para una atención cerrada en la unidad de pensionado de un hospital público chileno. La metodología seguida implicó identificar todas las actividades y costos involucrados en una atención, mediante la identificación de los inductores de costos y su distribución a una enfermedad en particular, siguiendo el criterio de costo por paciente-enfermedad. El resultado demuestra que es posible incorporar la valorización del día cama y, por tanto, reconocer los costos indirectos incurridos en la atención de una enfermedad en particular, lo que permite contar con un instrumento de identificación de costos, que responda a las necesidades de información para un establecimiento en concreto y que es posible replicar, con las adecuaciones pertinentes, a otros establecimientos de salud.

One of the most complex topics in health is the determination of the costs involved in care of a disease, the large amount of incurred indirect costs arising from the various services directly or indirectly involved, so its allocation the requesting user, affected by a health problem, either recovery or rehabilitation, is undoubtedly the most important to solve any problem costing system. Furthermore, it is an inescapable problem for the organization need to have reliable, timely and as accurate as possible on the cost of their products, for proper decision-making, so the aim of this paper is to calculate the indirect costs incurred by procedure and allowance costs drivers a real case for a closed care unit boarding a Chilean public hospital. The methodology involved identifying all activities and costs involved in care, identifying the cost drivers and their distribution to a particular pathology, following the criteria of cost per patient-disease. The result shows that it is possible to incorporate the valuation day bed and, therefore, recognize the indirect costs incurred in attending a particular disease, thus providing a tool for identifying costs that responds to the information needs for a particular establishment, that can be replicated with appropriate adaptations, to other health care.

Los costos de la enfermedad laboral: revisión de literatura / The cost of occupational disease: a literature review / Os custos da doença profissional: revisão de literatura

OBJETIVO: identificar el estado de desarrollo de la investigación sobre los costos de la enfermedad laboral que ha sido publicada en la literatura durante la última década en el mundo. METODOLOGIA: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura, altamente sensible, con el objetivo de identificar publicaciones que se adaptaran a los criterios de inclusión predefinidos por los autores. Se consultaron bases de datos como Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase y Springer. El periodo de tiempo consultado fue 2000-2013. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 54 artículos, de los cuales el mayor porcentaje están escritos en inglés, la mayoría fue producto de investigaciones realizadas en Estados Unidos. La metodología utilizada principalmente por los autores de los artículos fue del tipo de estudios de carga y costos de la enfermedad. Los costos incluidos en estas publicaciones fueron directos e indirectos en su mayoría y la perspectiva predominante fue la de tipo social. CONCLUSIONES: Las economías más avanzadas del mundo son las que en su mayoría realizan este tipo de investigaciones, balance que resalta la importancia de realizar estos estudios para economías de países en desarrollo. Con respecto al lenguaje de publicación solamente se encontraron publicaciones en español realizadas en España, de ahí que sea necesario adelantar más estudios de este tipo en Latinoamérica.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the status of the research on the cost of occupational disease that have been published in the literature around the world during the last ten years. METHODS: a systematic review of the literature was carried out in order to identify publications matching the inclusion criteria predefined by the authors. Databases such as Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase and Springer were used. The period analyzed was 2000-2013. RESULTS: Fifty four papers were included in the review. Most of them were in English and resulted from research conducted in the United States. The authors of the papers conducted mostly disease cost and disease burden studies. These publications included direct and indirect costs in most cases, and the dominant perspective was social in nature. CONCLUSIONS: the most advanced economies in the world belong to the same countries that conduct most research on this subject. This shows the importance of these studies for countries with developing economies. As for the language of the publications, few are written in Spanish, and the papers in that language are all from Spain; this shows the need for more research of this kind in Latin America.

Objetivo: Identificar o estado de desenvolvimento da pesquisa sobre os custos da doença profissional que tem sido publicada na literatura durante a última década no mundo. Métodos: Realizou-se um busca sistemática de literatura, altamente sensível, com o objetivo de identificar publicações que se adaptassem aos critérios de inclusão pré-definidos pelos autores.Consultaram-se bases de dados como Pubmed, Ebsco, Lilacs, Online Wiley, Embase e Springer. O período de tempo consultado foi 2000-2013. Resultados: Incluíram-se 54 artigos, dos quais a maior porcentagem está escrita em inglês, a maioria foi produto de pesquisas realizadas nos Estados Unidos.A metodologia utilizada principalmente pelos autores dos artigos foi do tipo de estudos de peso e custos da doença.Os custos incluídos nestas publicações foram diretos e indiretos na sua maioria e a perspectiva predominante foi a do tipo social. Conclusões: As economias mais avançadas do mundo são aquelas que na sua maioria realizam este tipo de pesquisas, o que salienta a importância de realizar estes estudos nas economias de países em desenvolvimento.Com relação à linguagem de publicação, só se encontraram publicações em espanhol realizadas na Espanha, o que salienta a necessidade de gerar mais estudos deste tipo na América Latina.

Atenção à saúde na síndrome demencial: qual será o impacto econômico dessa atenção no Brasil? / Health care in dementia: what will be the economic impact of this care in Brazil?

O estudo pretende chamar a atenção dos tomadores de decisão para a premente necessidade da avaliação do impacto econômico da síndrome demencial no Brasil. O País já se enquadra, em termos demográficos e epidemiológicos, em patamar semelhante ao dos países desenvolvidos, mas ainda não implementou de forma efetiva políticas públicas ou reconheceu as reais necessidades sociais em saúde para a configuração dessa atual condição. Para tanto, uma revisão não sistemática sobre o impacto financeiro da síndrome em várias regiões do mundo foi elaborada. Diante das evidências, concluiu-se que é de suma importância a realização de estudos empíricos no contexto brasileiro que contemplem essa temática.

The study intends to draw the attention of decision makers for the urgent need to assessment the economic impact of dementia in Brazil. Nowadays, this country stands at the same baseline, in demographic and epidemiological terms, as developed countries. However, it has not yet implemented policies or even recognized real health needs to this current condition. Therefore, a non-systematic review of the financial impact of the syndrome in various regions of the world was developed. Given the evidence, it was concluded that it is extremely important to carry out empirical studies in the Brazilian context that address this theme.

Costo de un sistema de atención de adultos mayores dependientes en Chile, 2012 - 2020 / Cost of a health care system for dependent older adults in Chile, 2012 - 2020

OBJETIVO: Obtener una estimación de los costos relativo y absoluto de un sistema de atención domiciliaria para los adultos mayores dependientes en Chile y reflexionar sobre las consideraciones metodológicas a tener en cuenta en estimaciones para otros modelos en otros países. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron tasas de prevalencia por sexo y edad con base en los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Dependencia (ENDPM 2009) y se proyectaron tres escenarios para 2012 - 2020. Se estimó la población beneficiaria y la demanda de 12 programas de servicios de atención domiciliaria. Las características de los programas, en horas y tipo de atención se obtuvieron del juicio de expertos, ajustados por la revisión bibliográfica. Se utilizaron salarios/hora del sistema público y privado. RESULTADOS: Entre los mayores de 65 años, 20,3% sería beneficiario del sistema; 21,7% sobre el total de mujeres y 18,4% sobre el total de hombres. Su número asciende a 336 874 personas para 2012. El costo anual del sistema alcanza los 1 214 millones de dólares para 2012. Esto equivale a 0,45% del PIB (producto interior bruto), que se podría incrementar entre 32,1% y 33,1% hasta 2020. CONCLUSIONES: El costo de un sistema inicial para adultos mayores dependientes en Chile es relativamente bajo en comparación con los modelos de los países industrializados. En términos metodológicos, se destaca la importancia de la discusión previa sobre el tipo de modelo que se desee implementar y las posibilidades financieras de llevarlo a cabo. Además, se valida la opción de utilizar juicios de expertos para la evaluación, aunque se aconseja ampliarla.

OBJECTIVE: . To estimate the relative and absolute costs of a home-based health care system for dependent older adults in Chile and to consider the methodological factors to take into account in estimates for other models in other countries. METHODS: Sex- and age-specific prevalence rates were used, based on microdata from the National Dependency Survey (ENDPM 2009), and three scenarios were projected for 2012 - 2020. The beneficiary population and the demand were estimated for 12 home-based health care programs. The characteristics of the programs (number of hours and type of care) were based on expert opinions, adjusted through a literature review. Public and private system wages/hours were used. RESULTS: Overall, 20.3% of people over 65 years of age would be beneficiaries of the system; 21.7% of all women and 18.4% of all men, for a total of 336 874 people in 2012. The annual cost of the system is 1.214 billion dollars for 2012, equivalent to 0.45% of GDP (gross domestic product). This figure could increase by between 32.1% and 33.1% by 2020. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of an initial system for dependent older adults in Chile is relatively low in comparison to the models seen in industrialized countries. In terms of methodology, it is particularly important for there to be prior discussion of the desired model to be implemented and the financial capacity to achieve this. Furthermore, the option of using expert opinions as the basis for the evaluation is validated, although it is recommended that this be expanded.

Study on compensation standard of basic public health service in Fujian province / 中华全科医师杂志

To study the compensation standard of basic public health service a series of meetings were carried out,university faculty,scholars and public health workers as well as health administrators and policy makers actively joined the discussion.Based on the cost calculation of each items of public health service a preliminary proposal was developed.The proposal was disseminated for soliciting opinions widely and finalized.Finally the compensation standard of basic public health service both for urban and rural conununity health service centers and health stations were issued by Provincial Health Bureau.The compensation standard will provide support for implementation of basic public health policy in Fujian province.

Análisis de costo-eficiencia del programa de apoyo alimentario en México / A cost-benefit analysis of a Mexican food-support program

Objetivo Presentar una estimación de la razón costo/transferencia (RCT) del Programa de Apoyo Alimentario (PAL) de México, desde el año de arranque (2003) hasta mayo de 2005. Métodos Se elaboró una matriz de asignación de tiempos con el listado de las actividades del programa, que permite conocer el tiempo que el personal ha dedicado a cada actividad del programa; se elaboró otra matriz de costos, que se completó con la información proveniente de los registros contables del programa. Así, se estimó el costo total y el costo por actividad del programa, así como el valor de las transferencias entregadas, por actividad del PAL. Resultados La RCT para la entrega en especie durante 2003, 2004 y 2005 fue de 0,150, 0,218 y 0,230; respectivamente. Para la entrega en efectivo fue de 0,132 y 0,105 durante 2004 y 2005. Conclusiones La comparación de la medida de la RCT según el tipo de transferencia sirve para informar las discusiones relacionadas con este tema; la decisión de entregar una u otra transferencia no depende exclusivamente de la eficiencia, sino también de la efectividad de los dos mecanismos.

Objective Presenting an estimate of a Mexican food-support program (FSP) program's cost transfer ratio (CTR) from start-up (2003) to May 2005. Methods The program's activities were listed by constructing a time allocation matrix to ascertain how much time was spent on each of the program's activities by the personnel so involved. Another cost matrix was also constructed which was completed with information from the program's accountancy records. The program's total cost, activity cost and the value of given FSP transfers were thus estimated. Results Food delivery CRT for 2003, 2004 and 2005 was 0.150, 0.218, 0.230, respectively; cash CTR was 0.132in 2004 and 0.105 in 2005. Conclusion Comparing CTR values according to transfer type is a good way to promote discussion related to this topic; however, the decision for making a transfer does not depend exclusively on efficiency but on both mechanisms' effectiveness.

Propensity score: una aplicación en medicina / Propensity score: a medical aplication

En cualquier investigación en que queremos comparar el efecto de dos o más “tratamientos” sobre una “respuesta” de interés nos resultaría ideal asignar aleatoriamente los “sujetos” a los tratamientos, con la esperanza de que procediendo así controlaríamos la presencia (y distribución) de factores que pueden ser influyentes en el nivel de la respuesta, distorsionando, en una forma desconocida, la influencia real de los tratamientos. Muchas veces tal aleatorización simplemente es impensable por razones éticas o prácticas. Una solución adecuada en muchas investigaciones médicas, sociológicas, psicológicas o económicas ha sido el uso del Propensity Score, que se presenta en este artículo ilustrándolo con una aplicación médica.

In any research in which we want to compare the effect of two or more"treatments" on a "response" of interest, it would be ideal to randomlyassign "subjects" to treatment, hoping that by doing so we will control the presence (and distribution ) of factors that may be influential on the response leve distorting, in an unknown way, the real influence of the treatments. Often, such randomization, simplermente is unthinkable for ethical or operational reasons. A good solution in many medical, sociological, psychological or economic research has been the use of the Propensity Score presented in this article along with medical application.

Custo médio do Módulo de Coleta de sangue total pelo método ABC / The mean cost of collection of whole blood units by the ABC method

Os procedimentos em hemoterapia são complexos e caros. Exigem processos controlados e validados, equipamentos calibrados e monitorados e insumos qualificados, validados e inspecionados antes e durante o uso. Isto acarreta, além dos gastos diretos, gastos indiretos especificamente relacionados à garantia da qualidade e da segurança transfusionais, além dos gastos indiretos usuais de qualquer produto ou serviço. Procurando avaliar com maior aproximação estes custos e buscando evitar as distorções das apropriações de custos por rateios, o presente estudo utilizou o sistema de Custeio Baseado em Atividades - ABC, para apurar o custo médio do Módulo de Coleta de sangue total no Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto - SP, unidade sede, no primeiro semestre de 2006. O maior impacto no custo médio apurado se deveu aos custos monetários diretos, entretanto os custos indiretos não foram desprezíveis. O custo médio obtido para desempenho das atividades que compõem o Módulo de Coleta foi de R$ 35,20, que é 68,75 por cento superior ao valor pago na tabela SIA/SUS para este módulo. A metodologia desenvolvida pode ser aplicada aos outros procedimentos dos serviços de hemoterapia, permitindo a avaliação dos custos de seus processos, evitando desperdícios, aprimorando o seu funcionamento e gerando evidências objetivas que demonstrem os custos reais da hemoterapia de qualidade para as instâncias financiadoras públicas e privadas.

The procedures in hemotherapy are complex and expensive. They demand a controlled and validated process. They also require calibrated and monitored equipment and qualified and validated materials, inspected before and during use. This causes, apart from direct expenses, indirect expenses related to the guarantee of quality and transfusional safety, as well as the usual indirect costs of any product or service. The present study used the Activity-Based Costing system - ABC, to find the mean cost of collection of whole blood units in a Regional Blood Center in Ribeirão Preto, during the first semester of 2006, in order to assess these costs more carefully and to try to avoid the cost distortions due to separation of blood components. Although the indirect costs were not negligible, the major impact on the mean cost was related to direct monetary costs. The mean cost to perform the activities that compose the collection of blood units was R$ 35.20, which is 68.75 percent higher than the value paid by the Brazilian government for this unit. The developed methodology can be applied to other procedures of services in hemotherapy allowing the evaluation of process costs, avoiding waste, improving performance and generating objective evidence to demonstrate the real cost of quality hemotherapy activities for public and private fund source.