Children in the pandemic: Contributions of the National Course on Mental Health and Psychosocial Care in COVID-19 / Crianças na pandemia: contribuições do Curso Nacional de Saúde Mental e Atenção Psicossocial na COVID-19

Objective Considering the psychosocial repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on children, this case study aims to describe the work process involved in the construction and execution of the Children in the COVID-19 Pandemic module, which comprised the National Course on Mental Health and Psychosocial Care in COVID-19, hosted by the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Method Data from the materials that made up the module (booklet, video lesson, forum, and live broadcast), the profile of those enrolled, as well as emerging themes from participants' questions and comments (forum and live broadcast) were analyzed. Results Thirty-one percent of the course participants, who were predominantly female psychologists, completed the module. The booklet, developed with an accessible language, met the general guidelines for the development of manuals aimed at providing guidance on health care, seeking to address emerging demands in order to qualify the care for children in the context of COVID-19. Conclusion There was a great diversity of themes addressed in the material resulting from the forum and the live broadcast, which were discussed in order to contribute to the planning of psychosocial care strategies aimed at mitigating the negative repercussions of the pandemic on child development, as well as to offer a space for sharing knowledge and experiences on professional practice during this major public health emergency.

Objetivo Considerando as repercussões psicossociais da pandemia de COVID-19 às crianças, este estudo de caso tem o objetivo de descrever o processo de trabalho envolvido na construção e execução do módulo Crianças na Pandemia COVID-19, que compôs o Curso Nacional de Saúde Mental e Atenção Psicossocial na COVID-19, promovido pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Método Analisaram-se dados provenientes dos materiais que compuseram o módulo (cartilha, videoaula, fórum e live), o perfil dos inscritos, bem como as temáticas emergentes em questionamentos e comentários dos participantes (fórum e live). Resultados Concluíram o módulo 31% dos participantes do Curso, os quais eram, predominantemente, mulheres psicólogas. A cartilha, desenvolvida em linguagem acessível, atendeu às diretrizes gerais para elaboração de manuais voltados à orientação sobre cuidados em saúde, buscando abordar demandas emergentes, no sentido de qualificar a atenção às crianças no contexto da COVID-19. Conclusão Houve grande diversidade de temáticas abordadas no material decorrente do fórum e da live, as quais foram discutidas com vista a contribuir para o planejamento de estratégias de atenção psicossocial voltadas a mitigar repercussões negativas da pandemia para o desenvolvimento infantil, bem como oferecer um espaço para compartilhamento de conhecimentos e experiências de atuação profissional frente a essa grave emergência de saúde pública.

Pertinencia de la superación posgraduada en correspondencia con los problemas de salud en Villa Clara / Relevance of postgraduate improvement in correspondence with health problems in Villa Clara

Fundamento: en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara se ha diseñado e implementado una estrategia metodológica para lograr mayor relación de la superación profesional con el cuadro de salud. Objetivo: exponer los resultados de la superación profesional en correspondencia con los principales problemas de salud en Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de la superación profesional vinculada al posgrado en el periodo 2017-2021. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemático-estadísticos; la información obtenida se presentó en tablas con valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: del total de actividades planificadas, el 83,01 % respondieron a los problemas de salud de la provincia. Relacionado con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles se efectuaron 542; tumores malignos, 179; Programa de Atención Materno Infantil, 1762; y Programa de Atención al Adulto Mayor, 198. Sobre otras enfermedades transmisibles, su mayor número estuvo en el 2019. En el 2020 predominaron las vinculadas a las arbovirosis y la pandemia de la COVID-19 cuando se capacitaron un total de 325 880 profesionales en el 2020 y 5839 en el 2021. Conclusiones: la superación posgraduada de los profesionales de la salud en Villa Clara se ha correspondido con los principales problemas de la salud del territorio en los años del 2017 al 2021 lo cual evidencia pertinencia y progreso en la continuidad de la formación académica del capital humano.

Background: at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, a methodological strategy has been designed and implemented to achieve a greater relationship between professional improvement and health status. Objective: to present the results of professional improvement in correspondence with the main health problems in Villa Clara. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out with a cross-sectional design of professional improvement linked to postgraduate studies from 2017 to 2021. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical methods were applied; the information obtained was presented in tables with absolute and relative values. Results: out of the whole activities, 83.01% responded to the health problems of the province. Related to chronic non-transmissible diseases, 542 were carried out; malignant tumors, 179; Maternal and Child Care Program, 1762; and the Elderly Care Program, 198. Regarding other transmissible diseases, the highest number was in 2019. In 2020, those linked to arboviruses and the COVID-19 pandemic predominated when a total of 325,880 professionals were trained in 2020 and 5839 in 2021. Conclusions: the postgraduate improvement of health professionals in Villa Clara has corresponded to the main health problems of the territory in the years from 2017 to 2021, which shows relevance and progress in the continuity of the academic training of human capital.

Sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica / Job competency system for health technologists licensed in Optometry and Optics

Fundamento: la calidad de un servicio de salud parte del nivel de la competencia y desempeño de sus trabajadores en el cumplimiento de sus funciones laborales y sociales. Objetivo: elaborar un sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico en el campo de la educación médica, durante enero 2021- enero 2022 en instituciones del nivel secundario del municipio Holguín. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos que permitieron la triangulación metodológica de los resultados. Se tuvo en cuenta el criterio de especialistas para la valoración del sistema de competencias elaborado. Resultados: se identificaron insuficiencias para ejecutar procederes óptico-optométricos, limitada participación en actividades científico investigativas, baja categorización docente e investigativa, debilidades en la función profesor-tutor y escasa actividad de superación permanente. Se elaboró un sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica diseñadas en correspondencia con el ejercicio de sus funciones. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico realizado demostró la necesidad de un sistema de competencias laborales para contribuir al perfeccionamiento del desempeño laboral de estos profesionales, el cual fue valorado como factible, pertinente y útil de ser aplicado.

Background: the quality of a health service is based on the level of competence and performance of its workers in fulfilling their job and social functions. Objective: to develop a system of job skills for health technologists Bachelors in Optometry and Optics. Methods: a technological development investigation was carried out in the field of medical education, from January 2021 to January 2022 in secondary level institutions of the Holguín municipality. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used that allowed the methodological contrast of the results. The criteria of specialists was taken into account for the assessment of the developed competency system. Results: insufficiencies were identified to carry out optical-optometric procedures, limited participation in scientific research activities, low teaching and research ranking, weaknesses in the teacher-tutor function and little permanent improvement activity. A system of job competencies was developed for health technologists with degrees in Optometry and Optics designed in accordance with the exercise of their duties. Conclusions: the diagnosis carried out demonstrated the need for a system of work competencies to contribute to the improvement of the work performance of these professionals, which was valued as feasible, relevant and useful to be applied.

The Conjunction Logic of Collaborative Education between Medical Humanities Courses and Ideological and Political Courses / 中国医学伦理学

It is a new requirement of the new era that medical humanities courses and ideological and political courses should go together with each other. There is an inherent logic in the collaborative education of the two courses, which has the consistency of ideas, the commonality of goals, the intersection of contents and the mutual learning of methods. In practice, it is necessary to combine education with talent, theory with practice, indoctrination with penetration, online with offline, so as to improve the effectiveness of collaborative education between medical humanities courses and ideological and political courses.

Satisfacción con los cursos a distancia de la maestría Investigación en Aterosclerosis durante la COVID-19 / Satisfaction with the Distance Courses of a master's degree in Atherosclerosis Research during COVID-19

Introducción: La satisfacción de los estudiantes con respecto a la educación que reciben es un elemento clave en la valoración de la calidad de la educación. La enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 representó una emergencia sanitaria que generó preocupación a nivel mundial por su impacto en la salud, la economía y la educación. Objetivo: Evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con los cursos a distancia del primer ciclo de la maestría Investigación en Aterosclerosis durante la COVID-19. Métodos: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se utilizó una encuesta, que estuvo disponible, al finalizar cada curso, en el Aula Virtual de Salud. Los datos de la encuesta se obtuvieron del AVS, se introdujeron en una base de datos en Excel, y se procesaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Para todos los cursos los horarios que predominaron fueron en horario extralaboral y los fines de semana y durante la jornada laboral, en horario extralaboral y los fines de semana. Como vías de conexión más utilizadas estuvieron Infomed y los datos móviles. El curso mejor orientado resultó La aterosclerosis, un problema epidemiológico. La evaluación de los aspectos relacionados con el profesor, los contenidos, el material bibliográfico, la comunicación y el aseguramiento tecnológico fue satisfactoria. La computadora y el celular representaron los dispositivos tecnológicos más empleados. Las respuestas en relación con la satisfacción con los cursos se encontraron entre satisfecho y muy satisfecho. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de los aspectos evaluados recibieron calificaciones satisfactorias. Como aspecto positivo se destaca el empleo del aula virtual; como negativos, la dificultad con los dispositivos tecnológicos y la conectividad; y como interesantes, la adquisición y el perfeccionamiento de habilidades con los cursos a distancia y mejorar la calidad de la conectividad(AU)

Introduction: Student satisfaction with the education that they receive is a key element for education quality assessment. The disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus represented a health emergency that generated worldwide concern due to its impact on health, economy and education. Objective: To assess student satisfaction with the distance courses of the first cycle of a master's degree in atherosclerosis research during COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. A survey was used, available in the virtual health classroom at the end of each course. The survey's data were obtained from the virtual health classroom, entered into an Excel database, and processed with the statistical package SPSS (version 20.0) for Windows. Results: For all the courses, the predominant schedules were during out-of-work hours and on weekends and during the working day, during out-of-work hours and on weekends. The most frequently used means of connection were Infomed and mobile data. The best oriented course was Atherosclerosis, an epidemiological problem. The assessment of aspects related to the professor, the contents, the bibliographic material, communication and technological assurance were satisfactory. The computer and the cell phone were the most frequently used technological devices. The responses regarding satisfaction with the courses ranged between satisfied and very satisfied. Conclusions: Most of the assessed aspects received satisfactory ratings. As a positive aspect, the use of the virtual classroom stands out; as a negative one, the difficulty with technological devices and connectivity; and as interesting ones, the acquisition and improvement of skills with distance courses, as well as improving the quality of connectivity(AU)

Guía para la implementación de cursos en red / A guide for the implementation of network resources

Introducción: Los cambios en la educación médica superior, provocados por la pandemia del virus SARS-CoV-2, impulsaron la integración de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación a la docencia en Cuba y el mundo. La Universidad Virtual de Salud se convirtió en un medio importante para apoyar los procesos docente-educativos, por lo que los profesores tuvieron que afrontar el reto de virtualizar sus actividades formativas. Objetivo: Validar una guía para el diseño y montaje de entornos virtuales de enseñanza aprendizaje en la educación médica de pregrado y posgrado. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de tipo innovación tecnológica en tres etapas: diseño de la guía, implementación y validación. Se aplicó una encuesta a los participantes del entrenamiento virtual en Entornos Virtuales de Enseñanza Aprendizaje. Resultados: Se propusieron seis pasos para el diseño y la implementación de procesos formativos mediante la virtualidad: análisis de los recursos y la factibilidad; diseño del curso o adaptación de un programa existente; producción de contenidos; subida de recursos y configuración de las actividades; acción formativa; y evaluación del curso, mejora y rediseño. Conclusiones: La integración de la tecnología a la docencia en la educación superior es una realidad impulsada por la situación epidemiológica, que se seguirá desarrollando hasta que forme parte de la labor habitual del docente. Esta guía sistematiza y simplifica las acciones para facilitar el proceso inicial de virtualización. Se propone un modelo flexible y escalable para mejorar continuamente la calidad del proceso docente educativo en entornos virtuales de enseñanza aprendizaje(AU)

Introduction: Changes in higher medical education, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, prompted the integration of information and communication technologies to teaching in Cuba and the world. The virtual university of health became an important means to support the teaching-educational processes; therefore, professors had to face the challenge of virtualizing their training activities. Objective: To validate a guide for designing and assembling virtual teaching-learning environments in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. Methods: A technological innovation research was carried out in three stages: design of the guide, implementation and validation. A survey was conducted to the participants of the virtual training in virtual teaching-learning environments. Results: Six steps were proposed for the design and implementation of training processes through the virtual modality: analysis of resources and feasibility; course design or adaptation of an existing program; content production; resource uploading and activity configuration; training action; and course assessment, improvement and redesign. Conclusions: The integration of technology to higher education teaching is a reality driven by the epidemiological situation, which will continue to develop until it becomes part of the professor's regular work. This guide systematizes and simplifies actions to facilitate the initial virtualization process. A flexible and scalable model is proposed to improve continuously the quality of the educational teaching process in virtual teaching-learning environments(AU)

Validación de una estrategia de preparación para el desempeño gerencial en una Facultad de Enfermería / Validation of a preparation strategy for managerial performance in a Nursing Faculty

Introducción: Reconocida es la urgencia de mejorar el desempeño gerencial y elevar la calidad en la gestión. La preparación gerencial en las universidades es un factor estratégico, declarado en la V Conferencia Iberoamericana de Educación. Objetivo: Validar una estrategia de preparación para el desempeño gerencial en la Facultad de Enfermería Lidia Doce. Métodos: Estudio mixto (CUAL-cuan), con diseño exploratorio secuencial, realizado en la Facultad de Enfermería "Lidia Doce", de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Cuba, del año 2020 al 2021. En un universo de 22 dirigentes y 20 reservas. Se diseñó la estrategia con el método del Ciclo Deming, se validó con el método Delphi por 31 expertos a los que se determinó el coeficiente de competencia, Los datos se procesaron mediante análisis de contenido, distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, (porcentajes, medias, promedios). Resultados: La estrategia quedó configurada por la misión, cuatro fases según el ciclo Deming, con objetivos y acciones. Fue evaluada por los expertos, desde la primera ronda de muy adecuada, con valores entre -0,9072 y -0,236. Conclusiones: Se validó una estrategia de preparación para el desempeño gerencial que contribuye a cambios favorables en la concepción del sistema de trabajo con los cuadros y reservas, fortalece su desarrollo, acorde a la política trazada por el país y las necesidades identificadas en la Facultad de Enfermería "Lidia Doce". La estrategia propuesta aporta a la ciencia de la Enfermería la preparación de los directivos para los procesos formativos en esta área del conocimiento(AU)

Introduction: The urgency to improve management performance and raise the quality of management is recognized. Management preparation in universities is a strategic factor, declared at the V Ibero-American Conference on Education. Objective: Validate a preparation strategy for managerial performance at the "Lidia Doce" Faculty of Nursing. Methods: Mixed study (CUAL-cuan), with a sequential exploratory design, carried out at the "Lidia Doce" Faculty of Nursing, of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Cuba, from 2020 to 2021. In a universe of 22 leaders and 20 reserves. The strategy was designed with the Deming Cycle method, it was validated with the Delphi method by 31 experts for whom the competence coefficient was determined. The data were processed through content analysis, distributions of absolute and relative frequencies (percentages, means, averages). Results: The strategy was configured by the mission, four phases according to the Deming cycle, with objectives and actions. It was evaluated by the experts, from the first round, as very adequate, with values between -0.9072 and -0.236. Conclusions: A preparation strategy for managerial performance was validated that contributes to favorable changes in the conception of the work system with cadres and reserves, strengthens its development, in accordance with the policy outlined by the country and the needs identified in the Faculty of "Lidia Doce" Infirmary. The proposed strategy contributes to Nursing science by preparing managers for training processes in this area of knowledge(AU)

Programa de capacitación dirigido a estudiantes de ciencias médicas para la prevención contra la COVID-19 / Villa Clara medical science students trained for prevention against COVID-19

Fundamento: constituyó una necesidad el incremento de acciones de preparación a los estudiantes de ciencias médicas para realizar la pesquisa "casa a casa", teniendo en cuenta que el municipio Santa Clara de la provincia Villa Clara reportó la mayor cantidad de casos de COVID-19, entre los primeros meses de 2021. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de un programa de capacitación para estudiantes de ciencias médicas en las acciones de prevención contra la COVID-19, durante las pesquisas activas "casa a casa". Métodos: se elaboró y ejecutó un programa de capacitación a partir de la investigación-acción, insertado en las acciones de prevención realizadas por los estudiantes en los escenarios de la comunidad; fueron agrupados en 132 Consultorios Médicos de la Familia (CMF), pertenecientes a los seis policlínicos del municipio Santa Clara. La intervención se efectuó del 8 de marzo al 10 abril de 2021. El universo estuvo constituido por 809 estudiantes, quienes pesquisaron 126 475 personas. Resultados: al finalizar el programa, 508 estudiantes obtuvieron calificaciones de Muy Bien y 132 de Bien, con diferencias significativas entre el nivel de conocimientos antes y después de su aplicación. Conclusiones: el programa de capacitación demostró efectividad porque se modificó el nivel de conocimientos de los estudiantes que participaron, mejoraron sus conocimientos y habilidades para realizar acciones de prevención; ellos lograron la detección precoz de pacientes en riesgo y enfermos de COVID-19.

Background: the increase in preparation actions for medical science students to carry out the "house to house" research was a necessity, taking into account that Santa Clara municipality in Villa Clara province reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases, in the first months of 2021. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of a training program for medical science students in preventive actions against COVID-19, during active "house-to-house" investigations. Methods: a training program based on action research was developed and implemented, inserted in the prevention actions carried out by the students in community settings; they were grouped into 132 Doctor´s Offices, belonging to the six polyclinics of Santa Clara municipality. The intervention was carried out from March 8 to April 10, 2021. The universe consisted of 809 students, who investigated 126,475 people. Results: at the end of the program, 508 students obtained ratings of Very Good and 132 of Good, with significant differences between the level of knowledge before and after its implementation. Conclusions: the training program demonstrated effectiveness because the level of knowledge of the students who participated was modified, their knowledge and skills to carry out preventive actions improved; they achieved early detection of patients at risk and sick with COVID-19.

Programa educativo sobre cáncer de mama para mujeres del Consultorio Médico 028-2. Manicaragua / Educational program on breast cancer for women of the Doctor´s Office 028-2. Manicaragua, Cuba

Fundamento: el cáncer de mama representa un problema sanitario mundial por su alta incidencia; en la actualidad este es el de tipo de cáncer más frecuente en las mujeres. Objetivo: desarrollar un programa educativo sobre el cáncer de mama dirigido a las mujeres del Consultorio Médico 028-2, del Policlínico Docente "50 Aniversario", en Manicaragua. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio prexperimental de intervención educativa evaluado por especialistas, en el Consultorio Médico 028-2, del Policlínico Docente "50 Aniversario" del municipio Manicaragua, entre enero 2021-enero 2022. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; empírico: análisis documental, encuesta y matemático-estadísticos para el análisis de los datos investigados. Resultados: predominaron las edades de 45 a 54 años, la mayoría no tenían antecedentes patológicos personales y sus conocimientos sobre cómo prevenir la enfermedad eran insuficientes, por lo que se diseñó un programa educativo, el cual fue valorado por criterios de especialistas. Conclusiones: después de ser valorado como adecuado, fue aplicado con muy buenos resultados entre las féminas; este programa se alerta sobre la necesidad de intensificar la labor educativa del médico y demás personal involucrado en la atención a las mujeres para que desarrollen conciencia sobre la importancia de la detección temprana de esta neoplasia.

Background: breast cancer represents a global health problem due to its high incidence; at present this is the most frequent type of cancer in women. Objective: to develop an educational program on breast cancer aimed at the women of the Doctor´Office 028-2, of the "50th Anniversary" Teaching Polyclinic, in Manicaragua. Methods: a pre-experimental study of educational intervention was developed, evaluated by specialists, in the Medical Office 028-2, of the "50 Aniversario" Teaching Polyclinic of the Manicaragua municipality, from January 2021 to January 2022. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive -deductive and historical-logical; Empirical ones: documentary, survey and mathematical-statistical for the analysis of the investigated data. Results: the ages of 45 to 54 years predominated, the majority had no past medical history and their knowledge on how to prevent the disease was insufficient, for which an educational program was designed, which was assessed by specialist criteria. Conclusions: after being evaluated as adequate, it was applied with very good results among the females; the need to intensify the educational work of the physician and other personnel involved in caring for women is alerted so that they develop awareness of the importance of early detection of this neoplasm.

Programa educativo para prevenir la leptospirosis en una zona rural de Jibacoa, Manicaragua, Cuba / Educational program to prevent leptospirosis in a rural area of Jibacoa, Manicaragua, Cuba

Fundamento: la leptospirosis es una zoonosis de distribución mundial que puede presentarse en zonas urbanas y rurales cuyo evidente resurgimiento se ilustra en los brotes recientes en todos los continentes. Objetivo: desarrollar un programa educativo sobre la leptospirosis en el Consultorio Médico 036-11, del poblado de Jibacoa, Manicaragua. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio prexperimental de intervención educativa aprobado por especialistas, en el Consultorio Médico 036-11, de Jibacoa, Manicaragua entre marzo 2020-marzo 2022. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; empírico: análisis documental y cuestionario; y matemático-estadísticos para el análisis de los datos encontrados. Resultados: en el diagnóstico realizado predominaron los trabajadores del sexo masculino, la mayoría de ellos con riesgos para contraer la leptospirosis, la presencia de animales domésticos y roedores, e inadecuados conocimientos sobre la enfermedad. El análisis de situación de salud permitió caracterizar la comunidad rural con condiciones favorables para la proliferación de las leptospiras, por lo que se diseñó un programa educativo para capacitar a los habitantes del lugar sobre el tema, el cual valorado por criterios de especialistas. Conclusiones: después de valorado como adecuado se aplicó y demostró su efectividad al modificar positivamente los conocimientos de los habitantes en riesgo dentro de esa comunidad rural.

Background: leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution that can occur in urban and rural areas whose evident resurgence is illustrated in recent outbreaks on all continents. Objective: to develop an educational program on leptospirosis in the Doctor´s Office 036-11, in the town of Jibacoa, Manicaragua. Methods: a pre-experimental study of educational intervention approved by specialists was carried out at Doctor´s Office 036-11, in Jibacoa, Manicaragua from March 2020 to March 2022. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive and historical-logical; empirical: documentary analysis and questionnaire; and mathematical-statistical for the analysis of the data found. Results: male workers predominated in the diagnosis, most of them at risk of contracting leptospirosis, the presence of domestic animals and rodents, and inadequate knowledge about the disease. The analysis of the health situation allowed to characterize the rural community with favorable conditions for the proliferation of leptospirosis, for which an educational program was designed to train the inhabitants of the place on the subject, which was valued by specialist criteria. Conclusions: after being assessed as adequate, it was applied and demonstrated its effectiveness by positively modifying the knowledge of the inhabitants at risk within that rural community.

Modelo para capacitar sobre percepción de riesgo en VIH/sida a jóvenes del municipio Manicaragua / Model to train young people from the Manicaragua municipality, Cuba, on risk perception in HIV/AIDS

Fundamento: el VIH/sida es un problema de salud caracterizado por un severo compromiso de la inmunidad; esta entidad constituye factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial. Objetivo: proponer un modelo para capacitar sobre percepción de riesgo sobre el VIH/sida a jóvenes del Consultorio Médico 41 del área de salud Manicaragua. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el Consultorio Médico 41 del área de salud Manicaragua en la provincia de Villa Clara. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, análisis síntesis, inducción-deducción, sistémico-estructural y modelación; empíricos: el cuestionario a jóvenes y la historieta de conflictos; matemáticos-estadísticos para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: las insuficiencias más frecuentes en la percepción de riesgo estuvieron relacionadas con las carencias en la información, la comprensión y la toma de decisiones para la prevención de salud. Se ofrece un modelo para la capacitación en percepción de riesgo ante el VIH/sida el cual fue valorado por criterios de especialistas. Conclusiones: el modelo posibilita la adquisición de conductas promotoras de la salud sexual, comprender y predecir cómo puede responderse a los peligros ante la enfermedad, contribuir al cambio de intención y comportamiento, y a asumir actitudes de protección. Fue valorado como aceptado por los especialistas consultados.

Background: HIV/AIDS is a health problem characterized by a severe compromise of immunity; this entity constitutes a risk factor for the development of the main causes of death worldwide. Objective: to propose a model to train young people from the Doctor´s office 41 in the Manicaragua health area on risk perception on HIV/AIDS. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the Doctor´s office 41 of the Manicaragua health area in the province of Villa Clara. Theoretical methods were applied: historical-logical, analysis synthesis, induction-deduction, systemic-structural and modeling; empirical ones: the questionnaire for young people and the conflict story; mathematical-statisticians for data analysis. Results: the most frequent deficiencies in risk perception were related to deficiencies in information, understanding and decision-making for health prevention. A model for training in risk perception to face HIV/AIDS is offered, which was assessed by specialist criteria. Conclusions: the model enables the acquisition of behaviors that promote sexual health, understanding and predicting how to respond to the dangers of the disease, contributing to the change of intention and behavior, and assuming protective attitudes. It was valued as accepted by the specialists consulted.

Interdisciplinariedad y prevención de enfermedades profesionales en el desempeño profesional pedagógico en posgrado / Interdisciplinarity and prevention of occupational diseases in postgraduate pedagogical professional performance

Fundamento: el tema del desempeño profesional pedagógico, vinculado a la prevención de enfermedades profesionales, debe tratarse en posgrado desde un posicionamiento interdisciplinario a partir de las necesidades existentes en la práctica educativa. Objetivo: diseñar un sistema de talleres para la optimización del desempeño profesional pedagógico en el tratamiento interdisciplinario sobre la prevención de enfermedades profesionales. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, longitudinal y retrospectiva, comprendida en el período de septiembre 2021 a enero 2022 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas; los métodos teóricos aplicados fueron el análisis-síntesis, el histórico-lógico y la modelación; entre los empíricos: la encuesta a docentes y la técnica del grupo focal. Además, se realizó la consulta a especialistas para obtener criterios valorativos. Se utilizó el análisis porcentual para el procesamiento y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: fueron estructurados los contenidos fundamentales del sistema de talleres y se concibieron las orientaciones metodológicas para su implementación práctica. Además, se conformó un criterio valorativo sobre su pertinencia a partir de la consulta a especialistas. Se identificó una satisfacción en los docentes participantes en los talleres, quienes le atribuyeron elevada significación para la optimización del desempeño profesional pedagógico en el tratamiento interdisciplinario a la prevención de enfermedades profesionales. Conclusiones: el diseño del sistema de talleres evidenció, a partir del criterio de especialistas y los resultados de la implementación práctica, potencialidades para la optimización del desempeño profesional pedagógico de posgrado en correspondencia con el objetivo propuesto.

Background: the topic of postgraduate pedagogical professional performance, linked to the prevention of occupational diseases, must be treated from an interdisciplinary position based on the existing needs in educational practice. Objective: to design a system of workshops for the optimization of postgraduate pedagogical professional performance in interdisciplinary treatment for the prevention of occupational diseases. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective investigation was carried out, from September 2021 to January 2022 at Matanzas University of Medical Sciences; The theoretical methods applied were analysis-synthesis, historical-logical, and modeling; among the empirical ones: the teacher survey and the focal group technique. In addition, specialists were consulted to obtain evaluative criteria. Percentage analysis was used for the processing and presentation of the results. Results: the fundamental contents of the workshop system were structured and the methodological guidelines for its practical implementation were conceived. In addition, an evaluative criterion was formed on its relevance from the consultation with specialists. Satisfaction was identified in the teachers participating in the workshops, who attributed high significance to the optimization of professional pedagogical performance in the interdisciplinary treatment of the prevention of occupational diseases. Conclusions: the design of the workshop system evidenced potentialities for the optimization of postgraduate pedagogical professional performance in correspondence with the proposed objective, according to the criteria of specialists and the results of the practical implementation.

Necesidades de superación de médicos generales en el manejo de los anticoagulantes orales / Needs to overcome general practitioners in the management of oral anticoagulants

Introducción: el progresivo avance en la edad media de la población ha propiciado un incremento de la prescripción del tratamiento anticoagulante oral en la práctica clínica. Objetivo: caracterizar la preparación sobre el manejo de pacientes con anticoagulantes orales en médicos generales de los policlínicos universitarios "Capitán Roberto Fleites", "Chiqui Gómez-Lubián" y "Santa Clara". Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el período enero-diciembre de 2020, en tres policlínicos universitarios del municipio de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción para la fundamentación de la información; empíricos: cuestionario y análisis de documentos; y matemático estadísticos para el procesamientos de los datos. Resultados: el cuestionario permitió valorar los conocimientos sobre el tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales en la categoría Regular en la mayoría de los muestreados; mientras en el análisis del programa se detectaron pocas horas dedicadas al tema investigado y la necesidad sentida de capacitación manifestada por los encuestados. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico realizado confirmó las carencias de los médicos generales en el manejo del paciente en la prescripción del tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales.

Background: the progressive advance in the average age of the population has led to an increase in the prescription of oral anticoagulant treatment in clinical practice. Objective: to characterize the training on the management of patients with oral anticoagulants in general practitioners of the "Capitán Roberto Fleites", "Chiqui Gómez-Lubian" and "Santa Clara" university polyclinics. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from January to December 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction to support the information; Empirical: questionnaire and analysis of documents and statistical mathematics for data processing. Results: the questionnaire allowed to assess knowledge about treatment with oral anticoagulants in the average category in the majority of those sampled; while in the analysis of the program, few hours dedicated to the subject investigated and the felt need for training expressed by the respondents were detected. Conclusions: the diagnosis made confirmed the shortcomings of general practitioners in the management of medicated patients for the prescription of treatment with oral anticoagulants.

Capacitación para la intervención sanitaria antiCOVID-19 en Villa Clara: una necesidad del personal de salud / Training for anti-COVID-19 health intervention in Villa Clara: a need for health personnel

Fundamento: la disponibilidad de candidatos vacunales cubanos en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 posibilitó la realización de intervenciones sanitarias a grupos y territorios de riesgo. Para garantizar que los derechos, la seguridad y el bienestar de los pacientes estén protegidos se precisa el cumplimiento de las normas de Buenas Prácticas Clínicas por los profesionales de salud involucrados, de ahí la capacitación previa de este personal. Objetivo: describir el proceso de capacitación desarrollado en Villa Clara dirigido al personal de salud involucrado en la intervención sanitaria con el candidato vacunal Abdala. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa entre abril-mayo 2021 en Villa Clara. Se emplearon métodos teóricos, empíricos, matemático-estadísticos y el criterio de especialistas. Fueron identificados los elementos básicos del proceso de capacitación y se establecieron escalas para su evaluación: exitosa, medianamente exitosa y no exitosa. Resultados: se adiestraron 87 facilitadores mediante un taller nacional de Buenas Prácticas Clínicas para desarrollar una capacitación en cascada. Se realizaron 32 talleres que permitieron capacitar al 99,12 % del personal previsto, quienes laboraron durante la intervención sanitaria en 47 sitios clínicos. Durante los recorridos previos se comprobó que el 100 % del personal involucrado en la intervención había recibido el taller impartido. Al evaluar los requisitos establecidos para los locales del sitio se determinó que en todos se cumplían en más del 90 %. Conclusiones: la capacitación en Buenas Prácticas Clínicas del personal involucrado en la intervención sanitaria antiCOVID-19 en Villa Clara se consideró exitosa.

Background: the availability of Cuban vaccine candidates in the fight against COVID-19 made it possible to carry out health interventions in risk groups and territories. In order to guarantee that the rights, safety and well-being of patients are protected, compliance with the standards of Good Clinical Practices is required by the health professionals involved, hence the prior training of these personnel. Objective: to describe the training process developed in Villa Clara aimed at health personnel involved in the health intervention with the vaccine candidate Abdala. Methods: a qualitative research was carried out from April to May 2021 in Villa Clara. Theoretical, empirical, mathematical-statistical methods and the criteria of specialists were used. The basic elements of the training process were identified and evaluation scales were established: successful, moderately successful and not successful. Results: 87 facilitators were trained through a national workshop on Good Clinical Practices to develop a cascade training. 32 workshops were held that allowed training 99.12% of the planned personnel, who worked during the health intervention in 47 clinical sites. During the previous tours it was verified that 100% of the personnel involved in the intervention had received the workshop given. When evaluating the requirements established for the premises of the site, it was determined that more than 90% were met in all of them. Conclusions: the training in Good Clinical Practices of the personnel involved in the anti-COVID-19 health intervention in Villa Clara was considered successful.

Evaluation of laparoscopic knot training in a silicone model / Avaliação do treinamento de sutura laparoscópica em modelo de silicone

ABSTRACT Introduction: in videolaparoscopic surgery, movements are conducted from a twenty times magnified image of an indirect operative field. The video interface used assumes the need for depth perception using two dimensions instead of three. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of training to perform the laparoscopic knot in a silicone model, in 8-hour courses, and to analyze the correlation of learning outcomes with factors such as: sex, age, laterality, previous knowledge in endosuture and medical specialty. Material and Methods: in this prospective and randomized study, 56 students were evaluated, who took 8-hour courses, with groups of up to ten students. We used: a white box with camera, LCD screen and silicone piece. Four exercises were performed on the silicone mold: right hand, left hand, needle at 45° and back hand. Results: 56 students (mean age = 33.28 years). The female group, n=18, mean age 29.61 years, 17 right-handed and 1 left-handed. The male group, n=38, mean age 34.57 years, 35 right-handers, 1 left-handed and 2 ambidextrous. In both groups, no correlation was observed between the analyzes of well performed knots when correlated with the age or sex of the participants. Conclusion: laparoscopic knot training, in silicone molds, in 8 h courses, proved to be effective. Factors such as gender, age, laterality, previous knowledge in endosuture and medical specialty do not interfere with the learning results.

RESUMO Introdução: na cirurgia videolaparoscópica os movimentos são conduzidos a partir de uma imagem magnificada de vinte vezes de um campo operatório indireto. A interface de vídeo utilizada pressupõe a necessidade de percepção de profundidade utilizando duas dimensões ao invés de três. Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do treinamento de execução do nó laparoscópico em modelo de silicone, em cursos de 8h, e analisar a correlação dos resultados de aprendizagem com fatores como: sexo, idade, lateralidade, conhecimentos prévios em endosutura e especialidade médica. Material e Métodos: Neste estudo, prospectivo e randomizado, foram avaliados 56 alunos, que realizaram cursos de 8h de duração, com turmas de até dez alunos. Foram utilizados: uma caixa branca com câmera, tela de LCD e peça de silicone. No molde de silicone foram executados quatro exercícios: mão direita, mão esquerda, agulha a 45° e back hand. Resultados: 56 alunos (média de idade = 33,28 anos). O grupo feminino, n=18, média de idade 29,61 anos, 17 destras e 1 canhota. O grupo masculino, n=38, média de idade 34,57 anos, 35 destros, 1 canhoto e 2 ambidestros. Em ambos grupos não foram observados nenhuma correlação entre as análises de nós bem executados quando correlacionados com a idade ou sexo dos participantes. Conclusão: o treinamento de nó laparoscópico, em moldes de silicone, em cursos de 8h de duração, mostrou-se eficaz. Fatores como sexo, idade, lateralidade, conhecimentos prévios em endosutura e especialidade médica, não interferem nos resultados do aprendizado.

Curso a distância sobre ciências básicas para especialização em Oftalmologia / Distance learning course on basic sciences for residency in Ophthalmology

RESUMO Objetivo Elaborar e validar um curso sobre Ciências Básicas em Oftalmologia. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo metodológico para elaboração e validação de material didático, na modalidade à distância, por meio do desenho instrucional ADDIE. O desenho é composto de três de cinco etapas: análise, desenho e desenvolvimento. Foi utilizada a taxonomia revisada de Bloom para definição dos objetivos de aprendizagem. O curso foi submetido à validação do conteúdo, via remota, por meio de grupo de consenso selecionado pelo modelo de Fehring, segundo as normas da resolução 510/2016. Resultados O curso elaborado e validado tem duração prevista de 15 horas e possui 19 objetivos de aprendizagem distribuído em seis unidades pedagógicas. Contempla o conteúdo programático utilizando diversos recursos tecnológicos interativos e apresenta-se com avaliações formativas de sedimentação do conteúdo ao fim de cada unidade. Conclusão O curso de Ciências Básicas em Oftalmologia na modalidade à distância validado promete democratizar o ensino da Oftalmologia às instituições de ensino credenciadas pelo Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia.

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and validate a course on basic sciences in Ophthalmology. Methods A methodological study for the development and validation of a teaching and instructional material, an online course through the ADDIE instructional design, was prepared at the Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS). The design consists of three steps out of five: Analysis, Design, and Development. Bloom's revised Taxonomy was used to define the learning objectives. The course was submitted remotely to content validation, through a consensus group of five specialists selected with a score higher than five in the criteria established by the Fehring model, according to the rules of Resolution 510/2016. Results With expected duration of 15 hours, the course has 19 learning objectives distributed in six pedagogical units. It contemplates the programmatic content using several interactive technological resources, such as storytelling videos, simulation with animated cartoons and clickable interactive actors and screens. In addition to having formative evaluation of content sedimentation at the end of each unit. Conclusions The online course of basic sciences in ophthalmology has been validated by specialists and it is expected to provide democratization of ophthalmology teaching to educational institutions accredited by the CBO.

Psychiatric outcomes and overall functioning in healthcare students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Introduction There is evidence that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted students on health care courses, including evidence of associations between anxiety or depression and inadequate coping mechanisms or unhealthy habits. However, little is known about possible predictors of mental health or psychiatric symptoms in Brazilian health care students during this period. Objective To evaluate possible factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, used to measure psychiatric outcomes, and quality of life, used as a parameter of overall functionality, in Brazilian students on health care courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with Brazilian students on health care courses from May to December 2020. Participants were recruited through social media and answered a 71-item open online questionnaire exploring demographic characteristics and personal behavior during the pandemic, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. We searched for variables potentially associated with psychiatric symptoms and mental health in these individuals using Poisson regression models. Results Multivariate models showed depression and anxiety were associated with poor quality of life and medication abuse was associated with greater anxiety and poor quality of life. Psychotherapy was an effective coping strategy for anxiety and meditation or mindfulness practice and physical activity improved the students' quality of life. Conclusions Our study presents important information about the factors associated with psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies for coping with them that should be helpful to reflect on and for designing appropriate interventions.

Exploration and Practice of "Three-dimensional Teaching Concept Based on FACT" for Biochemistry / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Biochemistry is one of the basic disciplines of life sciences‚ and plays an important role in the undergraduate teaching of biology. However‚ the biochemistry course system is huge‚ and the knowledge is numerous. How to improve students' interest in learning‚ improve teaching effect‚ and promote course construction are important questions faced by many biochemistry teachers. Here the authors put forward the " three-dimensional teaching concept based on FACT" ‚ and take the biochemistry course construction of the School of Life Sciences‚ Sun Yat-sen University‚ as an example to analyze the connotation and practice of this teaching concept. " Three-dimension" is inspired by the " seemingly identical but actually different" concept of biological chiral molecules‚ which not only reflects the need for universities to carry out course construction based on their own actual situation and seek truth from facts with distinct characteristics‚ but also emphasizes the construction of a multi-dimensional course construction system. The authors will introduce the concept of " three-dimension" in “form” ‚ “angle” ‚ “content” and “team” in an all-round way. Moreover‚ the authors also conduct in-depth analysis from aspects such as teaching methods‚ second classroom‚ knowledge point logic‚ ideological and political education for courses‚ and teaching team construction‚ which has certain reference significance for peer teachers to carry out biochemistry course construction.

Analysis on the Connotation and Practice Path of Ideological and Political Construction of Medical Courses / 中国医学伦理学

The ideological and political construction of medical courses reveals the educational essence of "truth, goodness, and beauty" in medicine. Scientificity and humanity are the embodiment of "seeking truth" and "advocating goodness" in medicine, and the unity of their content and form reaches the highest level of "advocating beauty". Studying the ideological and political construction of medical courses plays an important role in implementing the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education, and carrying out the Healthy China initiative. In terms of teaching objectives, the goals of ideological and political education in medical courses should not only include the goals of basic literacy goals, such as political literacy, cultural literacy, legal literacy, and moral cultivation, but also include professional literacy goals, such as medical humanistic cultivation. Thus, a "five in one" model of ideological and political education in medical courses will be established. In the practical path, it is suggested to explore from five aspects that changing the educational concept and strengthening the educational awareness, establishing teaching objectives and clarifying education direction, digging deeply into the ideological and political elements and clearing teaching content, innovating teaching methods and improving teaching effectiveness, and constructing evaluation indicators and evaluating teaching effectiveness scientifically.

Reflection on the Integration of Great Anti-epidemic Spirit into the Teaching of Ideological and Political Courses in Medical Colleges:Taking the Course of "Outline of Modern Chinese History" as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

The integration of the great anti-epidemic spirit into the teaching of Outline of Modern Chinese History is an important content of the education and teaching reform of ideological and political courses in medical colleges in the post-epidemic era. The integration of them is helpful for optimizing the discourse system of "Outline" course, strengthening the political function of "Outline" course, and deepening the value guidance of "Outline" course. It is necessary to carefully study the teaching content of the "Outline" course, find out its similarities and integration with the great anti-epidemic spirit, and then, by basing on the main position of the classroom, building a large platform for practice, making good use of new network media and other specific paths, "genetically" embedded the great anti-epidemic spirit, the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Marxist standpoint and methods, the remarkable advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and the solid national strength of China into the teaching process, so as to improve the effectiveness of the "Outline" course and cultivate medical talents with firm political stance and noble medical ethics in the new era.