Clinical features and brain volume analysis of enlarged subarachnoid space in preterm infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the clinical features of enlarged subarachnoid space (ESS) and its effects on brain parenchymal volume in preterm infants.Methods:From November 2014 to November 2021, a retrospective case-control study was performed on preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital with gestational age (GA)<32 w and having brain MR imaging. At full-term of corrected GA, the superior sagittal sinus-cortical spacing (sinocortical width, SCW) was measured on brain MR imaging. The infants were assigned into ESS and non-ESS groups according to whether SCW was greater than 3.5 mm. Perinatal factors, preterm-related complications and the brain volumetric indices were compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 160 preterm infants with GA<32 w were included, 76 (47.5%) were in the ESS group, SCW:(4.48±1.47) mm, and 84 were in the non-ESS group, SCW: (2.49±0.68) mm. GA and birth weight (BW) of the ESS group were significantly smaller than the non-ESS group [(28.7±2.6) weeks vs.(29.8±2.5) weeks, (1 114±279)g vs. (1 208±290)g]( P<0.05). Small GA was an independent risk factor for the development of ESS in preterm infants with GA<32w ( OR=1.217,95% CI 1.017~1.457, P=0.032). On MR imaging, the ESS group had significantly higher total cranial cavity volume than the non-ESS group [(354.1±33.6)ml vs. (316.9±36.3) ml] ( P<0.05). No significant differences existed on head circumference, gray matter volume and white matter volume between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:ESS is common in premature infants and correlated with GA and BW. Small GA is an independent risk factor for ESS in preterm infants. ESS shows little effects on head circumference and brain parenchymal volume during early postnatal period.

Estimation Of The Cranial Capacity In Dry Human Skull Bones

Introduction: Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the skull of those vertebrates whohave both a skull and a brain. Cranial capacity is used as a rough indicator of the size of brain. Cranialcapacities like several bodily dimensions are affected by environmental, ecological, biological, geographical,racial, gender and age factors. Aim: The aim of the study is to measure and calculate cranial capacity by direct and calculated methods andto classify the skull under different subtypes.Materials and Methods: The study will constitute 100 dried human skull bones belonging to both sexes in theDepartment of Anatomy, Rajarajeswari medical college, Bengaluru.Results: The average cranial capacity by using direct method is 1275.33cc ± 124.68cc in male skulls and 1213cc± 138.66cc in female skulls and by calculated method is 1344.10cc ± 106.62 cc in male skulls and 1276.26cc ±68.72cc in female skulls respectively.Conclusion: The mean cranial capacities of male skulls were higher than that of female skulls that tends to agreewith similar studies conducted earlier. Thus, the cranial capacity of the male skulls is 5-15% higher than thefemale skulls

Ethnic difference in brain weight of 17-20 year-old males in Northern Iran / Diferencias étnicas en el peso del cerebro en hombres de 17 a 20 años de edad del norte de Irán

Cranial capacity and brain weight are important measurements in the study of racial/ethnic differences. Using linear (Lee­Pearson's) formula, brain weight and cranial capacity were estimated in 398 normal 17 to 20-year-old males (200 native Fars and 198 Turkman) males in Northern Iran. The dimensions of the head measured with spreading caliper and auricular head spanner. The mean±S.D of brain weight and cranial capacity in native Fars males were 1343.45±102.37 cm3, and 1390.47±105.95 g, and that of Turkmans were 1163.02±115.76 cm3 and 1203.73±119.81 g, respectively. Cerebral Index was 3.40 ±0.37 % and 2.52 ±0.37 % in Native Fars and Turkmans, respectively and cerebral quotient was higher in Turkmans (8.34) than Native Fars males (7.95). This study showed, the effect of ethnic factor influences the brain weight of 17-20 year-old males in Northern Iran.

La capacidad craneal y el peso del cerebro son mediciones importantes en el estudio de las diferentes etnias. Se estimó el peso del cerebro y la capacidad craneal usando la fórmula lineal de Lee-Pearson, en 398 hombres de 17 a 20 años de edad (200 nativos Fars y 198 Turcomanos) en el norte de Irán. Las dimensiones de la cabeza se midieron con caliper deslizante y con una llave de Todd, para la medición auricular. La media ± D.S. del peso del cerebro y la capacidad craneal en hombres nativos Fars fue de 1343,45±102,37 cm3, y 1390,47±105,95 g, y la de los turcomanos fue de 1163,02±115,76 cm3 y 1203,73 ± 119,81 g, respectivamente. El índice cerebral fue de 3,40± 0,37 % y 2,52 ± 0,37 % en nativos Fars y turcomanos, respectivamente, y el cociente cerebral fue mayor en los turcomanos (8,34) que en los hombres Fars (7.95). Este estudio demostró que el efecto del factor étnico influye en el peso del cerebro en hombres de 17-20 años del norte de Irán.

Sex identification from cranial capacity of adult human skulls.

Cranial capacity constitutes one of the most important characters for determining the racial differences. However, few studies exist that have evaluated the sexual dimorphism of cranial capacity and its significance in determining the sex of an individual. A craniometric study was conducted to differentiate sex from intracranial volumes of dry human skulls. The study was done on 160 dry human skulls (100 males and 60 females) in the department of forensic medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (M.P.), during the year 2005 – 2006. Skulls chosen for the present study were of adult age only. Dry, hard mustard seed of uniform size were used to fill the cranial cavity to determine the capacity. Mean cranial capacity of male skulls was found to be 1302.95 + 108.8 c.c. (range 1070 – 1560 c.c.), while in female skulls the mean cranial capacity was found 1179.92 + 97.08 c.c. (range 1000 – 1420 c.c.). A highly significant difference (p value <0.01) was observed between the intracranial volume of male and female skulls were compared. This data is expected to be of Clinical, Forensic, Anthropological and Genetic Importance

Comparative study of cranial capacity of the non-tribal with Korku Tribal population of Madhya Pradesh, India / Estudio comparativo de la capacidad craneal de población no-tribal con la Tribal Korku de Madhya Pradesh, India

Knowledge of cranial capacity is useful in differentiation of racial and sexual differences, which indirectly reflects the brain volume in different populations. Most of these studies have been done on the dry skulls using linear dimensions. Only few studies have been done on living subjects. The aim of this study was to compare cranial capacity of particular age group of Korku tribe & Non-tribal population of Madhya Pradesh a state of India. This study was carried on 800 healthy volunteer of 20 - 25 year-old age group (in which each 400 males and females) in Korku tribe and Non-tribal population of Madhya Pradesh state of India, by using linear dimensions of head (Lee Pearson's formula). The mean cranial capacity and SD in Non-tribal males and Non-tribal females were 1380.5 +/- 94.6 cc and 1188.7 +/- 91.1 cc, respectively. The mean cranial capacity and SD in Korku males and Korku females were 1212.2 +/- 62.0 cc and 1047.4 +/- 72.4, cc respectively. This study has shown a significant (p<0.05) difference between the same gender populations of Korku tribe and Non-tribal population, with the absolute values being higher in Non-tribal group than in Korku tribe group.

Conocer la capacidad craneal es útil para discriminar diferencias raciales y sexuales, la cual indirectamente refleja el volumen del cerebro en diferentes poblaciones. La mayoría de estos estudios se han realizado en cráneos secos con dimensiones lineales pero escasas investigaciones se han realizado en sujetos vivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la capacidad craneal de un grupo etáreo de la tribu Korku y población no tribal de Madhya Pradesh, un estado de la India. Este estudio fue realizado en 800 voluntarios sanos, entre 20 - 25 años de edad (400 hombres y 400 mujeres) de la tribu Korku y población no tribal de Madhya Pradesh de la India, mediante el uso de las dimensiones lineales de la cabeza (fórmula de Lee Pearson ). La capacidad craneal media y DE en la población no tribal para hombres y mujeres fueron 1380,5 +/- 94,6 cc y 1188,7 +/- 91,1 cc, respectivamente. La capacidad craneal media y DE en los hobres y mujeres Korku fueron 1212,2 +/- 62,0 cc y 1047,4 +/- 72,4 cc, respectivamente. Este estudio ha mostrado una diferencia significativa (p <0,05) entre las poblaciones no tribal y la tribu Korku del mismo sexo, con los valores absolutos mayores en el grupo no tribal en comparación con el grupo de la tribu Korku.

Cranial Capacity in an Adult Sri Lankan Population: Sexual Dimorphism and Ethnic Diversity / Capacidad Craneal en la Población Cingalés Adulta: Dimorfismo Sexual y Diversidad Étnica

Cranial capacity exerts a close correlation with the volume of the brain. A large body of evidence shows a clear racial variation in cranial dimensions. Therefore detailed knowledge of the population specific data on biometric features of the cranial cavity is important in the study and comparison of the crania of populations from different racial backgrounds, assessing growth and development of an individual and in the diagnosis of any abnormalities of cranial size and shape. Despite its significance, little is known concerning the cranial capacity in Sri Lankans. Hence, the present study was undertaken to establish the cranial capacity in an adult Sri Lankan population. A total of 210 subjects with an age span of 20-23 years were included in the study. The cranial length, breadth and auricular head height of the subjects were recorded using a digital sliding caliper and Todd's head spanner capable of measuring to the nearest 0.01mm. The cranial capacity was calculated using external dimensions of the skulls (Lee & Pearson, 1901; Williams et al., 2000). The findings of the study indicated significant sexual differences in the mean cranial capacity (male: 1421.12 ± 171.69, female: 1300.95 ± 158.18). Positive correlations between cranial capacity and cranial dimensions were observed. Linear regression models for the prediction of cranial capacity were formulated for both sexes. The results of this study highlight the racial and sexual differences in cranial capacity in an adult Sri Lankan population. The data will be of immense use in clinical, medico-legal, anthropological and archeological studies.

La capacidad craneal indica una estrecha relación con el volumen cerebral. Existen numerosas evidencias que muestran una variacion racial en las dimensiones craneanas. Así, un conocimiento detallado de datos biométricos de la cavidad craneana en poblaciones y una comparación de cráneos en individuos de diferentes etnias permiten evaluar el crecimiento y desarrollo en un individuo y el diagnóstico de anomolías de la forma y tamaño de la cabeza. A pesar de lo anterior, no existe mucha información de la capacidad craneana en individuos cingaleses. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la capacidad craneana en una población adulta de Sri Lanka, para ello fueron incluidos en el estudio 210 sujetos con edades entre 20 y 23 años. La longitud craneal y ancho de la cabeza a nivel auricular fue medido con un caliper digital Todd, con una precisión de 0,01 mm. La capacidad craneana fue calculada utilizando la dimensión externa del cráneo (Lee & Pearson, 1901; Williams et al., 2000). Los resultados de este estudio indicaron diferencias sexuales significativas en la capacidad craneana media (hombre: 1421.12 ± 171.69, mujer: 1300.95 ± 158.18). Se observaron correlaciones positivas entre la capacidad craneana y las dimensiones craneanas. Fueron desarrollos modelos de regresión lineal de predicción de la capacidad craneal para ambos sexos. Los resultados indicaron diferencias tanto raciales y sexuales en la población adulta de Sri Lanka. Estos resultados serán de utilidad en los estudios clínicos, médico-legales, antropológicos y arqueológicos.

Comparison of the cranial capacity and brain weight of Arak (Central Iran) with other subgroups of Iranian population / Comparación de la capacidad craneana y el peso del cerebro de Arak (Irán Central) con otros subgrupos de la población iraní

Newborn's body dimensions such as brain weight and cranial capacity can be basis for all changes in anthropometric indices and later problems. This study is undertaken on 978 term-born normal and native newborns in Thaleghany Hospital, Arak, Iran. The measurements of the heads were done according classic cephalometry. The cranial capacity and brain weight of males and female statistically evaluated by using c²- and t test and significance was set up at p<0.05. Means and SD of the cranial capacity were 606.2 +/- 26 and 440.82 +/- 28 for males and females. Means and SD of the brain weight were 627.41 +/-30 for males and 456.24 +/-32 for females. The data showed that cranial capacity and brain weight of males were greater for males than that for females. This data in accompany with other studies proves that, the manner of distribution of cranial capacity and brain weight neither is depend on the age nor the ethnicity of correspondents in Iranian population. The differences in the data of this study with other studies in Iran confirm the effect of ethnicity and environmental condition on cranial capacity and brain weight of Iranian population.

Las dimensiones corporales del recién nacido tales como el peso del cerebro y la capacidad craneal puede ser la base para todos los cambios en los índices antropométricos y problemas futuros. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en 978 recién nacidos normales en el Hospital Thaleghany, recién nacidos nativos de Arak, Irán. Las medidas de las cabezas se realizaron de acuerdo a la cefalometría clásica. La capacidad craneal y el peso del cerebro de hombres y mujeres fueron evaluados estadísticamente mediante el uso de c2 y prueba T, con un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. La media y DS de la capacidad craneal fueron 606,2 +/-26 y 440,82 +/-28 para los hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. La media y DS del peso del cerebro fueron 627,41 +/-30 g para los hombres y 456,24 +/-32 g para las mujeres. Los datos mostraron que la capacidad craneana y el peso del cerebro fue mayor en los hombres que en las mujeress. Estos datos junto con otros estudios, demuestran que la forma de distribución de la capacidad craneana y el peso del cerebro no dependen de la edad ni el origen étnico de la correspondiente población Iraní. Las diferencias en los datos de este estudio con otros estudios en Irán confirman el efecto de la etnicidad y la condición del medio ambiente en la capacidad craneana y el peso del cerebro de la población Iraní.

Estimation of Cranial Capacity in 17-26 Years Old University Students / Estimación de la Capacidad Craneana en Estudiantes Universitarios entre 17 y 26 Años de Edad

It is natural that there is close relationship between cranial capacity, and the size of brain. Several studies have estimated the cranial capacity which indirectly reflects the brain volume. This study was carried out on 366 (226 male and 140 female) healthy university students aged between 17-26 years old at Mugla University, Mugla, Turkey. By using linear dimensions of the head the mean cranial capacity and SD in males and females were 1411.64+118.9 cm³ and 1306.95+162.9 cm³, respectively. There was a significant difference between genders (p<0.05). This investigation was showed the cranial capacity is larger in males than females. We also proposed a regression formula that could be used to predict the cranial capacity.

Es natural que exista una relación entre la capacidad craneana y el tamaño del cerebro. Numerosos estudios realizados, han estimado la capacidad craneana con lo cual han determinado indirectamente el volumen del cerebro. El estudio fue realizado en 366 individuos (226 hombres y 140 mujeres), normales, entre 17-26 de edad, pertenecientes a grupos del Mugía Universidad de Mugía, Turquía. Para la estimación de la capacidad craneana se utilizaron las dimensiones lineales de la cabeza. La media y SD de la capacidad craneana en hombres y mujeres, fue de 1411,64+118,9 cm³ y 1306,95+162,9 cm³, respectivamente. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05). La investigación demostró que la capacidad craneana es mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres. También propusimos una fórmula de regresión que podría ser usada para predecir la capacidad craneana.

Estimation of Cranial Capacity in 17-20 Years Old in South East of Caspian Sea Border (North of Iran) / Estimación de la Capacidad Craniana en Individuos entre 17-20 Años de Edad del Sureste del Borde Costero del Mar Caspio (Norte de Irán)

It is natural that there is close relationship between cranial capacity, and the size of brain, several studies have estimated the cranial capacity which indirectly reflects the brain volume in different countries. In the present study cranial capacity has been estimated in Turkmans and native Fars17-20 years old groups in North of Iran. This study was carried out on 808 normal 17-20 years old (male 398, female 410) in Turkman and native Fars groups in South-East of Caspian Sea border (North of IRAN). By using linear dimensions of the head. The mean and SD of cranial capacity in Turkmans males and females were 1420.6±85 ml and 1227.2±120 ml, respectively. The mean and SD of cranial capacity in native Fars male and females were 1369±142ml, 1215.8±125ml, respectively, this difference was significant (P<0.05). This investigation was shown that the cranial capacity is higher in male than female, also racial factor can affect on cranial capacity.

Es natural que exista una relación entre la capacidad craneana y el tamaño del cerebro. Numerosos estudios realizados en diferentes países, han estimado la capacidad craneana con lo cual han determinado indirectamente el volumen del cerebro. En este estudio ha sido estimada la capacidad craneana, en individuos pertenecientes a grupos del Norte de Irán, Turcomanos y Fars nativos. El estudio fue realizado en 808 individuos (398 hombres y 410 mujeres), normales, entre 17-20 de edad pertenecientes a grupos del Norte de Irán, Turcomanos y Fars nativos del Sureste del borde costero del Mar Caspio (Norte de Irán). Para la estimación de la capacidad craniana se utilizaron las dimensiones lineares de la cabeza. La media y SD de la capacidad craneana en Turcomanos hombres y mujeres, fue de 1420.6±85 ml y 1227.2±120 ml, respectivamente. La media y SD de la capacidad craneana en nativos Fars, hombres y mujeres, fue de 1369±142ml, 1215.8±125ml, respectivamente. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05). La investigación demostró que la capacidad craneana es mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres pudiendo además, influir en la capacidad craneana factores raciales.

Study on the Korean adult cranial capacity

Cranial capacity was measured in Korean adult skulls. The cavity was filled with rice seeds and the volume of the seeds were measured in a graduated cylinder. The results were 1470 +/- 107 (mean +/- standard deviation) in male and 1317 +/- 117 cc in female skulls. These values were in good accordance with those previously reported. In addition, regression formulae were obtained with the product of the length, breadth, and height of the skull as an independent parameter and the measured capacity as a dependent one. With known external measurements, the expected cranial capacity was as follows: when using baso-bregmatic height, male: capacity = 307.5 + 333 x 10(-6) x (length.breadth.baso-bregmatic height) female: capacity = -12.0 + 435 x 10(-6) x (length.breadth.baso-bregmatic height) and, when using auriculo-bregmatic height, male: capacity = 214.6 + 429 x 10(-6) x (length.breadth.auriculo-bregmatic height) female: capacity = 131.6 + 461 x 10(-6) x (length.breadth.auriculo-bregmatic height).