ABSTRACT
Norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Although NoV spreads mainly from person to person, it is estimated that a large proportion of NoV outbreaks are caused by foodborne transmission. Bivalve mollusks are one of the most important foods involved in NoV transmission to humans. Little is known about NoV prevalence in shellfish harvested and commercialized in Brazil. The aim of this study was to map, for the first time, the distribution of NoV contamination in oysters and mussels harvested and commercialized in the coast of Pernambuco state, northeast Brazil. A total of 380 mollusks (260 oysters and 120 mussels) were collected between February and August 2017 either directly from harvesting areas or obtained from beach vendors at 17 sites in Pernambuco. Samples were processed and tested for NoV contamination using a SYBR Green real-time PCR assay. All samples were negative for NoV GI or GII contamination, suggesting a low risk of NoV contamination from this food source during the study period. Additional surveys in different areas of the Brazilian coast are warranted to monitor the risk of NoV infection upon seafood consumption.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Norovirus/genetics , Shellfish , Brazil/epidemiology , Food Contamination/analysis , SeafoodABSTRACT
Los conchales constituyen un rasgo muy característico de las adaptaciones humanas a los ambientes litorales. Analizar su composición y su variabilidad puede brindar indicios en cuanto a la subsistencia de antiguas poblaciones humanas, procesos de formación e información sobre cambios en el ambiente. Este estudio evaluó el uso de paleoconchas halladas en conchales para inferir las condiciones paleoambientales de un bosque de manglar. Datos de paleoconchas de conchales ubicados en Castilletes-Alta Guajira, Venezuela fueron datados en 3 580 ± 30 años A.P, se incluyeron datos de conchas actuales provenientes de la Laguna de Cocinetas (Castilletes) y de isla Maracas (Lago de Maracaibo). Se examinaron un total de 185 muestras con marcas de fijación de la raíz de mangle, paleoconchas (n = 109) y conchas actuales (n = 76) de C. rhizophorae. Posteriormente, se estimaron los diámetros de las paleoraíces y de las raíces actuales a través de un modelo geométrico utilizando la huella de fijación de la concha. Para validar el modelo se midieron directamente los diámetros de las raíces actuales. Adicionalmente se realizó un estudio fisionómico en los bosques de ambas localidades de estudio, para asociar la estructura del bosque, con el diámetro de las raíces y la información de las conchas. Los resultados mostraron que no hay diferencias significativas entre los diámetros de las raíces obtenidas por el modelo geométrico y los diámetros de las raíces medidas directamente (Castilletes P = 0.160854; Maracas P = 0.617271). Las mediciones de las conchas mostraron que las paleoconchas son más largas que las conchas modernas. Los diámetros de las paleoraíces no mostraron diferencias significativas con las raíces del bosque actual de Castilletes (zona expuesta) P = 0.303518, contrastando con los diámetros de las raíces de isla Maracas (zona protegida) (P = 0.017771). El estudio fisionómico mostro que el bosque actual de Castilletes tiene un DAP y una altura (11.10 y 4.90 m respectivamente) menor que Maracas (34.86 cm y 10.62 m), respondiendo a la exposición a los vientos. Se determinó que el paleobosque y el bosque actual de Castilletes tienen características similares asociadas con ambientes áridos, con fuerte exposición a los vientos. Se concluye que el análisis de las huellas de fijación de las paleoconchas es un método novedoso y de bajo costro que permite obtener información sobre el paleoambiente de los bosques de R. mangle.
Shell middens are a very characteristic feature of coastal human adaptations. Component and variability analysis offer clues to subsistence of ancient human populations, formation processes and information of environmental changes. In this study, we tested the use of paleoshells found in shell midden to infer paleoenviroment conditions of R. mangle forest. We presented data of paleoshells from shell middens, located on Castilletes-Alta Guajira, Venezuela, dated from 3 580 ± 30 años B.P years, and we included data of actual shells from mangrove forests located on Cocinetas laggon (Castilletes) and Maracas Island (Maracaibo lagoon). We examined 185 samples of fixing traces marked by mangrove roots on paleoshells (n = 109) and actual shells (n = 76) of C. rhizophorae. Subsequently, we estimated paleoroot and modern root diameter using a geometric model using shell's trace. To validate this model, we directly measured modern roots. Furthermore, a physiognomic study was made in both sites to associate mangrove forest with roots diameter and shells information. Results showed that there were no significant differences between estimated root diameter values obtained from traces of modern shells and the ones recorded by direct measurement of roots (Castilletes P = 0.160854; Maracas P = 0.617271); allowing the use of geometric model to obtain estimated values of paleoroots. Shell measurements showed that paleoshells were larger than modern shells. Paleoroot diameters showed no significant differences with modern Castilletes's mangrove roots (exposed zone) (P = 0.303518), contrasting with Maracas's roots (protected zone) (P = 0.017771). Physiognomic study showed that modern Castilletes forests had diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (11.10 m and 4.90 m, respectively) lower than Maracas (34.86 cm and 10.62 m), responding to the wind exposure and salinity. Diameters and quantity of roots per tree were higher in Castilletes (3.01 cm y 11 roots/tree) than Maracas (2.39 cm y 7 roots/tree). We determined that paleoforests and modern forests from Castilletes have similar characteristics associated to arid environment with stronger wind exposition. We concluded that paleoshells trace analysis is a low cost and novel method that allows obtaining information about paleoenvironment of R. mangle forests.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is an estuarine resource exploited by riverside communities in Northeast Brazil. Despite its socioeconomic importance, studies on the health status of this bivalve are scanty in this region. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of the protozoan Perkinsus sp. in C. rhizophorae collected in August and September 2011 in three estuaries of the septentrional Northeast, Brazil: Jaguaribe (Ceará), Camurupim (Piauí) and Carnaubeiras (Maranhão) (n= 150 specimens/site). The samples were submitted to Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM), PCR and histology assays. The RFTM assay revealed spherical, blue or bluish-black hypnospores of the genus Perkinsus in 50 specimens (Jaguaribe= 17.3%, Camurupim= 5.3%, Carnaubeiras= 10.6%). The intensity of the infection ranged from very light (1-10 cells per slide) to severe (more than 40 cells in each of 10 fields of the slide) for Jaguaribe; very light for Camurupim and very light to moderate (at least 40 cells observed in each of 10 fields of the slide) for Carnaubeiras. When submitted to confirmatory PCR analysis, 6 cases were confirmed (Jaguaribe=3, Camurupim=1, Carnaubeiras=2). The histology confirmed 21 cases of infection in specimens from the three estuaries. Although local collectors have reported no mortality in oyster populations that might be attributed to infection by Perkinsus, health surveillance of oyster populations in the septentrional region of Northeast Brazil is advisable.
Resumo A ostra-do-mangue Crassostrea rhizophorae é um recurso estuarino explorado por comunidades ribeirinhas do Nordeste do Brasil. Apesar de sua importância socioeconômica, estudos sobre o estado de saúde deste bivalve são escassos na região. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença do protozoário Perkinsus sp. em C. rhizophorae coletada em agosto e setembro de 2011, em três estuários da região setentrional do Nordeste brasileiro: Jaguaribe (Ceará), Camurupim (Piauí) e Carnaubeiras (Maranhão) (n = 150 espécimes/local). As amostras foram submetidas ao meio líquido de tioglicolato de Ray (RFTM), PCR e ensaios histológicos. A análise em RFTM revelou hipnósporos esféricos azuis ou preto-azulados do gênero Perkinsus em 50 espécimes (Jaguaribe= 17,3%, Camurupim= 5,3%, Carnaubeiras= 10,6%). A intensidade de infecção variou de muito leve (1-10 células por lâmina) a severa (mais de 40 células em cada um dos 10 campos da lâmina) para o Rio Jaguaribe; muito leve para o Rio Camurupim e muito leve a moderada (pelo menos 40 células observadas, em cada um dos 10 campos da lâmina) para o Rio Carnaubeiras. Quando submetidos à análise confirmatória por PCR, foram confirmados 6 casos (Jaguaribe= 3, Camurupim= 1, Carnaubeiras= 2). A histologia confirmou 21 casos de infecção em espécimes dos três estuários. Embora os coletores locais não tenham relatado nenhuma mortalidade em populações de ostras que pudesse ser atribuída à infecção por Perkinsus, é aconselhável um monitoramento sobre o estado de saúde de populações de ostras da região.
Subject(s)
Animals , Alveolata/physiology , Crassostrea/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions , Brazil , Estuaries , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Thioglycolates/chemistryABSTRACT
The following study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from fresh and frozen oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae sold in Fortaleza-Brazil. An antibiogram was performed on 87 isolates using nine antibiotics: gentamicin (Gen 10 µg), ampicillin (Amp 10 µg), penicillin G (Pen 10U), ciprofloxacin (Cip 5 µg), chloramphenicol (Chl 30 µg), nalidixic acid (Nal 30 µg), tetracycline (Tet 30 µg), vancomycin (Van 30 µg) and erythromycin (Ery 15 µg). All strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 85 (97.7%) were multi-resistant, with predominance of the Van+ Pen+Amp resistance profile (n = 46). Plasmid resistance to Pen, Amp and Ery was detected. Thus, the risk that raw oyster consumption poses to the health of consumers is highlighted, due to the fact that these bivalves may host antibacterial-resistant microorganisms.
O presente estudo objetivou determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de cepas de Vibrio parahaemolyticus oriundas de ostras “in natura” e congeladas comercializadas em Fortaleza-Brasil. Oitenta e sete (87) cepas foram submetidas ao antibiograma com emprego de nove antibióticos: gentamicina (Gen 10 µg), ampicilina (Amp 10 µg), penicilina G (Pen 10U), ciprofloxacin (Cip 5 µg), cloranfenicol (Clo 30 µg), ácido nalidíxico (Nal 30 µg), tetraciclina (Tet 30 µg), vancomicina (Van 30 µg) e eritromicina (Eri 15 µg). Todas as cepas mostram-se resistentes a pelo menos um antibiótico, e 85 (97,7%) apresentaram multirresistência, com predomínio do perfil Van+ Pen+Amp (n = 46). Foi detectada resistência plasmidial a Pen, Amp e Eri. Dessa forma, o risco que o consumo de ostras cruas representa para a saúde dos consumidores merece ser destacado, uma vez que esses bivalves podem ser veículos de transmissão de micro organismos multirresistentes a fármacos antibacterianos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Food Microbiology , Ostreidae/microbiology , Shellfish/microbiology , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/drug effects , Brazil , Colony Count, Microbial , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to survey the Vibrio microbiota of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) obtained from restaurants in Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, and to identify virulence factors. METHODS: The isolated vibrios were submitted to biochemical identification and were tested for hemolytic and urease activities. RESULTS: The isolated strains belonged to 13 species, with predominance of Vibrio mimicus. Of the strain isolates only from fresh samples, 20.5% and 2.8% showed hemolytic and urease activities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the little-publicized claim that Vibrio species other than V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus can represent a health risk to public health.
Subject(s)
Animals , Food Microbiology , Hemolysis , Ostreidae/microbiology , Urease/metabolism , Vibrio/metabolism , Food, Preserved/microbiology , Virulence Factors , Vibrio/classification , Vibrio/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
This study investigated the parasites of three commercially important bivalve species (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis and Lucina pectinata) from the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 540 specimens were collected in August 2009 and February 2010, at three localities. The bivalve specimens were measured on their longest axis, opened, and macroscopically examined for the presence of parasites or signs of disease. They were then fixed in Davidson' solution and subjected to routine histological processing, with paraffin embedding and H&E staining; next, the specimens were examined under a light microscope. No parasites were observed associated with L. pectinata. Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) and Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) were observed in both C. rhizophorae and M. guyanensis, as well as Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) and Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda) in the former. A high prevalence of Nematopsis sp. was seen, but caused no apparent damage to the host. Bucephalus sp. caused the destruction of tissues, with castration, but showed low prevalence. The other parasites occurred in low prevalence and intensity, without causing significant damage.(AU)
Neste estudo foram investigados os parasitos de três espécies de bivalves de interesse econômico (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Mytella guyanensis e Lucina pectinata) da Bahia. Foram analisados 540 exemplares, obtidos em duas coletas (agosto-2009 e fevereiro-2010), em três localidades. Os bivalves foram medidos quanto ao seu maior eixo, abertos e examinados macroscopicamente quanto à presença de parasitos ou sinais de enfermidades. Depois disso, foram fixados em solução de Davidson e processados por rotina de histologia, com inclusão em parafina e coloração com H&E. O material foi examinado ao microscópio de luz. Nenhum parasito esteve associado a L. pectinata. Bactérias do tipo RLOs (organismos assemelhados a Rickettsia), Sphenophrya sp. (Ciliophora), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), Urastoma sp. (Turbellaria) e Bucephalus sp. (Digenea) foram observados tanto em C. rhizophorae quanto em M. guyanensis, sendo que a primeira apresentou ainda Ancistrocoma sp. (Ciliophora) e Tylocephalum sp. (Cestoda). Nematopsis sp. ocorreu em alta prevalência, porém, aparentemente, não causou danos aos bivalves. Bucephalus sp. causou destruição de tecidos, com castração, mas foi pouco prevalente. Os demais parasitos ocorreram em baixa prevalência e intensidade de infecção e sem causar danos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/diagnosis , Bivalvia/anatomy & histology , Bivalvia/parasitology , Economic Factors , BrazilABSTRACT
La ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae es consumida comúnmente en diversas playas del estado Sucre, sin conocer la carga microbiana que éstas presentan. Por tal motivo se evaluó la calidad microbiológica de la misma y de muestras de agua proveniente de tres estaciones del banco natural de Laguna Grande del Obispo, con el propósito de verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos microbiológicos establecidos por la Legislación Sanitaria Venezolana y la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de los Estados Unidos (FDA). Se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre agosto 2005 y julio 2006, determinándose el NMP/100 mL de coliformes totales (CT) y coliformes fecales (CF) en muestras de agua, mientras que en los bivalvos se cuantificó el NMP de CT, CF y Escherichia coli (EC) por gramo de ostra, además de la detección de Salmonella spp. Los resultados obtenidos de CT y CF en muestras de agua de las tres estaciones, cumplieron en la mayoría de los meses, con las exigencias permitidas (70 NMP/100 mL de CT y 14 NMP/100 mL de CF). Durante los meses de muestreo y entre las estaciones analizadas, se observaron variaciones considerables en los valores de CF y EC que estuvieron entre 0 y 2,4 × 10(4) NMP/g de ostra. Los límites permitidos de CF y EC (230 NMP/g de ostra) fueron excedidos por los CF en todas las estaciones durante agosto y diciembre 2005, y también en marzo, mayo y junio 2006, mientras que los de EC se excedieron sólo en diciembre 2005, y marzo y mayo 2006. Salmonella spp. fue detectada en la primera y segunda estación para el mes de septiembre 2005, en la tercera estación para el mes de diciembre del mismo año y en la segunda y tercera estación, para los meses de mayo y julio 2006. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan un alto riesgo de consumir estos moluscos sin haber sido previamente sometidos a una depuración.
In beaches of Sucre State commonly the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is consumed without knowing the microbial load microbial that may be presenting. For such motive, the microbiology quality of C. rhizophorae and water samples of three stations from natural bank in Laguna Grande of Obispo was evaluated, to check the compliance of microbiological requirements established by the Food and Drugs Administration of United States (FDA) and Sanitary Venezuelan Legislation. Monthly samplings between August 2005 and July 2006 was realized, determining the MPN/100 mL of coliforms totals (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) in water samples, whereas in bivalves MPN of TC, FC and Escherichia coli (EC) was quantified for gram of oyster, further to detection Salmonella spp. The results obtained of TC and FC, in water samples of the three stations, fulfilled in majority of the months, with the requirements mentioned above. During the months sampling and between analyzed stations, considerable variations was observed in values of FC and EC that were between 0 and 2.4 × 10(4) MPN/g oyster. The limits allowed for FC and EC (230 MPN/g oyster) were exceeded by the FC on all stations during August, December 2005, and also in March, May and June 2006, whereas EC exceded only in December 2005, and March and May 2006. Salmonella spp. was detected on first and second station in September 2005, on the third station for December of the same year, and second and third station for May and July 2006. The obtained results reflect high risk of consuming these mollusks without having being before submitted to depuration.
Subject(s)
Coliforms/analysis , Crassostrea/microbiology , Escherichia coli , Ostreidae/microbiology , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
La infestación de moluscos bivalvos de interés comercial por parte de poliquetos espiónidos, especialmente aquellos pertenecientes a los géneros Polydora, Dipolydora y Carazziella, ha sido referida en numerosas ocasiones. Se realizó un estudio sobre la infestación de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) por el poliqueto espiónido Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 con el fin de determinar el nivel de infestación y la preferencia del poliqueto por una u otra valva. Se realizaron colectas mensuales (enero-julio) separando manualmente los bivalvos de las raíces de los mangles en la laguna de La Restinga. La presencia, ausencia e intensidad del ataque se registró en ambas valvas de cada individuo, estableciéndose niveles de infestación de acuerdo al número de galerías. El 64,57 por ciento de los bivalvos estaban infestados por el poliqueto. Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en la abundancia de galerías entre valvas (ts = 5,786, P < 0,001). No se observó correlación (Pearson) entre la talla y el número de galerías ni entre la biomasa y el número de galerías.
The infestation of mullusks bivalves with commercial importance by spionid polychaetes belonging, mainly, to genera Polydora, Dipolydora and Carazziella, has been recorded in many occasions. A study about of infestation of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) by spionid polychaete Polydora cf. websteri Hartman, 1943 was made in order to determine the level of infestation and the polychaete worm preference by one or the other shell. Monthly samplings (January-July) were made. Bivalves were manually separated of mangroves roots from La Restinga lagoon. Presence or not and attack intensity was recorded in both valves of each specimen in order to establish infestation levels according to galleries spionid abundance. Almost 65 por ciento of bivalves showed infestation by the polychaete. Highly significative differences in the abundance of galleries between valves (ts = 5.786, P < 0.001)were found. Not Pearson correlation between the bivalve size and galleries number, nor biomass and galleries number was observed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Commerce , Mollusca/virology , Polychaeta/virology , Seafood , Marine BiologyABSTRACT
La ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae es un bivalvo de interés comercial, común en las comunidades de manglar en el oriente de Venezuela. Para evaluar el potencial de generación de biomasa de la especie se realizaron muestreos mensuales desde mayo 2002 hasta mayo 2003, en dos estaciones de la población natural de Laguna Grande del Obispo, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Utilizando un diseño de muestreo al azar simple se determinó la abundancia y la biomasa de bivalvos fijados a raíces de Rhizophora manglae, estimando la producción secundaria por el método de la tasa específica de crecimiento. Se determinó una densidad promedio de 818,13ind/m² de raíz con biomasa promedio en peso seco de 662,39g/m², sin diferencias significativas entre estaciones ni meses. Utilizando un modelo de crecimiento con parámetros finales de L¥= 87,68 y K= 0,19/mes, se obtuvo una producción secundaria total de 2355,546g/m²/año, siendo el intervalo de talla 50,01-60,00mm el que aportó la mayor cantidad (382,353g/m²/año). La máxima producción se obtuvo en ene-feb 2003 (243,906g/m²/año) y la mínima en may-jun 2002 (100,80g/m²/año). La producción por individuo fue de 43,283g/m²/año con la misma tendencia temporal de la total. Aunque no se determinó correlación de los incrementos de producción con la temperatura y salinidad, la mayor producción ocurre durante la época de surgencia costera en la zona. La relación producción/biomasa fue de 3,55/año, resultados que indican que C. rhizophorae presenta un gran potencial para actividades de acuicultura en la zona por su reproducción continua y altas tasas de crecimiento y productividad.
The oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae is a bivalve of commercial interest, common in mangrove communities of eastern Venezuela. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the production of biomass of species in a natural population of Laguna Grande de Obispo, Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela. Monthly samplings were carried out between May 2002 and May 2003 in two stations. Using a simple random sampling design, the abundance and biomass of bivalves fixed on mangrove roots Rhizophora manglae were determined, estimating the secondary production by the specific growth rate method. Mean density was 818.13ind/m² and mean biomass was 662.39g/m² of root, without significant differences between stations and months. Using a growth equation with final parameters L¥= 87.68 and K= 0.19/month, a total secondary production of 2355.546g/m²/year was obtained, individuals 50.01-60.00mm long providing most of it (382.353g/m²/year). Maximum production were obtained in Jan-Feb 2002 (243.906g/m²/year) and minimum in May-June 2002 (100.80g/m²/year). Individual production was 43.283g/m², with the same temporal tendency of total production. Although the correlation between increments of production and temperature and salinity was not determined, the highest production occurs during the upwelling period in the area. The production/biomass relationship was 3.54/year, indicating that C. rhizophorae has a large potential for aquaculture in this area, due to its continuous reproduction and high growth and production rates.
A ostra Crassostrea rhizophorae é um bivalves de interesse comercial, comum nas comunidades de manglares no oriente da Venezuela. Para avaliar o potencial de geração de biomassa da espécie se realizaram amostras mensais desde maio de 2002 até maio de 2003, em duas estações da população natural de Laguna Grande do Obispo, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Utilizando um desenho de amostras aleatório simples se determinou a abundância e a biomassa de bivalves fixados a raízes de Rhizophora manglae, estimando a produção secundária pelo método da taxa específica de crescimento. Determinou-se uma densidade média de 818,13ind/m² de raiz com biomassa média em peso seco de 662,39g/m², sem diferenças significativas entre estações nem meses. Utilizando um modelo de crescimento com parâmetros finais de L¥= 87,68 e K= 0,19/mês, se obteve uma produção secundária total de 2.355,546g/m²/ano, sendo o intervalo de tamanho 50,01-60,00mm o que aportou a maior quantidade (382,353g/m²/ano). A máxima produção se obteve em jan-fev de 2003 (243,906g/m²/ano) e a mínima em mai-jun de 2002 (100,80g/m²/ano). A produção por indivíduo foi de 43,283g/m²/ano com a mesma tendência temporal da total. Ainda que não se determinasse correlação dos incrementos de produção com a temperatura e salinidade, a maior produção ocorreu durante a época de surgência costeira na zona. A relação produção/biomassa foi de 3,55/ano, resultados que indicam que C. rhizophorae apresenta um grande potencial para atividades de aqüicultura na zona por sua reprodução continua e altas taxas de crescimento e produtividade.
ABSTRACT
The fecal contamination of raw seafood by indicators and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms represents a public health concern. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of enteric bacteria colonizing oysters collected from a Venezuelan touristic area. Oyster samples were collected at the northwestern coast of Venezuela and local salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen of seawater were recorded. Total and fecal coliforms were measured for the assessment of the microbiological quality of water and oysters, using the Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analyses were made using cultures and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Diverse enrichment and selective culture methods were used to isolate enteric bacteria. We obtained pure cultures of Gram-negative straight rods with fimbriae from Isognomon alatus and Crassostrea rhizophorae. Our results show that P. mirabilis was predominant under our culture conditions. We confirmed the identity of the cultures by biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and data analysis. Other enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also isolated from seawater and oysters. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in oysters could have serious epidemiological implications and a potential human health risk associated with consumption of raw seafood.
A contaminação fecal de frutos do mar crus por microrganismos oportunistas patogênicos representa problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a presença de bactérias entéricas que colonizam ostras coletadas em área turística da Venezuela. Amostras de ostras foram coletadas na costa noroeste da Venezuela e foram registrados a salinidade local, pH, temperatura e o oxigênio dissolvido na água do mar. O total de coliformes fecais foi medido para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da água e das ostras, usando a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos. Análises foram feitas usando culturas e seqüência do gene 16S rRNA. Enriquecimento diversificado e métodos de cultura seletivos foram usados para isolar a bactéria entérica. Obtivemos culturas puras de bastões retos Gram negativos com fímbrias de Isognomon alatus e Crassostrea rhizophorae. Nossos resultados mostram que P. mirabilis foi predominante nas nossas condições de cultura. Confirmamos a identidade das culturas por testes bioquímicos, seqüência do gene 16rRNA e a análise de dados. Outras enterobactérias como Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii e Klebsiella pneumoniae foram também isoladas da água do mar e ostras. A presença de bactérias patogênicas em ostras podem ter implicações epidemiológicas e potencial risco para a saúde humana quando do consumo de frutos do mar crus.