Case report- a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of cellular infectious glycoprotein called prion protein. Though it is arare disease; yet it is the most common among prion diseases. Clinical presentation consists of rapidly progressive loss of memory, cognitive & visual disturbance, lack of coordination, myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal and extra pyramidal signs, akineticmutism & with progression of disease deterioration in higher mental functions become more pronounced. Periodic sharp triphasic wave complexes on EEG, high signal abnormalities in caudate nucleus and putamen on diffusion weighted (DW) or FLAIR MRI of Brain and positive 14-3-3 protein in CSF substantiate the diagnosis of CJD but definitive diagnosis is established by brain biopsy or autopsy materials. We report a case of 58-year old female patient who was admitted with complaints of rapidly progressive dementia, cognitive disturbance, blurring of vision and myoclonic jerks. Initial MRI brain and CSF findings were normal. Differential diagnoses that can present with rapidly progressive dementia and thereby mimic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were considered after review of literature. In EEG triphasic wave complexes were seen, repeat DWMRI after two weeks showed bilateral hyper-intensities in basal ganglia involving caudate nucleus and putamen, suggesting a diagnosis of probable CJD on the basis of center for disease control and prevention (CDC) criteria. The case is reported because of its rarity and also to emphasise that patients with rapidly progressive dementia, associated visual and cognitive disturbances and myoclonus should be investigated with DW MRI, EEG&CSF for diagnosis of CJD.

Tumor frontal, trastorno afectivo y encefalopatía. Discusión del caso clínico presentado en el volumen 6, número 2 / Brain Tumour, Mood Disorder and Encephalopathy. Discusion of the Clinical Case Presented in Volume 6, Number 2

En el presente artículo se reporta el caso de una paciente de 65 años que ingresó a la clínica con síntomas neurológicos no específicos y que, debido a hallazgos imagenológicos iníciales de masa tumoral extra axial (meningioma del ala del esfenoides), fue llevada a resección quirúrgica completa. La paciente presentó evolución postquirúrgica con deterioro neurológico progresivo, hasta su fallecimiento. El diagnóstico final, dado por biopsia cerebral abierta, fue de encefalopatía espongiforme. La encefalopatía espongiforme, descrita desde hace casi un siglo como Enfermedad de Creutzfeldt- Jakob (ECJ) y pobremente diagnosticada en nuestro medio por su baja frecuencia y presentación poco común, se manifiesta inicialmente con un trastorno en el comportamiento del paciente y luego con una fase demencial, en una trayectoria fatal cuya prueba de oro para confirmar el diagnóstico está centrada en biopsia cerebral o autopsia del cerebro, con tinciones de inmunohistoquímica para la proteína priónica anómala.

We report a case of a 65 years old female patient, who was admitted to the hospital with non specific neurological symptoms and who had preliminary imagenological findings of an extra-axial tumor mass (a meningioma of the sphenoid’s wing), which was taken to complete surgical removal. Afterwards, she developed progressive neurologic deterioration until her death. The final diagnosis was acute spongiform encephalophaty, and was obtained by cerebral biopsy. Spongiform encephalopathy was described, almost a century ago, as the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, poorly diagnosed in our environment because of its low frequency and uncommon onset, which starts with a mood disorder followed by a phase of dementia and a final fatal outcome. The gold standard for the diagnosis is based on a biopsy or an autopsy of the brain, with immunohistochemical stains for the prionic abnormal protein.

Tumor frontal, transtorno afectivo y encefalopatía / Brain tumor, mood disorder and encephalopathy

Se reporta caso de paciente de 65 años, de sexo femenino, que ingresa con síntomas neurológicos indiferenciados, los cuales, por hallazgos imagenológicos iniciales de meningioma del ala del esfenoides, requieren resección tumoral. Presenta evolución tórpida, deterioro neurológico progresivo, hasta su fallecimiento.

We report a case of a patient was 65 years old, who was admitted with neurologic symptoms ill-defined by imaging findings that initial meningioma wing of the sphenoid, tumor resection, is performed. She presented torpid evolution, progressive neurological deterioration, until her death.

A Case of Heidenhain Variant of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

PURPOSE: To report a case of the Heidenhain variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), predominantly characterized by visual impairment at onset. CASE SUMMARY: History-taking, ophthalmologic examination, neurologic examination, cerebrospinal fluid examination including 14-3-3 protein analysis, and brain MRI were performed in a 48-year-old man with progressive visual loss and a visual field defect. These symptoms were accompanied by visual illusion and macropsia. Neurologic examination revealed relatively rapidly progressing cognitive impairment, ataxia, aphasia, and myoclonus. The 14-3-3 protein was detectable in otherwise normal CSF samples. The diffusion weighted brain MRI showed increased signal intensity in both occipital lobes, the basal ganglia, the temporal and frontal lobes. He was clinically diagnosed as having a Heidenhain variant of sporadic CJD. CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with a rapidly progressive visual loss, visual field defects, visual illusion, and neurologic abnormalities including progressive dementia, ataxia, aphasia, and myoclonus, the Heidenhain variant of CJD should be considered. Because prions, a cause of CJD, exhibit unusual resistance to conventional chemical and physical decontamination methods, it is necessary to have an appropriate management scheme to prevent the spread of infection.