Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en población infantil de Tamburco (Perú) asociada a prácticas de higiene y crianza de animales / Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children Population of Tamburco (Peru) Associated with Hygiene and Animal Husbandry Practices

Resumen Las infecciones parasitarias intestinales son una de las mayores dificultades socioeconómicas y médicas de todo el mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y su asociación a prácticas de higiene y crianza de animales. La investigación fue observacional, básica, analítica y transversal. La población en estudio estuvo conformada de 542 niños de educación primaria del distrito de Tamburco, Perú. Se recolectaron muestras fecales de 225 niños de ambos sexos. Dichas muestras fueron analizadas con la técnica directa con lugol y solución salina fisiológica. El análisis cuantitativo de Kato-Katz se desarrolló en el laboratorio de la Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, en Tamburco. Se efectuaron las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, odds ratio e intervalos de confianza con niveles de confianza de 95 % mediante el programa SPSS 23. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariada. La prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños fue del 63,6 % (143/225; IC 95 %=57,1-70,1). Los niños que no se lavan las manos antes de comer tuvieron mayor riesgo de infección con Blastocystis sp. (OR=20,8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16,9) y Giardia lamblia (OR=6,2) (p < 0,01). Además, los niños que caminan descalzos tuvieron 2,1 veces más riesgo de infectarse con Blastocystis sp. (p < 0,05). En conclusión, la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en los niños de Tamburco fue alta y estuvo asociada con los hábitos de no lavarse las manos antes de comer y caminar descalzos.

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the greatest socioeconomic and medical difficulties worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and their association with hygiene and animal husbandry practices. The research was observational, basic, analytical and cross-sectional. The study population consisted of 542 primary school children from the district of Tamburco, Peru. Fecal samples were collected from 225 children of both sexes. These samples were analyzed using the direct technique with lugol and physiological saline solution. The quantitative Kato-Katz analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, in Tamburco. Pearson's chi-square tests, odds ratios and confidence intervals with confidence levels of 95% were performed using SPSS 23 software. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children was 63.6% (143/225; 95% CI=57.1-70.1). Children who did not wash their hands before eating had a higher risk of infection with Blastocystis sp. (OR=20.8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16.9) and Giardia lamblia (OR=6.2) (p < 0.01). In addition, children walking barefoot were 2.1 times more at risk of becoming infected with Blastocystis sp. (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tamburco children was high and was associated with the habits of not washing hands before eating and walking barefoot.

Seroprevalencia de brucelosis y leptospirosis en pobladores urbanos con crianza traspatio en el distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz de Chiclayo / Seroprevalence of brucellosis and leptospirosis in urban citizens with backyard breeding in the district of José Leonardo Ortiz, Chiclayo

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la seroprevalencia de brucelosis y leptospirosis y los factores asociados, en pobladores urbanos con crianza traspatio en el distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz de Chiclayo, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal y analítico realizado en 90 personas durante los meses de octubre a diciembre del 2016. Se determinaron anticuerpos IgM e IgG específicos para brucelosis y leptospirosis mediante la técnica de ELISA indirecto. Los factores asociados se recolectaron usando una encuesta estructurada. Resultado: La seroprevalencia de brucelosis fue 2,2% y de leptospirosis 28,9%. Las características ambientales más frecuentes en la población fueron, disposición de excretas en letrinas (73,3%), contacto con agua estancada (83,3%) contacto con roedores (62,2%). No se encontró asociación entre los factores evaluados y las enfermedades. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una alta seroprevalencia de leptospirosis y baja para brucelosis en personas con crianza traspatio del distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz de Chiclayo, revelando un problema de salud pública vigente. Se recomienda continuar con estudios longitudinales que permitirían evaluar factores de riesgo y realizar intervenciones preventivas.

Summary Objective: To describe the seroprevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis and leptospirosis in urban citizens with backyard breeding in the district of José Leonardo Ortiz, Chiclayo. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 90 citizens during the month of October and December of 2016. IgM and IgG specific antibodies for brucellosis and leptospirosis were determined using the indirect ELISA method. Factors associated with these diseases were gathered using a structural survey. Results: The seroprevalence of brucellosis and leptospirosis was 2.2% and 28.9%, respectively. The most common environmental features of the population were that 73.3% use latrines 83.3% had contact with stagnant water and 62.2% had contact with rodents. No association between the variables looked for and these two diseases were found. Conclusions: We found a high seroprevalence of leptospirosis but a low prevalence of brucellosis in this setting. We suggest performing longitudinal studies that may identify risk factors to prevent these diseases.

Prevalencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de salmonella spp. aislada de animales exóticos que conviven con niños / Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp. isolated from exotic animals that live with children

El género Salmonella comprende bacilos Gram negativos anaerobios facultativos, fermentadoresde glucosa, positivos para citrato y negativos para oxidasa, lactosa, sacarosa, urea e indol, móviles y productoras de sulfuro (excepto Salmonella enterica serotipo Typhi). La infección por Salmonella no tifoideas se produce al ingerir alimentos o agua contaminados con heces de humanos o de animales portadores como reptiles y anfibios. Objetivo: Detectar la presencia de Salmonella spp. en muestras de reptiles, anfibios y aves que conviven con niños menores de 12 años y establecer la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los aislamientos. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectaron muestras de heces de 50 animales (reptiles, anfibios y aves) en Bogotá D.C. y seis municipios del departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia. Los animales exóticos registrados durante el muestreo se comunicaron a la Secretaria del Medio Ambiente y a la Corporación Autónoma Regional (CAR) Cundinamarca. Las muestras se procesaron en medio Rapapport-Vassiliadis y agar MacConkey a 37 °C por 24 horas. Se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas, de aglutinación y antibiograma de 11 antibióticos utilizados para el tratamiento de las infecciones por Salmonella spp...

The genus Salmonella is comprised by facultative anaerobic Gram-negative rods, glucose fermenters, and positives to citrate; negatives to oxidase, lactose, sucrose, urea and indole, are mobile and produce sulfur (except Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi). Infection for non-typhoid Salmonella occurs by ingesting food or water contaminated with feces from humans or animals as reptiles and amphibians. Aim: To detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in samples of reptiles, amphibians and birds that live with children less than 12 years and establishing antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Materials and Methods: Stool samples of 50 animals (reptiles, amphibians and birds) were collecte in Bogotá D.C. and six municipalities in Cundinamarca, Colombia. The exotic animals recorded during samples collection were communicated to Secretaria del Medio Ambiente and Corporacion Autonoma Regional (CAR) Cundinamarca. The samples were processed in Rappaport–Vassiliadis and MacConkey agar at 37 °C for 24 h, then we performed biochemical tests, agglutination and antimicrobial susceptibility for 11 antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of Salmonella spp. infection...

Risk perception about zoonoses in immigrants and Italian workers in Northwestern Italy / Percepção de risco sobre zoonoses em trabalhadores imigrantes e italianos no Noroeste da Itália / Percepción de riesgo de zoonosis en trabajadores inmigrantes e italianos en el noroeste de Italia

OBJETIVO: To assess factors associated with a low risk perception of zoonoses and to identify the gaps in knowledge about transmission and prevention of zoonoses in immigrant and Italian workers. MÉTODOS: A cross-sectional study with 175 workers in the agro-livestock and agro-food industry in Piemonte, Italy, was carried out. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire based on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey. We calculated proportions and used chi-square tests and odds ratios to assess associations. Eight individual interviews with key informants on immigration and public health in Piemonte were carried out. RESULTADOS: Participants were 82 (47%) Italians and 93 (53%) immigrants. Immigrants were from Romania, Morocco, Albania, India, China, Argentina, Peru, Macedonia, Ivory Coast, Ukraine and Colombia. The study revealed significant differences in risk perception at work (p = 0.001). We found associations between "not having correct knowledge about zoonoses" and the following variables: i. "being immigrant" OR = 4.1 (95%CI 1.7;9.8 p ≤ 0.01); ii. "working in the livestock industry" OR = 2.9 (95%CI 1.2;15.4 p = 0.01); and iii. "being an unqualified worker" OR = 4.4 (95%CI 2.9;15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Another strong association was found between being immigrant and having a low job qualification OR = 6.7 (IC95% 2.9 - 15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Asian immigrants were the group with the highest frequency of risky behaviours and the lowest level of knowledge about zoonoses. CONCLUSÕES: Our results indicate that there were differences in risk perception of zoonoses between the groups participating in our study. These results suggest that immigrant status can be considered a risk factor for having lower risk perception and lower level of knowledge of zoonoses at work. There is a relationship between this specific knowledge of zoonoses and lack of training and instruction among migrant populations. Our results stress the need for developing education programs on zoonoses prevention among the immigrant population in Piemonte, Italy.

OBJECTIVE: Analisar fatores associados à baixa percepção de risco de zoonoses e identificar as lacunas no conhecimento sobre a transmissão e prevenção de zoonoses em trabalhadores imigrantes e italianos. METHODS: Estudo transversal com 175 trabalhadores da indústria agropecuária e agroalimentar em Piemonte, Itália. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário semiestruturado baseado em estudo sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas. Foram calculadas proporções, com uso de teste qui-quadrado e odds ratio para estimar associações. Oito entrevistas individuais com informantes-chave em matéria de imigração e saúde pública foram realizadas. RESULTS: Cerca de 47% dos trabalhadores eram italianos e 53%, imigrantes, provenientes da Romênia, Marrocos, Albânia, Índia, China, Argentina, Peru, Macedônia, Costa do Marfim, Ucrânia e Colômbia. Houve diferenças significativas na menor percepção do risco no trabalho (p = 0,001). Observou-se associação entre falta de conhecimentos corretos sobre zoonoses e ser imigrante (OR = 4,1; IC95% 1,7;9,8; p ≤ 0,01), trabalhar na indústria pecuária (OR = 2,9; IC95% 1,2;6,8; p = 0,01) e ser um trabalhador não qualificado (OR = 4,4; IC95% 1,2;15,4; p = 0,01). Outra forte associação ocorreu entre ser imigrante e ter emprego de baixa qualificação (OR = 6,7; IC95% 2,9;15,4; p ≤ 0,01). Maior frequência de comportamentos de risco e menor nível de conhecimento sobre zoonoses foram encontrados no grupo dos imigrantes asiáticos. CONCLUSIONS: Foram observadas diferenças na percepção de risco de zoonoses entre os grupos participantes. O status de imigrante pode ser considerado fator de risco para ter baixa percepção de risco e menor nível de conhecimento das zoonoses no trabalho. Existe relação entre esse conhecimento específico de zoonoses e falta de formação e instrução entre as populações migrantes. É necessário desenvolver programas de educação sobre a prevenção de zoonoses entre a população imigrante.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores asociados a la baja percepción de riesgo de zoonosis e identificar los vacíos de conocimiento sobre la transmisión y prevención de zoonosis en trabajadores inmigrantes e italianos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con 175 trabajadores de la industria agropecuaria y agroalimentaria en Piemonte, Italia. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de cuestionario semi-estructurado basado en estudio sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas. Se calcularon proporciones y usó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y odds ratio para estimar asociaciones. Se realizaron ocho entrevistas individuales con informantes clave en materia de inmigración y salud pública. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 47% de los trabajadores eran italianos y 53%, inmigrantes provenientes de Rumania, Marruecos, Albania, India, China, Argentina, Perú, Macedonia, Costa de Marfil, Ucrania y Colombia. Hubo diferencias significativas en la menor percepción del riesgo en el trabajo (p = 0,001). Se observó asociación entre falta de conocimientos correctos sobre zoonosis y ser inmigrante (OR=4,1; IC95% 1,7;9,8;p ≤ 0,01), trabajar en la industria pecuaria (OR = 2,9; IC95% 1,2;6,8;p = 0,01) y ser un trabajador no calificado (OR = 4,4; IC95% 1,2;15,4;p = 0,01). Otra fuerte asociación ocurrió entre ser inmigrante y tener empleo de baja calificación (OR = 6,7; IC95% 2,9;15,4;p ≤ 0,01). Se encontró mayor frecuencia de conductas de riesgo y menor nivel de conocimiento sobre zoonosis en el grupo de los inmigrantes asiáticos.