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1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 25(5): 1779-1788, 2020.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101021

ABSTRACT

Resumo A partir de distintos referenciais teóricos (saúde coletiva, avaliação de programas e realismo crítico), o artigo analisa se a transferência de renda condicionada contribui para a redução da pobreza monetária e a melhoria do cuidado à saúde. Utiliza material de pesquisa avaliativa, constituída por um estudo de caso sobre as condicionalidades de saúde do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e sua implementação pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, localizada em uma favela no Rio de Janeiro. Para compreender a dinâmica do programa, foram priorizadas experiências e percepções de gestores, profissionais de saúde e famílias beneficiárias. Como percepção predominante, destaca-se que o PBF: "beneficia quem precisa, mas também quem não precisa". De um lado, os cuidados em saúde são reconhecidos como limitados, uma vez que as famílias são vulneráveis e apresentam problemas de saúde decorrentes desta condição e, por outro, ter acesso à Clínica é um recurso fundamental dado que benefício é visto como de pequeno valor o que reforça a ideia da "ajuda". Conclui que os três domínios da realidade estratificada contribuem para compreender o alcance dos programas que lidam com a imbricação de aspectos biológicos e sociais em contextos locais marcados pela desigualdade e pobreza.


Abstract Based on different theoretical references (public health, program evaluation, and critical realism), the paper analyzes whether conditional cash transfers contribute to the reduction of monetary poverty and improved health care. It employs evaluative research material, consisting of a case study on the health conditionalities of the "Bolsa Família" Program (PBF) and its implementation by the Family Health Strategy in a primary care service (PHC service) located in a slum area in Rio de Janeiro. Experiences and perceptions of managers, health professionals, and beneficiary families were prioritized to understand the dynamics of the program. A predominant perception is that the PBF "benefits those who need it, but also those who do not need it". On the one hand, health care is recognized as limited, since households are vulnerable and with health problems resulting from this condition. On the other hand, having access to the Clinic is a crucial resource since the benefit is seen as of little value, which reinforces the idea of "aid". It concludes that the three domains of stratified reality contribute to understanding the scope of programs that address the imbrication of biological and social aspects in contexts marked by inequality and poverty.


Subject(s)
Humans , Poverty , Poverty Areas , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Program Evaluation
2.
Univ. psychol ; 17(1): 5-29, ene.-mar. 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-979470

ABSTRACT

Resumen La naturaleza sociohistóricamente construida y compartida del conocimiento y de la subjetividad que el construccionismo social parece haberse arrogado en propiedad, forma parte de la historia de la ciencia social. Por otra parte, la crítica al modelo causal-mecanicista como única fuente de conocimiento, que el movimiento construccionista considera una de sus principales aportaciones epistemológicas, se remonta nada menos que a Kant. La verdadera aportación del construccionismo social ha consistido en suprimir la experiencia como fuente del conocimiento y de la subjetividad, negar la existencia de una realidad externa al sujeto, mantenerse ontológicamente mudo frente a ella y desconfiar de la posibilidad de cambiarla. Parece evidente que sobre estos cimientos no es posible, tal y como se ha pretendido, construir una psicología social crítica. Frente a ella, y en sus antípodas, el realismo crítico de Martín-Baró parte de la existencia de una realidad objetiva cuyas injusticias y miserias denunció de manera insistente, se vale de métodos cuantitativos para analizarla; la estructura social es su marco de referencia preferido a la hora de estudiar las diversas modalidades y manifestaciones del comportamiento humano, no renuncia a la existencia de verdades parciales y sociohistóricamente situadas y define como objetivo de su quehacer teórico, el cambio social.


The sociohistorically built and created nature of knowledge and subjectivity that social constructionism seems to have arrogated is part of the history of social Science. Moreover, criticism to the casual mechanistic model as the only source of knowledge #that the constructionist movement considers as one of its main epistemological contributions# goes back to none other than Kant. The real contribu tion of social constructionism has consisted in deleting experience as a resource for knowledge and subjectivity, denying the existence of an extemal reality to the subject, keeping ontologically quiet towards it, and distrusting the possibility of changing it. It seems evident that building a critical social psychology upon these foundations is not possible. Opposing this, Martin-Baró's critical realism is based on the existence of an objective reality of which injustices and wretchedness he insistently denounced. This critical realism malees use of quantitative methods to analyze this objective reality, it holds social structure as its preferred framework when studying the different modalities and manifestations of human behavior, it does not deny the existent of partial and sociohistorically situated truths, and it identifies social change as the objective of its theoretical work.


Subject(s)
Psychology, Social , Critical Theory
3.
Dados rev. ciênc. sociais ; 54(1): 157-206, 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-595957

ABSTRACT

Many scholars continue to ascribe a fundamental role to routine action in social theory and defend the continuing relevance of Bourdieu's concept of habitus. Meanwhile, the majority recognize the importance of reflexivity. In this article, Archer examines three versions of efforts to render these concepts mutually compatible: "empirical combination", "hybridization", and "theoretical and ontological reconciliation". In analytical terms, none of these versions is fully successful. The empirical argument is that the relevance of habitus began to decline in the late 20th century, in light of major structural changes in advanced capitalist democracies. In these circumstances, habitual forms have proven incapable of providing guidelines for people's lives, thus making reflexivity necessary. The article concludes with the argument that even the reproduction of one's birth history now constitutes a reflexive activity, and that the most favorable mode of its production, which the author refers to as "communicative reflexivity", is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain.


De nombreux chercheurs continuent d'attribuer un rôle fondamental à l'action de la routine dans la théorie sociale et affirment que le concept bourdieusien d'habitus reste important. En même temps, la plupart d'entre eux reconnaÎt le poids de la réflexivité. Dans cet article, Archer examine trois tentatives qui cherchent à rendre compatibles l´habitus et la réflexivité: la "combinaison empirique", l'"hybridation", et la "réconciliation théorique et ontologique". D'un point de vue analytique, aucune de ces versions n'est réussie. L´auteur soutient l´argument empirique que l'habitus a perdu de l'importance à la fin du XXe siècle, face aux grands changements structurels qui ont eu lieu dans des démocraties capitalistes avancées. Dans ce contexte, des formes habituelles se sont avérées incapables de fournir des directives à la vie des sujets, rendant ainsi impérative la pratique de la réflexivité. L´article conclut sur l'argument que, même la reproduction du contexte natif constitue aujourd'hui une activité réflexive et que le mode le plus favorable à sa production - ce que l'auteur appelle la "réflexivité communicative" - devient de plus en plus difficile à soutenir.

4.
Psicol. pesq ; 4(2): 156-164, dez. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-603557

ABSTRACT

A pesquisa experimental não é adotada pelos psicólogos brasileiros na mesma proporção em que é utilizada nas pesquisas conduzidas em outros contextos geográficos. Com base nesta premissa, procura-se identificar as razões e as justificativas deste relativo desinteresse pela metodologia experimental em determinados contextos. Discutem-se as diferenças entre a pesquisa experimental e a não experimental, levando-se em consideração os compromissos adotados pelos pesquisadores que acolhem a estas diferentes modalidades de investigação. Posteriormente são apresentados os principais argumentos relativistas contra a adoção da pesquisa experimental e as respostas apresentadas pelos experimentalistas. Conclui-se que é injustificado defender a tese de que a psicologia pode prescindir de um método adotado com sucesso em várias outras disciplinas científicas.


Experimental research is not adopted by Brazilian social psychologists in the same proportion as it is used in other geographical contexts. Based on this premise, this paper intends to identify why experimental method is neglected in some contexts. It discusses the differences between the experimental and non-experimental research, taking into account the commitments adopted by researchers with different research backgrounds. We present some relativist arguments against the experimental research in social psychology and the replies given by experimentalists. The conclusion of this paper is that it seems unreasonable to defend the thesis that psychology can abandon a method widely adopted in other scientific disciplines.


Subject(s)
Psychology, Social , Research
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