Reproducible Abnormalities and Diagnostic Generalizability of White Matter in Alzheimer's Disease / 神经科学通报·英文版

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the impairment of white matter (WM) tracts. The current study aimed to verify the utility of WM as the neuroimaging marker of AD with multisite diffusion tensor imaging datasets [321 patients with AD, 265 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 279 normal controls (NC)], a unified pipeline, and independent site cross-validation. Automated fiber quantification was used to extract diffusion profiles along tracts. Random-effects meta-analyses showed a reproducible degeneration pattern in which fractional anisotropy significantly decreased in the AD and MCI groups compared with NC. Machine learning models using tract-based features showed good generalizability among independent site cross-validation. The diffusion metrics of the altered regions and the AD probability predicted by the models were highly correlated with cognitive ability in the AD and MCI groups. We highlighted the reproducibility and generalizability of the degeneration pattern of WM tracts in AD.

Major depressive disorder prediction using data science

Background@#Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that has affected many people worldwide. It is characterized by persistently low or depressed mood, anhedonia or decreased interest in pleasurable activities, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, lack of energy, poor concentration, appetite changes, psychomotor retardation or agitation, sleep disturbances, or suicidal thoughts. @*Objective@#The objective of the study was to predict the presence of major depressive disorder using a variety of machine learning classification algorithms (logistic regression, Naive Bayes, support vector machine, random forest, adaptive boosting, and extreme gradient boosting) on a publicly available depression dataset. @*Methodology@#After data pre-processing, several experiments were performed to assess the recursive feature elimination with cross validation as a feature selection method and synthetic minority over-sampling technique to address dataset imbalance. Several machine learning algorithms were applied on an anonymized publicly available depression dataset. Feature importance of the top performing models were also generated. All simulation experiments were implemented via Python 3.8 and its machine learning libraries (Scikit-learn, Keras, Tensorflow, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn, NumPy). @*Results@#The top performing model was obtained by logistic regression with excellent performance metrics (91% accuracy, 93% sensitivity, 85% specificity, 93% recall, 93% F1-score, and 0.78 Matthews correlation coefficient). Feature importance scores of the most relevant attribute were also generated for the best model. @*Conclusion@#The findings suggest the utility of data science techniques powered by machine learning models to make a diagnosis of major depressive disorders with acceptable results. The potential deployment of these machine learning models in clinical practice can further enhance the diagnostic acumen of health professionals. Using data analytics and machine learning, data scientists can have a better understanding of mental health illness contributing to prompt and improved diagnosis thereby leading to the institution of early intervention and medical treatments ensuring the best quality of care for our patients.

Development & cross-validation of anthropometric predictive models to estimate the appendicular skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged women in Sri Lanka

Background & objectives: Attempts have been made to estimate appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) using anthropometric indices and most of these are country specific. This study was designed to develop and cross-validate simple predictive models to estimate the ASMM based on anthropometry in a group of healthy middle-aged women in Sri Lanka. Methods: The study was conducted on a randomly selected group of community-dwelling women aged 30-60 years. ASMM (kg) quantified with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (ASMMDXA) was used as the reference standard. Anthropometric measurements such as body weight (kg), height (m), limb circumferences (cm) and skinfold thickness (mm) which showed significant correlations with ASMMDXA, were used to develop the models. The models were developed using a group of 165 women (aged 30-60 yr) and were cross-validated using a separate sample of women (n=167) (mean age: 48.9±8.56 yr), selected randomly. Results: Nine anthropometry-based models were developed using weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, circumferences, body mass index, menopausal status (MS) and age as independent variables. Four models which were based on height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), age and MS met all the validation criteria with high correlations (ranged 0.89-0.92) and high predictive values explaining high variance (80-84%) with low standard error of estimate (1.10-1.24 kg). Interpretation & conclusions: The four models (ASMM 1-ASMM 4) developed based on height, weight, TSFT, age and MS showed a high accuracy in estimating the ASMM in middle-aged women.

Matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis: a case–control study in the Indian population

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is the common form of inflammatory oral disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a pivotal role in the progression of CP by degrading gingival tissue and its remodelling. Here, we conducted a case–control study to investigate a possible association of single-nucleotide polymorphism of MMP genes and their interaction with CP in the Indian population. A total of 357 DNA samples of venous blood was isolated, of which 157 were identified as CP patients and 200 were healthy individuals. Genotyping of six MMP genes (MMP1, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP12 and MMP13) was done using polymerase chain reaction following Sanger’s method of sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS v16.0, R package (SNPassoc). Gene–gene interactions were evaluated by MDR 3.0.2. The frequency of 6A allele of MMP3 −11715A-6A gene polymorphisms (36%) and G allele of MMP8 +17G-C gene polymorphisms (34%) were higher in the CP population compared with the healthy population (19% and 24%, respectively). A significant association of T allele of MMP8 −799C-T gene promoter polymorphism was found with CP (OR = 2.95, 95%CI = 2.16 − 4.04, P < 0.0001). Genotypic frequency of MMP12 −82A-G polymorphism is associated with CP risk while its allelic distribution is not (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 0.93 − 1.88, P = 0.129). Gene–gene interactions show the best cross validation consistency model, i.e. MMP1 −519A-G X MMP7 −181A-G X MMP8 −799C-T polymorphismswith a value of 9/10. This gene–gene interaction shows that the significant association of MMP8 −799C-T polymorphism with CP increased susceptibility. Allelic distribution of MMP8+17G-C and MMP3−11715A-6A polymorphisms revealed their protective role towards decreased risk of CP. MMP1 −519A-G and MMP7 −181A-G polymorphisms show combinatorial synergistic effect on CP risk.

Prediction of lung cancer typing based on radiomics / 解剖学报

Objective: To predict the classification of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer based on Radiomics. Methods: This study involved 131 patients with small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (including 119 in the training cohort and 12 in the validation cohort). The 107-dimensional omics features were extracted from the manually segmented lesions. The FSelector package in R statistical software was used to screen the key features of the phenomenological features. The support vector machines model and the k-fold cross-validation model were used to classify the pathology of lung cancer patients. The effect of lung cancer typing prediction in the training cohort and validation cohort was evaluated by plotting the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under curve (AUC) values. Results: This study selected 20 major Radiomics features for the differential diagnosis of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These features were well differentiated between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer in the training cohort and validation cohort. In the validation cohort, the accuracy of the pre-lung cancer subtype classification was 75%, and the AUC result of the radiomics characteristics was 0. 69. Conclusion: This paper constructs a unique radiomics feature to be used as a diagnostic factor for distinguishing between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, which has important guiding significance for the realization of non-invasive pathologically effective classification of lung cancer and guiding the selection of follow-up treatment options for lung cancer patients.

Rapid Identification of Calamina Based on Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and PCA-SVM Algorithm / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To establish a near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) identification model for crude products,counterfeit products and processed products of Calamina by principal component analysis(PCA) and support vector machine(SVM) algorithm. Method: NIRS of crude products,counterfeit products and processed products of Calamina were collected,the characteristic spectrum segments were selected,the preprocessing method and the optimum principal component number were optimized,and the PCA-SVM qualitative model was established. Result: The characteristic spectrum segment of analysis model was 7 500-4 000 cm-1.Spectra were preprocessed by the first-order derivative method(FD).The optimum principal component number was 5. And the optimum internal parameters of SVM[penalty factor(c)=0.25 and kernel function parameter(g)=8] were screened by applying the grid search algorithm.In the PCA-SVM qualitative model,the prediction accuracy rate was 100%for the 5-fold cross validation,and the prediction accuracy rates also were 100%both for training set and test set. Conclusion: PCA-SVM analysis model of NIRS for Calamina samples has a high prediction accuracy rate,and it can be used for the rapid and nondestructive identification of crude products,counterfeit products and processed products of Calamina by combining the diffuse reflection technique on solid powder.

Pulmonary nodule detection method based on convolutional neural network / 生物医学工程学杂志

A method was proposed to detect pulmonary nodules in low-dose computed tomography (CT) images by two-dimensional convolutional neural network under the condition of fine image preprocessing. Firstly, CT image preprocessing was carried out by image clipping, normalization and other algorithms. Then the positive samples were expanded to balance the number of positive and negative samples in convolutional neural network. Finally, the model with the best performance was obtained by training two-dimensional convolutional neural network and constantly optimizing network parameters. The model was evaluated in Lung Nodule Analysis 2016(LUNA16) dataset by means of five-fold cross validation, and each group's average model experiment results were obtained with the final accuracy of 92.3%, sensitivity of 92.1% and specificity of 92.6%.Compared with other existing automatic detection and classification methods for pulmonary nodules, all indexes were improved. Subsequently, the model perturbation experiment was carried out on this basis. The experimental results showed that the model is stable and has certain anti-interference ability, which could effectively identify pulmonary nodules and provide auxiliary diagnostic advice for early screening of lung cancer.

Predicting pathway cross-talks in ankylosing spondylitis through investigating the interactions among pathways

Given that the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear, the aim of this study was to detect the potentially functional pathway cross-talk in AS to further reveal the pathogenesis of this disease. Using microarray profile of AS and biological pathways as study objects, Monte Carlo cross-validation method was used to identify the significant pathway cross-talks. In the process of Monte Carlo cross-validation, all steps were iterated 50 times. For each run, detection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two groups was conducted. The extraction of the potential disrupted pathways enriched by DEGs was then implemented. Subsequently, we established a discriminating score (DS) for each pathway pair according to the distribution of gene expression levels. After that, we utilized random forest (RF) classification model to screen out the top 10 paired pathways with the highest area under the curve (AUCs), which was computed using 10-fold cross-validation approach. After 50 bootstrap, the best pairs of pathways were identified. According to their AUC values, the pair of pathways, antigen presentation pathway and fMLP signaling in neutrophils, achieved the best AUC value of 1.000, which indicated that this pathway cross-talk could distinguish AS patients from normal subjects. Moreover, the paired pathways of SAPK/JNK signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction were involved in 5 bootstraps. Two paired pathways (antigen presentation pathway and fMLP signaling in neutrophil, as well as SAPK/JNK signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction) can accurately distinguish AS and control samples. These paired pathways may be helpful to identify patients with AS for early intervention.

Genome prediction accuracy of common bean via Bayesian models / Acurácia de predição genômica em feijoeiro-comum via modelos Bayesianos

ABSTRACT: We aimed to apply genomic information based on SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers for the genetic evaluation of the traits "stay-green" (SG), plant architecture (PA), grain aspect (GA) and grain yield (GY) in common bean through Bayesian models. These models were compared in terms of prediction accuracy and ability for heritability estimation for each one of the mentioned traits. A total of 80 cultivars were genotyped for 377 SNP markers, whose effects were estimated by five different Bayesian models: Bayes A (BA), B (BB), C (BC), LASSO (BL) e Ridge regression (BRR). Although, prediction accuracies calculated by means of cross-validation have been similar within each trait, the BB model stood out for the trait SG, whereas the BRR was indicated for the remaining traits. The heritability estimates for the traits SG, PA, GA and GY were 0.61, 0.28, 0.32 and 0.29, respectively. In summary, the Bayesian methods applied here were effective and ease to be implemented. The used SNP markers can help in the early selection of promising genotypes, since incorporating genomic information increase the prediction accuracy of the estimated genetic merit.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se incorporar informações genômicas de marcadores SNP ("single nucleotide polymorphism") na avaliação genética das características "stay-green" (SG), arquitetura de planta (AP), aspecto de grãos (AG) e produtividade de grãos (PG) em feijoeiro-comum via modelos Bayesianos. Estes modelos foram comparados quanto a acurácia de predição e habilidade de estimação da herdabilidade para cada característica. Utilizaram-se informações de 80 cultivares genotipadas para 377 marcadores SNP, cujos efeitos de substituição alélica foram estimados por meio de cinco diferentes modelos Bayesianos: Bayes A (BA), B (BB), C (BC), LASSO (BL) e regressão "ridge" (BRR). Embora as acurácias de predição calculadas por meio de análise de validação cruzada tenham sido similares dentro de cada característica, o modelo BB se destacou para a característica SG, enquanto o modelo BRR foi indicado para as demais. As herdabilidades estimadas para SG, AP, AG e PG foram, respectivamente, 0,61, 0,28, 0,32 e 0,29. Em resumo, os métodos contemplados mostraram-se efetivos e de fácil implementação. O conjunto de marcadores utilizado pode auxiliar na seleção precoce de genótipos promissores, uma vez que a incorporação de informações genômicas aumenta a acurácia de predição do mérito genético estimado.

Comparison of Bayesian statistics and classical statistics in quantile regression analysis / 军事医学

Objective To compare the Bayesian statistics and the classical statistics in the quantile regression analysis in order to select a more effective method .Methods The large sample data was chosen , and the QUANTREG procedure in SAS was used for the classical statistics and the MCMC procedure in SAS for the Bayesian one , respectively .Using ten-fold cross-validation method , the goodness of fitting of the models was appraised in terms of the fitted effect based on the training dataset and the predicted effect based on the predictive dataset .Results In most cases, the indexes of the quantile regression models in the classical statistics were slightly worse than those of the Bayesian one .In the ten-fold cross-validation of the partial samples as a training dataset , the fitting effect of the lower quartile ( Q1 ) and upper quartile ( Q3 ) of the Bayesian statistics was better than that of the classical one .However , the median ( Q2 ) fitting effect of the Bayesian statistics was slightly worse than that of the classical one .As for the prediction effect , the Bayesian statistical quantile regression model was superior to the classic one .Conclusion To expect high accuracy , such as the predictive effects and fitting effects of each quantile , the Bayesian quantile regression analysis should be chosen .If the major concern is the fitting effect of the median , careful selection from the approaches mentioned above is needed .If time and energy are limited, and the sample size is large enough , the classic statistical quantile regression analysis is a good choice .

Eating behaviors in a male and female community sample: psychometric properties of the DEBQ / Comportamientos alimentarios en una muestra comunitaria de hombres y mujeres: propiedades psicométricas del DEBQ

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a community sample of chilean adults. The sample comprised 627 participants who completed a battery of questionnaires. The mean age of the sample was 36.07 years (SD =12.49), and 66.2% of them were women. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.61 kg/m2 (SD =4.20). Item analysis suggested that one item yielded very low corrected item-total correlation. The internal structure analysis revealed that the three-factor model showed a good fit. Internal structure was adequate. A gender effect was found in DEBQ scores, and there was a positive significant association between BMI and DEBQ scores. The correlation analysis supported the adequate convergent validity of the scale. The present study provides evidence to support the adequate reliability and validity of the DEBQ when applied in a chilean population.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) en una muestra comunitaria de adultos chilenos. La muestra se compuso por 627 participantes que completaron una batería de cuestionarios. La media de edad fue de 36.07 años (DT=12.49), y el 66.2% fueron mujeres. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) medio fue 25.61 kg/m2 (DT=4.20). Uno de los ítems presentó una inadecuada correlación ítem-total corregida. El análisis de la estructura interna mostró un buen ajuste al modelo de tres factores. La consistencia interna fue adecuada. Se detectó un efecto de género en las puntuaciones del DEBQ y hubo una asociación positiva significativa entre el IMC y las puntuaciones del DEBQ. El análisis de correlaciones puso de manifiesto la adecuada validez convergente de la escala. El presente estudio proporciona evidencia para apoyar la adecuada fiabilidad y validez del DEBQ cuando se aplica a población chilena.

Application of electronic tongue in pattern study about bitterness inhibition by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin / 中草药

Objective To study the bitterness inhibition law of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) concentration (C) on the bitter compounds and bitter Chinese herbal medicine, and to explore the application of electronic tongue in this study. Methods Berberine, oxymatrine, Sophora flavescens, and Andrographis paniculata decoction were used as bitterness vectors to establish two models of bitterness inhibition law about ΔI-C and ΔIe-C, and to explore the prediction model of bitterness inhibition effect about ΔI-ΔIe, based on the oral taste evaluation results (ΔI) and electronic tongue information (ΔIe). Then, fitting precision and fitting goodness of the prediction model were evaluated with cross-validation and residual analysis. Results In this study, good Weibull model of bitterness inhibition pattern about ΔI-C were established for all the four bitterness vectors, the decision coefficient R2 are as followed: 0.999 6, 0.987 9, 0.996 4, and 0.998 4 (P < 0.01); The decision coefficient R2 of six (two sensors per vector) models of bitterness inhibition law about ΔIe-C of berberine, S. flavescens, and A. paniculata decoctions were as followed: 0.996 5, 0.991 6, 0.997 3, 0.989 3, 0.999 6, and 0.999 1 (P < 0.01); The decision coefficient R2 of six corresponding linear prediction models of bitterness inhibition effect about ΔI-ΔIe were as followed: 0.989 1, 0.968 3, 0.989 0, 0.982 0, 0.977 9, and 0.986 1 (P < 0.01); The correlation coefficient R calculated by correlation coefficient of six prediction models above were as followed: 0.986 0, 0.997 3, 0.988 4, 0.960 8, 0.980 2, and 0.983 9 (P < 0.01); No model was established for oxymatrine within the range of tested concentration in this research, as it didn’t respond to the four sensors with varied concentration. Conclusion Based on this method, the bitterness inhibition law of HP-β-CD with changed concentration was obtained. Prediction models based on HP-β-CD concentration or electronic tongue data were also established, they can be used to predict the relative bitterness inhibition effect. Part of the bitter compounds didn't response to the electronic tongue regularly, remain further research and development of electronic tongue technology.

On predicting epileptic seizures from intracranial electroencephalography

This study investigates the sensitivity and specificity of predicting epileptic seizures from intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). A monitoring system is studied to generate an alarm upon detecting a precursor of an epileptic seizure. The iEEG traces of ten patients suffering from medically intractable epilepsy were used to build a prediction model. From the iEEG recording of each patient, power spectral densities were calculated and classified using support vector machines. The prediction results varied across patients. For seven patients, seizures were predicted with 100% sensitivity without any false alarms. One patient showed good sensitivity but lower specificity, and the other two patients showed lower sensitivity and specificity. Predictive analytics based on the spectral feature of iEEG performs well for some patients but not all. This result highlights the need for patient-specific prediction models and algorithms.

Validación del instrumento: ¨vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos¨ a partir del maternal attachment inventory / Validation of the instrument: "bond between parents and newborn children" from the maternal attachment inventory

Es frecuente que dentro de las investigaciones en torno al neonato y sus padres se mencione la importancia del vínculo afectivo, de hecho diversos estudios dentro de sus recomendaciones sugieren ahondar con respecto al, pero para hacerlo se requieren instrumentos de medición confiables y válidos. Su búsqueda en el contexto colombiano no mostró una indicador empírico válido que permitiera evaluar el vínculo afectivo entre neonatos nacidos a término y sus padres, sin embargo, en otros contextos sí se cuenta con instrumentos para su valoración; de ellos se seleccionó el Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) de Müller (1994), por sus propiedades psicométricas para realizar además de la adaptación transcultural, la validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español, de este proceso surge como resultado el Instrumento: ¨Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término¨. Objetivo: Determinar la validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español del Maternal Attachment Invent Método: Estudio de tipo metodológico que con el rigor psicométrico requerido, realizó la adaptación transcultural del Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) seguido de la validez facial, de contenido y de constructo de la nueva versión en español del instrumento para valorar el vínculo afectivo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término. Se aplicó teoría psicométrica para el desarrollo de la investigación, desarrollándose de la siguiente manera: 1. Fase de traducción: se consultaron 2 traductores oficiales y una enfermera bilingüe para la traducción del instrumento, posteriormente, un lingüista realizó la síntesis de las traducciones, que se sometió a la valoración de tres expertos, quienes avalaron la versión traducida al español. 2. 2. Fase de validez facial y de contenido: Se consultó a 385 potenciales padres y 5 expertos, quienes valoraron la comprensibilidad, claridad y precisión del instrumento. Posteriormente, solo los expertos valoraron la pertinencia y relevancia del mismo. Con los datos resultantes se calcularon los índices de Kappa y Fleiss y el Lawshe modificado para verificar grado de concordancia y corroborar la validez. 3. Validez de constructo: se aplicó la nueva versión del instrumento ¨Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término¨ a 352 padres y madres de recién nacidos a término y con estos datos se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio de factores comunes por medio del índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO). El fenómeno a medir es el vínculo afectivo o apego. 4. Confiabilidad: la medición de la sensibilidad al cambio se realizó con el Alfa de Cronbach. 5. Retro ­ traducción: finalmente se realizó la traducción inversa del instrumento para medir ¨Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término¨ por traductor oficial certificado, la cual fue enviada a la autora del instrumento original. Resultados: teniendo en cuenta las fases en las que se desarrolló el proceso, a continuación se presentan los resultados: 1. Fase de traducción: Se sintetizó la versión en español del Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) a partir de las traducciones, y se realizaron los ajustes semánticos necesarios para el contexto colombiano, de manera que resultó una versión en español de 24 ítems frente a su versión original de 26 ítems. 2. Fase de validez facial y de contenido: con potenciales padres y expertos se valoró el instrumento, que arrojo una comprensibilidad global de 98%, un fuerte grado de concordancia en los aspectos valorados y una validez facial y de contenido adecuadas. 3. Fase de validez de constructo: A través del análisis factorial por rotación varimax a la muestra recolectada, se aplicó el índice KMO cuyo resultado fue de 0.73, lo que indica que emerge un nuevo instrumento basado en el Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI), que arroja indicadores de medición del fenómeno vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término dividido en 4 dimensiones a saber: apoyo emocional, unión ­ interacción, apoyo informativo y estrés. 4. Confiabilidad: presenta un Alfa de Cronbach de 0.69 el cual indica que es moderadamente aceptable. 5. Fase de retrotraducción: se envió a la autora la nueva versión del instrumento para medir ¨Vínculo afectivo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término¨ validado en contexto colombiano y traducido al idioma inglés. Conclusión: Se realizó la adaptación transcultural del Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI), del cual emerge el instrumento ¨Vínculo afectivo entre padres e hijos neonatos nacidos a término¨ el que cuenta con pruebas de validez facial y de contenido aprobadas, una confiabilidad moderadamente aceptable (Alfa de Cronbach de 0.69) y una validez de constructo por análisis factorial que evidencian medir el fenómeno para el que fue construido.

Often in investigations around the infant and parents the importance of bonding is mentioned, so that in fact several studies suggest its recommendations within delve on this issue but to do so will require measuring instruments reliable and valid, so in the search for these within the Colombian and Latin American context managed not highlight any tools that would assess the relationship link between term infants and their parents, but in other contexts itself has instruments their assessment, so that the cross-validation of Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) was performed. Objective: To determine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) to assess the emotional bond between parents and children born full-term infants. Method: Methodological research that research through psychometric rigor established the facial validity of content and construct of the Spanish version of Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) to assess the emotional bond between parents and children born full-term infants. psychometric theory was applied to the development of research, developed as follows: 1. Translation Phase: 2 official translators and bilingual nurse for the translation of the instrument were consulted, later with the help of a linguist synthesis was performed translations, which went through three experts, who validated the translated version to Spanish. 2. Phase face and content validity: 385 potential parents and five experts who evaluated the comprehensibility, clarity and precision of the instrument was consulted. Subsequently, only the experts evaluated the relevance and significance of it. With these data rates and Kappa Fleiss and modified closely matched to verify and confirm the validity Lawshe were calculated. 3. Construct validity: the Spanish version of the instrument to 352 parents of infants born at term was applied to these data and exploratory factor analysis of common factors was performed using factorial evaluation model through Kaiser index Meyer-Olkin (KMO). The phenomenon to be measured is the emotional bond or attachment. 4. Reliability: consists of measuring sensitivity to change, and for that the Cronbach's alpha, which evaluates the degree of consistency in which an instrument measures what it should measure is used. 5. Retro - translation: the reverse translation was done by two translators, then one translated version, which was sent to the author for validation from conceptually and linguistically was consolidated. Results: Considering the phases in this cultural adaptation was developed, then the results: 1. Translation phase: The Spanish version was synthesized in the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) from the translations, making semantic Colombian culture settings so that resulted in a Spanish version of 24 items against your version original 26 items. 2. Phase face and content validity: through potential parents and experts evaluated the instrument, giving an overall comprehensibility of 98%, plus a high degree of agreement on the aspects evaluated, giving an acceptable face validity and content. 3. Phase construct validity: Applying the collected sample factorial analysis results in a KMO index 0.73, indicating that this version of the instrument explains 73% of the variance. She also found that it is divided into 4 dimensions: emotional support, union - interaction, information support and stress. 4. Reliability: has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.69 indicating that the moderately acceptable. 5. Retro - translation: the author was sent synthesis validated instrument Colombian context again translated into English Conclusion: The instrument for assessing the emotional bond between parents and children born full-term infants have facial validity tests and acceptable content, plus a moderately acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.69) and construct validity by factor analysis can explain 73% of variance and evidence measure the phenomenon for which it was built.

The Study on Cross Validation Method for the Split Constituent of the Material fromAstragalus Sweet and Warm Property / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Whether there was crossing between Astragalus major split constituents was explored, and the methodology of cross validation for split constituents was studied to determine Astragalus sweet and warm property. The Astragalus was extracted by boiling water or other different solvents, and detected by HPLC-DAD or HPLC-ELSD. Finally, the similarity of each constituent was calculated by fingerprint software. Similarities of flavonoids and saponin constituents were all less than 0.31 and 0.34, respectively, compared to other constituents. The cross situation of nature-taste split components which was extracted by solvents was not serious. This method was proven to be feasible, and provided a theoretical and substantial basis for the Chinese taste pharmacological experiments and would be conductive to determine Astragalus sweet and warm property.

Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Niños / Escala de Práticas Parentais para Crianças / Parental Practices Scale for Children

Confirmatory factor analysis conducted in a sample of 706 children 7 to 16 years of age, 354 girls and 352 boys, revealed a 5-factor solution (Rejection, Corporal Punishment, Support, Responsiveness, Warmth). Results supported the measurement model of the Parental Practices Scale for Children, which evaluates children's perception of parental practices associated to offspring emotional adjustment. This finding was replicated in a second study (N=233, 126 girls and 107 boys). The measure demonstrated good internal consistency, and was further supported by convergent validity with an instrument built with a similar objective. The measurement model supported by results of both studies is consistent with previous findings.

El análisis factorial confirmatorio realizado en una muestra de 706 niños entre 7 y 16 años, 354 niñas y 352 niños, reveló una solución de 5 factores (Rechazo, Castigo Corporal, Apoyo, Receptividad y Calidez). Los resultados apoyaron el modelo de medida de la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Niños que evalúa su percepción respecto a dichas prácticas asociadas con el ajuste emocional infantil. Este hallazgo se repitió en un segundo estudio (N=233, 126 niñas y 107 niños). La medida mostró buena coherencia interna, así como validez convergente con un instrumento construido para un objetivo similar. El modelo de medida, apoyado por los resultados de ambos estudios, es coherente con hallazgos previos.

A análise fatorial confirmatória realizada em uma amostra de 706 crianças entre 7 e 16 anos (354 meninas e 352 meninos) revelou uma solução de 5 fatores (Recusa, Castigo Corporal, Apoio, Receptividade e Calidez). Os resultados apoiaram o modelo de medida da Escala de Práticas Parentais para Crianças que avalia sua percepção a respeito dessas práticas associadas ao ajuste emocional infantil. Esta descoberta se repetiu em um segundo estudo (N=233, 126 meninas e 107 meninos). A medida mostrou boa coerência interna, assim como validade convergente com um instrumento construído para um objetivo similar. O modelo de medida, apoiado pelos resultados de ambos os estudos é coerente com descobertas prévias.

Staging of Hepatic Fibrosis: Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Elastography and Shear Wave Elastography in the Same Individuals

OBJECTIVE: To cross-validate liver stiffness (LS) measured on shear wave elastography (SWE) and on magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in the same individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 94 liver transplantation (LT) recipients and 114 liver donors who underwent either MRE or SWE before surgery or biopsy. We determined the technical success rates and the incidence of unreliable LS measurements (LSM) of SWE and MRE. Among the 69 patients who underwent both MRE and SWE, the median and coefficient of variation (CV) of the LSM from each examination were compared and correlated. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve in both examinations were calculated in order to exclude the presence of hepatic fibrosis (HF). RESULTS: The technical success rates of MRE and SWE were 96.4% and 92.2%, respectively (p = 0.17), and all of the technical failures occurred in LT recipients. SWE showed 13.1% unreliable LSM, whereas MRE showed no such case (p < 0.05). There was moderate correlation in the LSM in both examinations (r = 0.67). SWE showed a significantly larger median LSM and CV than MRE. Both examinations showed similar diagnostic performance for excluding HF (Az; 0.989, 1.000, respectively). CONCLUSION: MRE and SWE show moderate correlation in their LSMs, although SWE shows higher incidence of unreliable LSMs in cirrhotic liver.

External cross-validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in Korean adults

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models must be validated against a reference method in a representative population sample before they can be accepted as accurate and applicable. The purpose of this study was to compare the eight-electrode BIA method with DEXA as a reference method in the assessment of body composition in Korean adults and to investigate the predictive accuracy and applicability of the eight-electrode BIA model. A total of 174 apparently healthy adults participated. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. FM, %fat, and FFM were estimated by an eight-electrode BIA model and were measured by DEXA. Correlations between BIA_%fat and DEXA_%fat were 0.956 for men and 0.960 for women with a total error of 2.1%fat in men and 2.3%fat in women. The mean difference between BIA_%fat and DEXA_%fat was small but significant (P < 0.05), which resulted in an overestimation of 1.2 +/- 2.2%fat (95% CI: -3.2-6.2%fat) in men and an underestimation of -2.0 +/- 2.4%fat (95% CI: -2.3-7.1%fat) in women. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the %fat of 86.3% of men was accurately estimated and the %fat of 66.0% of women was accurately estimated to within 3.5%fat. The BIA had good agreement for prediction of %fat in Korean adults. However, the eight-electrode BIA had small, but systemic, errors of %fat in the predictive accuracy for individual estimation. The total errors led to an overestimation of %fat in lean men and an underestimation of %fat in obese women.

Validação de equações antropométricas para a estimativa da massa muscular por meio de absortometria radiológica de dupla energia em universitários do sexo masculino / Validation of anthropometric equations for the estimation of muscular mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in male college students

Diferentes equações antropométricas têm sido desenvolvidas e validadas para uso em populações distintas, a partir de modelos multicompartimentais. A absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA) é uma alternativa multicompartimental de avaliação da composição corporal, ainda pouco utilizada no Brasil para validação e desenvolvimento de equações antropométricas, sobretudo para predição da massa muscular (MM). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi validar equações antropométricas para estimativa da MM a partir da DEXA, em universitários brasileiros do sexo masculino. Para tanto, 131 adultos entre 18 e 36 anos (73,9 ± 9,7kg; 177,6 ± 6,4cm; MM = 32,1 ± 3,6kg) foram avaliados por meio da DEXA e de medidas antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura, circunferências e espessura de dobras cutâneas), e analisados mediante utilização de quatro equações preditivas da MM. Foram utilizadas as seguintes análises: estatística descritiva, procedimentos de validação cruzada e análise de concordância (CCI e Bland e Altman). A equação 3 [MM (kg) = E.(0,00744.CBrC² + 0,00088.CCxC² + 0,00441.CPantC²) + 2,4.S - 0,048.Id + R + 7,8] de Lee et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:796-803) apresentou validade concorrente, para a avaliação da MM (t = 1,13; r = 0,83; EPE = 2,08; diferença média [d] = 0,21). Além desta, a equação 4, dos mesmos autores [MM (kg) = 0,244.MC + 7,8.E + 6,6.S - 0,098.Id + R - 3,3], com baixos valores de EPE (2,20), erro constante (- 0,72), erro total (2,72) e d (- 0,77) e boas concordâncias (moderada a alta) foi sugerida para utilização na amostra estudada. Novos estudos de validação são sugeridos em amostras diferentes, mediante o uso de DEXA como método de referência. Da mesma forma, sugere-se maior utilização de equações antropométricas para avaliação da MM, sobretudo para o monitoramento das alterações na massa muscular em relação aos processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e envelhecimento e na avaliação do treinamento físico e esportivo.

Different anthropometric equations have been developed and cross-validated for its use in distinct populations through multicompartimentals models. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a multicompartimental alternative for body composition assessment, however, in Brazil, this model still is not often used, especially for the analysis of the muscle mass (MM). Thus, the purpose of this study was to cross-validate anthropometric equations to estimate relative body fat and MM from DEXA, in young male Brazilian college students. For this, 131 young adults between 18 and 36 years (73,9 ± 9,7 kg; 177,6 ± 6,4 cm; MM = 32,1 ± 3,6 kg) had been evaluated by means of DEXA and anthropometric measures (body mass, stature, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses), been analyzed four equations for the calculation of the MM. The following analysis were applied: descriptive statistics, procedures of cross-validation and analysis of agreement (ICC and Bland and Altman). Equation 3 [MM (kg) = E.(0,00744.CBrC² + 0,00088.CC x C² + 0,00441.CPantC²) + 2,4.S - 0,048.Id + R + 7,8] of Lee et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:796-803) was validated, for the evaluation of the MM (t = 1,13; r = 0,83; EPE = 2,08; d = 0,21). Beyond this, equation 4, from the same researchers [MM (kg) = 0,244.MC + 7,8.E + 6,6.S - 0,098.Id + R - 3,3] were suggested for its use in the studied sample, in view of the low values presented of EPE (2,20), EC (-0,72), ET (2,72) and d (-0,77) and the good agreements fond (from moderate to high). New cross-validation studies are suggested in different samples, using DEXA as the reference method, as well is suggested a greater utilization of anthropometric equations for the assessment of MM, for the following of MM changes in relation to the growth, development and aging process, and in the evaluation of the physical and sports training.

Continuidade espacial de atributos físico-hídricos do solo em sub-bacia hidrográfica de cabeceira / Spatial continuity of soil physical-hydric attributes at headwater watershed

O conhecimento da estrutura de continuidade espacial dos atributos fisico-hídricos de solos é uma importante ferramenta para o manejo solo em sub-bacias hidrográficas. No entanto, o mapeamento produzido não pode apresentar-se enviesado, com tendências, como acontece com aqueles puramente geométricos. Desta forma, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar modelos de semivariogramas, bem como, métodos de ajuste, para volume total de poros (VTP), condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (k o), porosidade drenável (m), umidade volumétrica na capacidade de campo (qcc), umidade volumétrica no ponto de murcha permanente (qpmp) e capacidade total de armazenamento de água (CTA), em uma sub-bacia hidrográfica na cabeceira do Rio Grande, na Serra da Mantiqueira. Para isto, foram feitas amostragens em 198 pontos na camada de 0-0,15m em grids de 300m x 300m, 60m x 60m e 20m x 20m. Foram ajustados os modelos de semivariogramas esférico, exponencial e gaussiano ao semivariograma experimental, pelos métodos dos mínimos quadrados ponderados (MQP) e máxima verossimilhança (MV). A análise variográfica mostrou que todos os atributos estudados apresentaram-se estruturados espacialmente. A maioria dos atributos apresentou melhor ajuste pela metodologia dos MQP, exceção feita aos atributos porosidade drenável e qpmp. Não houve predominância de nenhum modelo específico de semivariogramas para os atributos avaliados.

The knowledge of spatial continuity of soil physical-hydric attributes is an important tool for soil management on watersheds. However, the mapping cannot present bias as produced by essential geometric interpolator. This work aims to evaluate semi-variogram models and respective methods of adjustment for total porosity (VTP), hydraulic conductivity saturated (k o), drainable porosity (m), soil moisture in field capacity (qcc), soil moisture in permanent wilt point (qpmp) and soil water storage capacity (CTA) on headwater watershed, in Mantiqueira Mountain region. For that, samples were collected at layer of 0-0.15 m, in 198 points, following the grids of 300m x 300m, 60m x 60m and 20m x 20m. Weighted minimum squared (MQP) and Maximum Likelihood (MV) methods were used to adjust spherical, exponential and gaussian semi-variogram models. Cross validation showed that all attributes studied presented spatial continuity. Most of soil attributes presented better adjustments through MQP methodology, except drainable porosity and qpmp. It was not possible to determine only one semi-variogram model to all soil attributes evaluated.