ABSTRACT
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the most serious cosmopolitan pests of cruciferous plants. It causes severe damage to crop quality and production, with estimated global losses of 20-40% per year. Consumer preference regarding pest-free and uncontaminated crop, unavailability of highly competitive natural enemies as well as migratory nature of DBM has obligated for the mandatory use of insecticides. The over reliance and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides to control DBM has lead to development of resistance against almost all the modern insecticides. In addition, it has also developed resistance against most of the Bt strain. To overcome the problem of resistance, there is an urgent need for new and highly efficient method to control DBM which must be eco-friendly, cost effective and has minimum impact on the environment. One of such alternatives is nanotechnology which fulfil all the criteria to become an ideal insecticide or delivery system for insect pest management especially DBM. Nanotechnology offers great improvement in the field of pesticides as it is less toxic, shelf-life enhancement and higher water solubility. Loading of Indoxacarb on nanoparticles are reported to be highly effective they suppressed the activity of detoxification enzymes such as GST, CarE, and P450. Green synthesis of AgNPs, Single walled carbon nano tube (SWCNT) also exhibits larvicidal and pupicidal effect. These are also reported to adversely affect food consumption, growth, pupation and fecundity of P. xylostella.These nanoparticles have been found to be more stable, also the controlled release of active ingredient for a long time and provides target specific control of P. xylostella for solving adverse situations ofthe crop fields like less food security, lesser food productivity and environmental imbalance.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the association between consumption of cruciferous vegetables (CV), level of urinary isothiocyanates (ITC) and the risk of lung cancer among man in urban Shanghai.@*Methods@#A nested case-control study was conducted within the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Using incidence density sampling with a 2∶1 control to case selection ratio, 885 controls were selected to match 443 lung cancer cases diagnosed prior December 31, 2010. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered to estimate CV consumption. The high performance liquid chromatography method was applied to measure urinary ITC level. The CV intake and urinary ITC level were divided into quartiles according to distribution of control group. The lowest quartile was as a reference group. Conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between CV intake, urinary ITC level and the risk of lung cancer.@*Results@#The cruciferous vegetables intake median (P25, P75) in cases and controls were 80.05 (46.89, 129.04) and 97.68 (55.25, 151.72) g/d (Z=-3.93, P<0.001). The urinary ITC level were 1.256 (0.474, 3.836) and 1.244 (0.484, 3.004) μmol/g Cr (Z=-0.39, P=0.697). After adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, education level, smoking and alcohol consumption, for urinary ITC level, the OR(95%CI) for the highest quartile(≥3.004 μmol/g Cr) was 1.25 (0.87-1.80) compared with the lowest quartile(<0.484 μmol/g). For CV intake, the OR(95%CI) for the highest quartile(≥151.71 g/d) was 0.66 (0.43-1.02) compared with the lowest quartile(<55.25 g/d).@*Conclusion@#No association was found between the CV intake, urinary ITC level and lung cancer risk in men.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze two isothiocyanates (sulforaphene and sulforaphane) and their antiproliferative effect of 11 indigenous cruciferous vegetables. Methods: Phytoconstituents identification was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer techniques. The antiproliferation was evaluated in colon cancer cell line HCT116 by MTT assay. Results: Isothiocyanate identification by high performance liquid chromatography showed that broccoli, cabbage, "Khi-Hood" (Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef) and Chinese radish contained isothiocyanates sulforaphane. Sulforaphene and sulforaphane in broccoli, cabbage and "Khi-Hood" were characterized by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. Antiproliferation screening by MTT assay found that the potent plants which possessed IC
ABSTRACT
A estimativa da área foliar, em função da sua redução causada pelo consumo por insetos filófagos, é uma metodologia básica em várias áreas da Entomologia, como, por exemplo, em estudos sobre resistência de plantas, entomologia econômica e ecologia nutricional. Um dos fatores que pode interferir na quantidade de área foliar consumida pelo fitófago é a presença de certos químicos nas folhas, como a sinigrina em brassicáceas. Dessa forma, foram aplicadas em folhas de couve e brócolis diversas concentrações de sinigrina (0,2, 0,4, 0,8, 1,6, e 3,2 mg/mL em solução a 5% de Tween20(r)), medindo-se o consumo da área foliar por lagartas de P. xylostella, o qual foi aferido pela porcentagem de redução da área, diferença de peso e escala visual de notas. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações 0,2, 0,4 e 3,2 mg/mL de sinigrina aumentam o consumo em folhas de couve e diminuem em folhas de brócolis por lagartas de P. xylostella. As metodologias utilizadas proporcionam resultados similares, sendo as estimativas de peso fresco e nota visual mais práticas.(AU)
Leaf area estimation, based on their reduction due to consumption by phytophagous insects, is a basic methodology in several areas of Entomology, for instance, in studies about plant resistance, economic entomology and nutritional ecology. One of the factors that can affect the amount of leaf area consumed by insects is the presence of certain chemicals in the leaves, such as sinigrin in Brassicaceae. Thus, several concentrations of sinigrin were applied on the leaves of cabbage and broccoli (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/mL in 5% Tween20(r) solution) in order to measure leaf area consumption by larvae of P. xylostella, estimated by the percentage of area reduction, weight loss and visual scale of notes. The results show that the concentrations of 0.2, 0.4 and 3.2 mg/mL of sinigrin increase larvae consumption of P. xylostella on kale leaves and decrease it on broccoli leaves. The methodologies used provide similar results, and fresh weight measurements and visual grades are more practical.(AU)
Subject(s)
Brassicaceae , Insecta , Pest ControlABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar a interação tritrófica no complexo hospedeiro-vegetal (brássicas) x praga/hospedeiro-natural Plutella xylostella Linnaeus x inseto-entomófago (parasitóides - Trichogrmma pretiosum Riley e T. exiguum Pinto & Platner), associada a alguns produtos químicos e vegetais com efeito inseticida, utilizando-se os cultivares de repolho verde - Chato de quintal e híbrido Midori; roxo - Roxo precoce e Híbrido roxo - TPC00682; e couve manteiga - Geórgia e hibrido Geórgia HS20, pulverizadas com os inseticidas: lufenuron (2,52 ml/100L) e deltametrina (32 ml/100L), os produtos vegetais óleo de nim a 0,16 por cento e extrato pirolenhoso a 3,0 por cento, controle (água). Foi avaliada a interação das cultivares com os compostos por meio da exposição de lagartas recém-eclodidas aos produtos, avaliando-se os insetos nas fases de desenvolvimento até a emergência dos adultos. Para avaliar o efeito desses compostos sobre os parasitóides, foram empregados ovos de uma geração F2 de P. xylostella oriunda de lagartas alimentadas com folhas de brássicas, pulverizadas com esses produtos. A associação de produtos químicos ou vegetais, com efeito inseticida, com as cultivares de brássicas permitiu o manejo mais eficaz, especialmente na interação extrato pirolenhoso x a cultivar de repolho Chato de quintal. Observa-se que a interação entre as cultivares e os produtos pode ser prejudicial à atuação do parasitóide Trichogramma, sendo necessária uma avaliação criteriosa para minimizar o efeito sobre inimigos naturais.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the tritrofic interaction in brassica complex: host-vegetable (brassica) vs. pest/natural-host (Plutella xylostella) vs. entomophagous-insect (parasitoid - Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma exiguum), combined with chemical and vegetable products with insecticide action. The cultivar used were: green cabbage - Chato de quintal and Midori hybrid; purple cabbage - Roxo Precoce and purple hybrid - TPC00682; kale - Georgia and Georgia hybrid HS20. They were sprayed using the insecticides - lufenuron (2,52 ml/100L) and deltamethrin (32 ml/100L); the vegetal products - neen oil (0,16 percent) and pyroligneous extract (3,0 percent); and water (check). The cultivars interaction was evaluated with the products, by larvae exposition to the treatments, being analyzed the different phases of development through adults emergence. To evaluate the effect of these products on the parasitoids, P. xylostella, eggs from F2 generation were used. Eggs of this pest were collected from adults fed with brassica leaves that were sprayed with the mentioned products. The insecticides association and vegetable products combined with brassica cultivars became more effective to manage the pest control, especially in the pyroligneous extract x Chato de Quintal interaction. The interaction between the cultivars and products may be harmful to Trichogramma performance being necessary a discerning evaluation to minimize the effect on natural enemies.