Protective effects of ischemic postconditioning on skeletal muscle following crush syndrome in the rat

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) on skeletal muscle and its optimal protocol. Methods This article is about an animal study of rat model of crush syndrome. Sixty rats were randomized into nine different IPostC intervention groups and a control group. The anesthetized rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb 3-kg compression with a compression device for 6 h, followed by nine different IPostC intervention protocols. Results Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) at 3 h post-crush became 2.3-3.9 times among all 10 groups after crush. At 72 h post-crush, serum CK level was reduced to 0.28-0.53 time in all intervention groups. The creatinine (CREA) level in the control group was elevated to 3.11 times at 3 h post-crush and reduced to1.77 time at 72 h post-crush. The potassium (K+) level in the control group was elevated to 1.65 and 1.41 time at 3 and 72 h post-crush, respectively. Conclusions Our IPostC intervention protocols can effectively protect rats from crush-induced elevation of serum CK, CREA, and K+ levels. The timing of IPostC intervention should be as early as possible, to ensure the protective effect.

The new surface landmarks for blind axillary vein puncture

Abstract Objective: To compare the efficacy of blind axillary vein puncture utilizing the new surface landmarks for the subclavian method. Methods: This prospective and randomized study was performed at two cardiology medical centers in East China. Five hundred thirty-eight patients indicated to undergo left-sided pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation were enrolled, 272 patients under the axillary access and 266 patients under the subclavian approach. A new superficial landmark was used for the axillary venous approach, whereas conventional landmarks were used for the subclavian venous approach. We measured lead placement time and X-ray time from vein puncture until all leads were placed in superior vena cava. Meanwhile, the rate of success of lead placement and the type and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics or number of leads implanted. There were high success rates for both strategies (98.6% [494/501] vs. 98.4% [479/487], P=0.752) and similar complication rates (14% [38/272] vs. 15% [40/266], P=0.702). Six cases in the control group developed subclavian venous crush syndrome and five had pneumothorax, while neither pneumothorax nor subclavian venous crush syndrome was observed in the experimental group. Conclusion: We have developed a new blind approach to cannulate the axillary vein, which is as effective as the subclavian access, safer than that, and also allows to get this vein without the guidance of fluoroscopy, contrast, or echography.

Síndrome de aplastamiento. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Crush Syndrome, Case Report and Literature Review Abstract

Resumen El síndrome compartimental se define como la elevación de la presión tisular por arriba de 30 mmHg en un compartimento, siendo más fiable la comparación de la presión tisular compartimental con la presión arterial diastólica por debajo de 30 mmHg; esta situación comúnmente es predecesora del síndrome de aplastamiento, el cual se define como una rabdomiólisis postraumática con alteración sistémica, principalmente asociada a falla renal aguda. El uso de la amputación como método para mejorar la condición clínica del paciente aún es controversial, por lo que a continuación se presenta el caso de un paciente rescatado de los escombros de un derrumbe, 24 horas después del terremoto que afectó a la Ciudad de México el 19 se septiembre de 2017, así mismo se presenta una revisión de la literatura actual.

Abstract Compartment Syndrome is defined as the elevation of tissue pressure above 30 mmHg in a compartment and because comparing the compartment tissue pressure with the diastolic blood pressure below 30 mmHg has proved to be more reliable, this is now a predecessor of Crush Syndrome, which is defined as a post-traumatic rhabdomyolysis with systemic distress mainly associated with acute renal failure. The use of amputation as a method to improve the patient's clinical condition is still controversial, thereby we present the clinical case of a patient rescued from a collapsed building 24 hours after the earthquake that affected Mexico City on September 19, 2017, followed by an updated literature review.

Double Crush Syndrome of the Median Nerve: A Literature Review

Double crush syndrome (DCS) is defined as the compressive involvement of the same peripheral nerve in different segments.When this syndrome affects the median nerve, a proximal compression of a spinal nerve that will constitute this structure (often the spinal nerve at the C6 vertebra) is usually noted at the cervical spine level as a herniated disc and as a distal compression at the level of the carpal tunnel. Epidemiological data on median nerve compromise by DCS are still very scarce in the medical literature. The diagnosis can be inferred by symptoms and signs occurring proximally and distally in the arm, as well as by alterations revealed by upper limb electromyography and neuroimaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine. Nowadays, information on which compressed neuroanatomical point should be initially addressed still depends on further studies. Limited data infer that these patients, when submitted to surgical treatment in only one of the median nerve compression points, evolve with worse functional outcomes than the surgically-treated group with carpal tunnel syndrome without DCS.

Adipose-derived stem cell transplantation for acute kidney injury caused by crush injury / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells have the advantages of easy access, easy separation, small trauma, and rapid proliferation. Current treatments for kidney injury are more limited, and adipose-derived stem cells may provide a new treatment route. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of adipose-derived stem cell transplantation on the kidney function of rats with acute kidney injury induced by crush injury in rats. METHODS: Cryopreserved adipose-derived stem cells were recovered in vitro and cultured to prepare cell suspension following labeling with PKH-26. Twenty rats were randomly selected from 66 experimental Sprague-Dawley rats (provided by Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd.) as normal control group. In the 40 of the remaining 46 rats, a pathological model of acute kidney injury caused by compression injury was successfully established by the use of forceps to double the proximal hind limbs. The 40 rat models were divided into model group and cell transplantation group, with 20 rats in each group. After 6 hours of modeling, the rats in the model group were given intravenous injection of normal saline (20 μL) , and the rats in the cell group were given intravenous injection of PKH-26-labeled adipose-derived stem cells (20 μL, 3×106/L) , once a day for 3 continuous days. The levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were measured in each group at 1, 3, 14 and 21 days after transplantation. The left kidney of the rats in each group was observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, TUNEL staining, RT-PCR and western blot assay at 3 and 21 days after cell transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in the serum of rats at 1, 3, 14 and 21 days after cell transplantation were significantly higher in the model group than the normal control group (P < 0.05) and cell transplantation group (P < 0.05). (2) At 3 and 21 days after cell transplantation, the scores on the kidney injury and apoptotic rate of kidney cells were ranked as follows: model group> cell transplantation group> normal control group, and there were significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). (3) At 3 and 21 days after cell transplantation, the expressions of bax and Caspase-3 in the kidney tissue at mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in the model group and cell transplantation than the normal control group (P < 0.01) as well as significantly higher in the cell transplantation group than the model group (P < 0.05). To conclude, adipose-derived stem cell transplantation has obvious repairing effect on acute kidney injury caused by crush injury, and its mechanism may be related to the involvement of adipose-derived stem cells in regulating the expression of bax and Caspase-3.

Comparison of the effects of volemic reposition with 7. 5 % NaCl or blood in an experimental model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock / Comparação dos efeitos da reposição volêmica com NaCl 7, 5 % ou sangue em um modelo experimental de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico

ABSTRACT Objective: Crush syndrome is characterized by traumatic muscular injuries with severe systemic clinical repercussions. The systemic inflammatory reaction characterized acutely by infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs has been studied as part of the spectrum of crush syndrome. Experimental research may demonstrate alternative treatments for crush syndrome. The authors studied the hypothesis that hypertonic saline solution (7.5% NaCl) could minimize the local and systemic effects in a model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Rabbits were submitted to a new model of muscle compression associated with hemorrhagic shock. Compression was applied through an Esmarch bandage, used for 1 h on the entire right lower limb. Hemorrhagic shock was induced for 1 h by dissection and catheterization of the carotid artery. Blood replacement or hypertonic saline solution was used to treat the shock. Biochemical analysis of plasma, quantification of muscular edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs were carried out. Results: Animals treated with hypertonic solution presented the same hemodynamic response as the blood treated patients, less water in the compressed muscles and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. The blood group presented hypocalcemia, a facet of crush syndrome. Conclusions: The proposed model was effective for the study of crush syndrome associated with hemorrhagic shock. The treatment with hypertonic solution showed benefits when compared with blood volume replacement.

RESUMO Objetivo: A síndrome de esmagamento é caracterizada por lesões musculares traumáticas com graves repercussões clínicas sistêmicas. A reação inflamatória sistêmica, caracterizada agudamente por infiltração de neutrófilos nos pulmões, tem sido estudada como parte do espectro da síndrome de esmagamento. A pesquisa experimental pode demonstrar opções de tratamento para a síndrome de esmagamento. Os autores estudaram a hipótese de que solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%) pudesse minimizar os efeitos locais e sistêmicos da síndrome de esmagamento em um modelo de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico. Métodos: Coelhos foram submetidos a um novo modelo de compressão muscular associado ao choque hemorrágico. A compressão foi feita por uma faixa de Esmarch aplicada por uma hora em todo membro inferior direito. O choque hemorrágico foi induzido durante uma hora por dissecção e cateterização da artéria carótida. O choque foi tratado com reposição de sangue ou solução salina hipertônica. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas do plasma, quantificação do edema muscular e infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. Resultados: Os animais tratados com solução hipertônica apresentaram a mesma resposta hemodinâmica observada naqueles tratados com sangue, menor quantidade de água nos músculos comprimidos e menor infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. O grupo tratado com sangue apresentou hipocalcemia, característica da síndrome de esmagamento. Conclusões: O modelo proposto mostrou-se efetivo para o estudo da síndrome de esmagamento associada ao choque hemorrágico. O tratamento com solução hipertônica apresentou benefícios quando comparado com a reposição volêmica com sangue.

Early diagnosis and treatment of crush syndrome / 中国小儿急救医学

Frequent earthquake,debris flow,mine disaster,landslides,explosions,car accident and other injuries often lead to the occurrence of crush syndrome.Its clinical manifestations include muscle injury in the injured area,usually combined with distant organ dysfunction,such as liver,kidney,heart,lung,gastro-intestinal tract,and even lead to hypovolemic shock,compartment syndrome,rhabdomyolysis,traumatic multiple organ failure.Due to the hidden pathological changes of secondary organ dysfunction,rapid progress, more dangerous prognosis,it can even lead to death.Therefore,the early identification,diagnosis and treat-ment of crush syndrome can significantly improve the prognosis,avoid complications and reduce mortality and disability rate.

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Double Crush Syndrome of the Ulnar Nerve by the Anconeus Epitrochlearis and a Ganglion

Double compression of the ulnar nerve, including Guyon's canal syndrome associated with cubital tunnel syndrome caused by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, is a very rare condition. We present a case of double crush syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the wrist and elbow in a 55-year-old man, as well as a brief review of the literature. Although electrodiagnostic findings were consistent with an ulnar nerve lesion only at the elbow, ultrasonography revealed a ganglion compressing the ulnar nerve at the hypothenar area and the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle lying in the cubital tunnel. Careful physical examination and ultrasound assessment of the elbow and wrist confirmed the clinical diagnosis prior to surgery.

Plasma cytokine expression after lower-limb compression in rats / Expressão de citoquinas plasmáticas após compressão de membros inferiores de ratos

Muscle injury due to crushing (muscle compression injury) is associated with systemic manifestations known as crush syndrome. A systemic inflammatory reaction may also be triggered by isolated muscle injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of interleukins (IL) 1, 6 and 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which are markers for possible systemic inflammatory reactions, after isolated muscle injury resulting from lower-limb compression in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to 1 h of compression of their lower limbs by means of a rubber band. The plasma levels of IL 1, 6 and 10 and TNF-α were measured 1, 2 and 4 h after the rats were released from compression. RESULTS: The plasma levels of IL 10 decreased in relation to those of the other groups, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The method used did not detect the presence of IL 1, IL 6 or TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the changes in plasma levels of IL 10 that were found may have been a sign of the presence of circulating interleukins in this model of lower-limb compression in rats...

A lesão muscular por esmagamento (lesão por compressão muscular) está associada a manifestações sistêmicas conhecidas como síndrome do esmagamento. A reação inflamatória sistêmica pode também ser desencadeada pela lesão muscular isolada. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis plasmáticos de interleucinas (IL) 1, 6, 10 e TNF-α, marcadores de uma possível reação inflamatória sistêmica, após a lesão muscular isolada resultante da compressão de membros inferiores de ratos. MÉTODOS: ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a uma hora de compressão dos membros inferiores por uma faixa de borracha. Os níveis plasmáticos de IL 1, 6, 10 e TNF-α foram medidos uma, duas e quatro horas após a liberação da compressão. RESULTADOS: os níveis plasmáticos de IL 10 diminuíram quando comparados com outros grupos com diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). Não houve detecção, pelo método, da presença de IL 1, 6 e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: nossos resultados demonstraram que as alterações dos níveis plasmáticos de IL 10 encontradas podem ser um sinal da presença de interleucinas circulantes nesse modelo de compressão de membros inferiores de ratos...

Alterations in Calcium-Binding Properties of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Proteins Following Cardiac Injury.

The objective of present work is to investigate metabolic alterations associated with heart failure, particularly one of its manifestations, a sustained hypocalcemia that causes hemodynamic changes contributed to subsequent myocardial injury. Comparative study was carried out using experimental models of pancreatic necrosis (PN) and crush syndrome (CS) accompanied by cardiac damage down to myocardial infarction. Study design: Wistar adult male rats randomly divided into groups (n=12/group). The controls are healthy intact animals. The pancreatic necrosis (PN) and crush syndrome (CS) groups were then randomly subdivided: PN group- into 3, 24 and 72 h groups concerning hemorrhage, early and late pancreatic necrosis respectively; CS group – into 2, 4, 24, and 48 h decompression stages. The rats were sacrificed to analyze spectra and calcium-binding properties of the membrane proteins isolated from the cardiomyocyte sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Development of pathological changes in the heart and pancreas were also monitored. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathological Biochemistry and Radioisotope Methods, H. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry of Natl. Acad. Sci (NAS), Republic of Armenia (RA). Experiments conducted between May 2011 and October 2013. Methodology: To study pathogenesis of hypocalcemia underlying myocardial damage a translocation of radioactive 45CaCI2 into cardiomyocytes and its intracellular distribution was examined. Binding of 45Ca2+ to the SR membrane proteins was measured after proteins separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and radioactivity from the gel plates was counted by a gas-flow meter Berthold–II. Isoelectric focusing of the protein isolated from the SR of cardiomyocyte was performed. Results: Statistically significant changes in mean radio labeled calcium incorporation into a total protein fraction of the cardiomyocyte SR from control (13682±271) were determined by3h of PN (23055±168, P<.001), 24 h of PN (22876±240, P<.01), and by 72 h (3851±271,P<.01), P vs. control. Similarly, these parameters were detected following CS by 2h decompression (24179±225, P<.01), 4-24 hours decompression (21666±124, P<.001) and 48 h decompression (2941±189, P<.001), P vs. control. We demonstrate that drop in the binding calcium level observed was partially due to impaired affinity to calcium of the cardiomyocyte SR calcium-binding proteins during development of both PN and CS despite a simultaneous manifestation of affinity to calcium of the SR 32-kDa protein. Conclusion: In the present study we have clearly shown that both experimental acute pancreatitis and long-term compression injury may cause similar changes,а loss the calcium-binding properties of the cardiomyocyte proteins, particularly those of SR serving as a main calcium depot under physiological circumstances and appear to be involved in common cellular and molecular mechanisms of myocardial injury contributing to hypocalcemia. Simultaneously, both PN and/or CS cause similar manifestations of the new calcium-binding properties of the cardiomyocyte SR 32-kDa membrane protein, and mirrored dynamic changes in its calcium affinity suggested by Scatchard plot analysis indicating a common mechanism that would be a transient attempt of certain heart cells to compensate hypocalcemia, and thus emerge from an otherwise pathological outcome. Thus, the above mentioned changes could be used to identify patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease in different pathologies.

Efeitos da laserterapia na regeneração nervosa periférica / Effects of laser therapy in peripheral nerve regeneration

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito do laser nas doses de 5, 10 e 20J/cm2 na reparação do nervo fibular de ratos após esmagamento. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio da análise funcional da marcha e de parâmetros morfométricos.MÉTODOS: Lesão por esmagamento controlado do nervo fibular comum direito e submetidos a intensidades crescentes (G1: sem irradiação; G2: sham; G3: 5J/cm2; G4: 10J/cm2; G5: 20J/cm2) de irradiação do laser diretamente sobre o local da lesão por 21 dias consecutivos. A análise funcional da marcha foi realizada a intervalos semanais, tendo sido medido o índice funcional do fibular (IFF). Os animais foram sacrificados nos 21º dia pós-operatório para remoção do nervo fibular, que foi preparado para a análise morfométrica.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) dos valores da análise de marcha (IFF) entre os grupos em qualquer momento de avaliação para o parâmetro. A área total da secção transversal do nervo foi significantemente maior no grupo 2 do que nos grupos 3 e 4, enquanto a densidade de fibras foi significantemente maior no grupo 4 do que no demais grupos.CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação com o laser AsGaAl de baixa potência não acelerou a regeneração do nervo fibular com nenhuma das doses utilizadas. Nível de Evidência I, Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of dose of low power lasertherapy (AsGaAl, 830 nm) on the regeneration of the fibular nerve of rats after a crush injury was evaluated by means of the functional gait analysis and histomorphometric parameters.METHODS: Controlled crush injury of the right common fibular nerve, immediately followed by increasing doses (G1: no irradiation; G2: simulated; G3: 5 J/cm2; G4: 10 J/cm2; G5: 20 J/cm2) laser irradiation directly on the lesion site for 21 consecutive days. Functional gait analysis was carried out at weekly intervals by measuring the peroneal/fibular functional index (PFI). The animals were killed on the 21st postoperative day for removal of the fibular nerve, which was prepared for the histomorphometric analysis.RESULTS: The PFI progressively increased during the observation period in all groups, without significant differences between them (p>0.05). The transverse nerve area was significantly wider in group 2 than in groups 3 and 4, while fiber density was significantly greater in group 4 than in all remaining groups.CONCLUSION: The low power AsGaAl laser irradiation did not accelerate nerve recovery with any of the doses used. Level of Evidence I, Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

Overlapped multiple distal entrapment neuropathies hindering diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome: A case report

Thoracic outlet syndrome is caused by the compression of neurovascular structures at the thoracic outlet region. Diagnosis is difficult since thoracic outlet syndrome is often accompanied by distal entrapment neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome or ulnar and radial neuropathies. In this article, the authors report a case regarding a patient with thoracic outlet syndrome whose diagnosis was delayed due to the overlapping of multiple distal entrapment neuropathies.

Negative pressure drainage for prevention of crush syndrome in rabbits / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To establish an animal model of crush syndrome in rabbits and investigate the preventive effect of negative pressure drainage.Methods Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups:control group,traditional treatment group,negative-pressure treatment group and mixed treatment group,with six rabbits per group.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN),creatinine (Cr),K,creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Myo) were detected before crush and at 6,12,24,48,72 hours after decompression.Edema and analgesia of extremities were determined and changes of kidney and muscular tissue were observed by light microscope.Results As time went on,K,Myo,BUN and CR had unobvious rise in each treatment group,without the presence of renal failure.The control group showed marvelous increases of K,Myo,BUN and Cr at 6 hours after decompression,from (4.61 ±0.98)mmol/L,(4.22±0.93) ng/ml,(7.76±1.40) mmol/L,(101.32±9.35)μmol/Lto (7.88±1.95)mmol/L,(11.34 ±3.86) ng/ml,(15.91 ± 1.76) mmol/L,(258.32 ±91.40) μmol/L separately,with renal failure and significant differences in comparison with other treatment group (P ＜0.05).The level of tissue edema and degree of analgesia in negative-pressure treatment group and mixed treatment group were lower than those in the traditional treatment group.Renal damage in all the treatment groups was milder than that in the control group by light microscopic observation,while there was no significant difference of muscle injury among groups.Conclusion Negative pressure drainage may prevent crush syndrome.

Síndrome do esmagamento associada à síndrome compartimental: relato de caso / Crush syndrome associated to compartiment syndrome: a case report

A síndrome do esmagamento é condição clínica potencialmente fatal se não for tratada prontamente. O choque hipovolêmico é a causa mais comum de morte nas primeiras 48 horas, seguida pela insuficiência renal consequente ao baixo fluxo glomerular e à obstrução tubular por mioglobina. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de trauma musculargrave que cursou para síndrome do esmagamento associado à síndrome compartimental, atendido no serviço de pronto-socorro do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, e mostrar as estratégias adequadas na condução clínica desse paciente em estado crítico.

Crush syndrome is often fatal if not treated promptly. Hypovolemic shock is the most common cause of death at the first 48 hours, followed by renal failure due to the low glomerular flow and tubular obstruction by myoglobin.The objective of this report is to present a case of muscle trauma that has evolved to a crush syndrome associated with compartment syndrome, attended at the emergency room of Hospital de Base do DF and to show appropriate strategies in the clinical management of this critically ill patient.

Trauma vascular: nuestra experiencia en los últimos 10 años / Trauma vascular- nossa experiência nos últimos 10 anos. / Vascular trauma: ouer experience in the last 10 years

Antecedentes: El incremento de la violencia ciudadana por el uso de armas de fuego y blancas en delitos comunes y los accidentes por exceso de velocidad sin medidas de seguridad adecuadas, han producido un aumento en la incidencia de los traumas vasculares, siendo la mayor causa de muerte en pacientes jóvenes. Objetivo: Demostrar nuestra casuística y experiencia en el manejo del trauma vascular así como su resolución. Diseño: Análisis descriptivo y retrospectivo de los últimos 10 años. Material y Método: 470 pacientes se tra taron desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 diciembre del 2009. Se analizó la composición demográfica, el mecanismo lesional, la región afectada y la técnica quirúrgica utilizada. El 86,6% fue de sexo masculino y el 13,4% de sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 26,9 años. El 69,5% presentaron trauma penetrante y el 30,5% trauma contuso. El 4,5% presentaron lesiones de cuello, 12% torácicas, 14,9% lesiones abdominales y nuestra mayor casuística fue la lesión de los miembros: 68,6%. En 175 pacientes, la técnica fue el bypass (119 venosos y 56 protésicos ). 206 pacientes recibieron resección y anastomosis término-terminal y 36 pacientes fueron tratados con ligadura primaria. Como métodos endovasculares se colocaron 5 endoprótesis por ruptura traumática de aorta torácica, 3 stents periféricos y se realizó un reimplante de mano. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue del 7,8% (37 pacientes) en la mayoría de los casos debido al politrauma, Crush síndrome, SIRS y/o shock séptico. En cuanto a los pacientes con RTAT, uno presentó óbito por falla del material. El 9,1% de los pacientes sufrieron amputación del miembro (38 pacientes) de los cuales 9 fueron por arrancamiento del miembro, 11 amputaciones primarias y 18 secundarias. Del total de pacientes que presentaron lesiones vasculares de los miembros, 60 (5,8%) recibieron fasciotomía pre, intra o post-revascularización. Conclusiones: Nuestra aceptable morbimortalidad depende de la rapidez y ...

Antecedentes: O aumento da violência nas cidades, o uso de armas de fogo e armas brancas em delitos comuns, e os acidentes por excesso de velocidade sem medidas de segurança adequadas, têm produzido um aumento na incidência dos traumas vasculares, sendo esta, a maior causa de morte em pacientes jovens. Objetivo: Demonstrar nossa especificidade e experiência no tratamento do trauma vascular, como também em sua resolução. Desenho: Análise descritiva e retrospectiva dos últimos 10 anos. Material e Método: 470 pacientes foram tratados de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2009. Analisou-se a composição demográfica, o mecanismo de lesão, a região afetada e a técnica cirúrgica utilizada. 86, 6 % dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 13,4 % do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 26,9 anos. 69,5 % apresentaram trauma penetrante e 30,5 % trauma contuso. 4,5 % apresentaram lesões no pescoço, 12 % torácicas, 14,9 % lesões abdominais e a nossa maior especificidade, em 68,6% dos casos, foi a lesão de membros. Em 175 pacientes a técnica foi o bypass (119 venosos e 56 com próteses ). 206 pacientes receberam ressecção e anastomose término-terminal e 36 pacientes foram tratados com ligadura de tipo primário. Como métodos endovasculares, foram colocadas 5 endopróteses por ruptura traumática de Aorta torácica, 3 stents periféricos, e realizou-se um reimplante de mão. Resultados: A mortalidade global foi de 7,8 % (37 pacientes), na maioria dos casos devido ao politrauma, síndrome de Cushing, SIRS (síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica), e/ou choque séptico. Quanto aos pacientes com RTAT, um deles apresentou óbito por falha do material. 9,1 % dos pacientes sofreram amputação de membro (38 pacientes), dos quais 9 foram por arrancamento de membro, 11 amputações primárias e 18 secundárias. Do total de pacientes que apresentaram lesões vasculares de membros, 60 (5,8 %) receberam fasciotomia pré, intra ou pós revascularização. Conclusões: Nossa aceitável ...

Background: The increase of the urban violence due to the use of fire and white weapons in common crimes as well as the accidents because of the excess of speed without the corresponding safe security measures have produced an increase in the incidence of the vascular traumas, being the most important cause of death in young patients. Objective: To show casuisty and experience in the management of the vascular trauama as well as its resolution. Design: Descriptive and retrospective analyses during the last 10 years. Material and Method: 470 patients were treated from January 1, 2000 up to December 2009. The demographic composition, the lesional mechanism, the affected area and the surgical technique were analysed. The 86.6% were male and the 13.4% female. The average age was 26.9%. The 69.5% have presented penetrant trauma and the 30.5% blunt trauma. The 4.5% have presented injuries on the neck, 12% thoracic ones, 14.9% abdominal ones and our greatest casuistic was the injueries on the arms. In 175 patients the technique was the bypass (119 venous and 56 prothetic ones). 206 patients have received resection and termino-terminal anastomosis and 36 patients were treated with primary binding. As endovascular methods, 5 stents for traumatic rupture of thoracic aorta, 3 peripheral stents and a hand reimplantation were used. Results: The global mortality was of the 7.8% 37 patients), in most of the cases due to the poly-trauma, Crush syndrome, SIRS, and/or septic shock. Regarding to the patients with RTAT, on of them, death has been presented due to material failure. The 9.1% of the patients have suffered from amputation of the member (38 patients), from whom 9 of them were for pulling member, 11 for primary amputations and 18 secondary ones. From the total of the patients that have presented vascular injuries of the members, 60 (5.8%) have received fasciotomy pre, intra or post revascularization. Conclusions: Our acceptable mortality depends on the quickness and ...

O ultrassom terapêutico na medula espinhal acelera a regeneração do nervo ciático de ratos / Therapeutic ultrasound on the spinal cord accelerates regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da irradiação ultrassônica de baixa intensidade aplicada sobre a medula espinhal na regeneração do nervo ciático de ratos após lesão por esmagamento controlado, avaliando os resultados pelo índice funcional do ciático (SFI), medido nas imagens vídeo-filmadas das plantas das patas. MÉTODOS: Dezoito ratos foram submetidos a esmagamento controlado (do nervo ciático direito e divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tratamento: Grupo 1 (n=9), irradiação simulada; Grupo 2 (n=9), irradiação efetiva. Irradiação ultrassônica de baixa intensidade foi iniciada no 7º dia pós-operatório e aplicada diariamente por 6 semanas. Imagens das plantas das patas dos animais foram vídeo-filmadas em uma esteira transparente sob velocidade controlada a intervalos semanais até a 6ª semana de irradiação e o correspondente SFI medido com um programa de computador específico. RESULTADOS: O SFI durante a 1ª e a 6ª semana de tratamento foi de -59,12 e -12,55 no Grupo 1, e -53,31 e -1,32 no Grupo 2, indicando uma melhora de 79 por cento e 97 por cento, respectivamente, mas as diferenças entre os grupos somente foram significantes (p<0,05) durante a 3ª semana de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem que o ultrassom terapêutico de baixa intensidade estimula a regeneração nervosa, com significância durante a 3ª semana de tratamento. Nivel de Evidência II, Prospectivo Comparativo.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of low intensity ultrasound irradiation applied on the spinal cord on the regeneration of the rat's sciatic nerve after a controlled crush injury, evaluating the functional results of the sciatic functional index as measured on the video recorded images of the foot sole. METHODS: Eighteen rats were submitted to a controlled crush injury of the right sciatic nerve and divided into two groups according to the treatment: Group 1 (n=9), simulated irradiation; Group 2 (n=9), effective irradiation. Low-intensity ultrasound irradiation was started on the 7th postoperative day and applied daily for 6 weeks. Images of the animals´ foot sole were video recorded on a see-through treadmill type walking belt machine at weekly intervals until the 6th week of irradiation and the corresponding sciatic functional index (SFI) was measured with specific software. RESULTS: The SFI during the first and last week of treatment was -59.12 and -12.55 in Group 1, -53.31 and -1.32 in Group 2, indicating a 79 percent and 97 percent improvement, respectively, but differences between groups were only significant (p<0.05) during the third week. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that low intensity therapeutic ultrasound enhances nerve regeneration, with significance during the 3rd week of treatment. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Crush syndrome in children and the blood purification treatment / 中国小儿急救医学

In the recent years,the earthquake occured frequently in the whole world which caused the increased incidence of crush syndrome (CS). The four limbs and torso will be bleeding and swelling when they are prounded and crushed from the heavy objects. The necrosis of muscular tissue causes massive production of toxin which leads to a series of symptoms including hypotension ,kidney dysfunction and so on. The serious acute kidney injury (AKI) will be vital. When CS-AKI ,the ascending velocity of urea nitrogen and K+ levels in the blood is quicker than those of general AKI;many kinds of immune cells are activated to engender a great deal of inflammatory mediators;the blood dynamics is often unstable. Therefore, it is advocated that the blood purification treatment should be carried early to eliminate excessive metabolic produces in vivo,to reduce the cardiovascular complication occurrence, and to avoid the irreversible change of the kidney function.

Perioperative anesthesia management of crush syndrome caused by earthquake under field condition / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To summarize our experience on perioperative anesthesia management of patients with crush syndrome caused by earthquake under field condition. Methods: The clinical anesthesia data of 10 patients with crush syndrome caused by China Wenchuan earthquake, who were treated under field condition, were retrospectively analyzed, and our experience on perioperative anesthesia management was summarized. Results: After volume therapy, urine alkalization, and stabilization of internal environment, the 10 patients underwent debridement, decompression by fasciotomy or amputation under epidural anesthesia or brachial plexus block plus psychological therapy and moderate tranquillizer. During the operation, the patients showed smooth respiratory and cardiovascular characteristics without pain. Conclusion: Under field condition, regional anesthesia can provide adequate analgesic effect during and after the surgery. Early fluid resuscitation and life support are vital to the safety and life of patients.

A irradiação local com o laser de baixa potência acelera a regeneração do nervo fibular de ratos / Local low power laser irradiation accelerates the regeneration of the fibular nerve in rats

OBJETIVO: Estudar a influência da irradiação com o laser AsGaAL de baixa potência na regeneração de um nervo periférico, após lesão por esmagamento controlado. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O nervo fibular comum direito de 30 ratos Wistar foi submetido a uma lesão por esmagamento com uma pinça de carga regulável (5.000 g, 10 minutos de aplicação), os animais sendo divididos em três grupos (n=10), de acordo com o procedimento pós-operatório (sem irradiação; irradiação simulada; irradiação efetiva). A irradiação com o laser (comprimento de onda: 830 nm; potência do emissor: 100 mW; modo contínuo; dose: 140 J/cm²) era iniciada no primeiro dia pós-operatório e realizada por 21 dias consecutivos. Foram analisados a massa corporal dos animais, o tempo de percurso na passarela de marcha e o índice funcional do fibular (PFI), pela análise das impressões das pegadas, no período pré-operatório e no 21º dia pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O tempo de marcha e o PFI melhoraram significativamente mais no grupo de irradiação efetiva com o laser, apesar do ganho significante de massa corporal entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação com o laser AsGaAL de baixa potência com os parâmetros aqui empregados acelerou e melhorou a regeneração do nervo fibular do rato.

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of low power GaAs-Al laser irradiation on the regeneration of a peripheral nerve, following a controlled crush injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The right common fibular nerve of 30 Wistar rats was submitted to a crush injury with an adjustable load forceps (5 000 g, 10 minutes of application). The animals were divided into three groups (n=10), according to the postoperative procedure (no irradiation; sham irradiation; effective irradiation). Laser irradiation (830 nm wave-length; 100 mW emission power; continuous mode; 140 J/cm²) was started on the first postoperative day and continued over 21 consecutive days. Body mass, time spent on the walking track and functional peroneal index (FPI) were analyzed based the hind footprints, both preoperatively and on the 21st postoperative day. RESULTS: Walking time and PFI significantly improved in the group that received effective laser irradiation, despite the significant gain in body mass between the pre- and post-operative periods. CONCLUSION: Low Power GaAs-Al laser irradiation, with the parameters used in our study, accelerated and improved fibular nerve regeneration in rats.

Esteira com velocidade controlada para captação da marcha / Treadmill with controlled speed for recording gait

Métodos histológicos e eletrofisiológicos de avaliação da regeneração dos nervos periféricos não provêem dados sobre o real estado funcional do membro interessado, mesmo em condições experimentais controladas. Alguns métodos de avaliação funcional têm sido propostos, mas a correlação entre seus resultados e aqueles dos métodos histológicos e eletrofisiológicos ainda não está perfeitamente estabelecida, o que demanda maiores investigações. Estas, por outro lado, necessitam do aprimoramento dos métodos de captação, armazenamento e processamento dos dados obtidos. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma esteira para caminhada de animais com velocidade controlada para captação das pegadas de ratos submetidos a diferentes tipos de lesão dos nervos ciático, peroneiro e tibial, obtidas numa trilha de marcha captada por uma webcam acoplada a esteira e a um microcomputador capaz de armazenar as marchas filmadas para posteriormente serem digitalizadas para avaliação funcional. A esteira desenvolvida possibilita a captação e filmagem das marchas tendo sido testado em estudos experimentais em andamento sobre lesões do nervo ciático do rato, submetido a diferentes formas de tratamento. Também permite ao pesquisador a captação da marcha com velocidade contínua controlada e pré-estabelecida pelo pesquisador anulando algumas variáveis que possam prejudicar os resultados da pesquisa, além de permitir a visualização imediata da marcha.

Histological and electrophysiological methods for evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration do not faithfully reproduce the functional index of limbs, even in controlled experimental conditions. Some methods of functional evaluation have been proposed, but their correlation to histological and electrophysiological data is not completely established, requiring more investigations with improvement of collection, management and processing of obtained data. In this study we developed a treadmill with controlled speed for recording footprint of rats submitted to different kinds of sciatic, fibular and tibial nerve lesions. The footprints were obtained on a walking track by means of a webcam connected to the treadmill and a computer with capacity to record the gait that will be submitted to functional evaluation. The developed treadmill allows the collection and filming of gaits and it has been tested in current experimental studies in rats with sciatic nerve lesion submitted to different kinds of treatment. The treadmill also enables researchers to record gait with constant, controlled and pre-established speed, with the possibility of direct visualization through the treadmill wall. In this manner, some variables that could damage the results of the research are resolved.