ABSTRACT
Introduction: Crystallization test is based on the principle that, when a salt crystallizes out of an aqueous solution, the crystal growth is influenced by the presence of other substances in the solution, such as blood or plant extracts. If a mixture of copper chloride solution with a small amount of whole blood is allowed to crystallize under controlled experimental conditions, an aggregate of crystals forms. Crystallization method can be used as a diagnostic aid to provide information about the systemic conditions and general health of the patient. Aim: This study aims to study the patterns of crystallization and to further determine the efficacy of crystallization test as a screening modality in premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of OSCC, 50 patients of premalignant lesions, and 50 healthy individuals were selected. One drop of blood was collected from the study groups to perform crystallization using cupric chloride. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Student's t-test (two-tailed), and analysis of variance. Results: The different patterns of crystals formed were studied and statistically analyzed. Conclusion:Based on the study, it was concluded that Crystallization test can be used as an effective screening modality for detection of premalignant lesions and OSCC
ABSTRACT
The tear lipid layer (oily outer layer) reduces evaporation and prevents tear overflow. In dogs, reductions in the lipid components of this layer (cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids) can cause eye serious diseases. In this way, the tear crystallization test analyzes the lacrimal quality, however, it is less used in veterinary. As phytosterol reduces blood cholesterol, the objective of this study was to investigate, through the tear crystallization test, whether the systemic administration of this drug influences the lacrimal quality of healthy dogs and, in addition, to verify differences in the interpretation of the ophthalmic test between different evaluators. Eight beagles, healthy, of both sexes, young and adults, without clinical ophthalmic signs apparent were selected. Basal lacrimal samples (D0) were collected from the right and left eye of all animals with glass capillary tube and arranged on a glass slide for scanning the images and subsequent microscopic analysis. Subsequently, all were medicated with the phytosterol (Collestra® 650 mg: 1 capsule, orally, every 12 hours, for 15 days). After seven (D7) and fifteen (D15) days of this systemic administration, the tear crystallization test in both eyes of all dogs was again performed for statistical comparison with the baseline results. The photographs of the slides were classified by four evaluators (AV1 and AV2 with professional experience in ophthalmology and AV3 and AV4 without previous professional experience in ophthalmology), following standards established by Rolando (1984). The results were statistically verified by analysis of simple variance (ANOVA One-Way). There was no statistical difference in the tear crystallization test between the established periods and in relation to the different ophthalmic test evaluators (p≤0.05). Although phytosterols reduce blood cholesterol levels, it was observed in the present study that these drugs when administered systemically did not interfere in the tear lipid layer and, consequently, in the lacrimal quality of healthy dogs, and may be prescribed as lipid-lowering agents for patients with ocular diseases, especially the lacrimal ones.
A camada lipídica lacrimal (camada externa oleosa) reduz a evaporação e previne o transbordamento lacrimal. Em cães, reduções nos componentes lipídicos desta camada (colesterol, triglicérides e fosfolipídios) podem causar doenças graves nos olhos. Desta forma, o teste de cristalização lacrimal analisa a qualidade lacrimal, no entanto, é menos utilizado em veterinária. Como o fitoesterol reduz o colesterol sanguíneo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, através do teste de cristalização lacrimal, se a administração sistêmica deste fármaco influencia na qualidade lacrimal de cães hígidos e, além disso, verificar diferenças na interpretação do teste oftalmológico entre diferentes avaliadores. Oito beagles, saudáveis, de ambos os sexos, jovens e adultos, sem sinais oftalmológicos clínicos aparentes foram selecionados. Amostras lacrimais basais (D0) foram coletadas do olho direito e esquerdo de todos os animais, com tubo capilar de vidro e, dispostas em lâmina de vidro para escaneamento das imagens e posterior análise microscópica. Ato contínuo todos foram medicados com o fitoesterol (Collestra® 650 mg: 1 cápsula, por via oral, a cada 12 horas, durante 15 dias). Após sete (D7) e quinze (D15) dias desta administração sistêmica, o teste de cristalização lacrimal em ambos os olhos de todos os cães foi novamente realizado para comparação estatística com os resultados basais. As fotografias das lâminas foram classificadas por quatro avaliadores (AV1 e AV2 com experiência profissional em oftalmologia e AV3 e AV4 sem experiência profissional prévia em oftalmologia), seguindo padrões estabelecidos por Rolando (1984). Os resultados foram estatisticamente verificados pela análise de variância simples (ANOVA One-Way). Não houve diferença estatística no teste de cristalização lacrimal entre os períodos estabelecidos e em relação aos diferentes avaliadores de teste oftalmológico (p≤0,05). Embora os fitoesteróis reduzam os níveis de colesterol no sangue, observou-se no presente estudo que esses fármacos quando administrados sistemicamente não interferiram na camada lipídica da lágrima e, consequentemente, na qualidade lacrimal de cães hígidos, podendo ser prescritos como agentes hipolipemiantes para pacientes com doenças oculares, especialmente as lacrimais.
Subject(s)
Ophthalmology , Phytosterols , Dogs , Lacrimal Apparatus , LipidsABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of crystallization test in screening of oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) and oral cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients of oral PMD, 30 patients of oral cancer and 40 normal healthy people were selected. One drop of blood was collected and added to 1 cc of double-distilled water at room temperature to get a final dilution of 6% hemolyzed blood. 0.1–0.2 cc of this blood sample is added to 10 cc of 20% cupric chloride solution and further is subjected to crystallization test. Results: In the normal healthy group, the pattern was typical with an eccentrically placed center of gravity with needles arranged in radiating fashion. Whereas in oral PMD and cancer groups, there was “transverse form” formation. This test had sensitivity and specificity of about 83.33% and 86.84% for PMDs group and 96.30% and 86.84% for oral cancer group respectively. Conclusion: Crystallization test was found to be sensitive, reliable, economical and less-invasive procedure for screening of oral PMDs and oral cancer.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To determine the efficacy of crystallization test for screening oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with clinico-pathologic correlation. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of OSCC and 30 healthy individuals were selected. One drop of blood was collected into 1 cc of doubled distilled water at room temperature to give a final dilution of 6% hemolyzed blood. 0.1 to 0.2 cc of blood sample was then subjected to crystallization test using 10% cupric chloride solution. Results: In healthy control group, the typical pattern was an eccentrically placed center of gravity with needles arranged in radiating fashion, while in OSCC group, there was 'transverse form' (TF) formation. The sensitivity and specificity of this test was found to be 96% and 96.66%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were found to be 97.96% and 98.55%, respectively. The mean TF frequency was found to be increasing from grade I (3.20 ± 1.5%) to grade II (653 ± 2.23%) and difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). However, there was no correlation between mean TF frequency and TNM stages of OSCC. Conclusion: Crystallization test is a simple, reliable, economical, less time-consuming, and less invasive screening procedure, which can be used for early detection of OSCC.