Phytosociological survey of weeds in the grapevine

Viticulture is expanding in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Weed management is essential for the crop, so knowing the floristic composition of weeds in the vineyards makes this practice sustainable. This study aimed to evaluate the floristic composition of weed populations in grape crops in two seasons, considering different altitudes. The experiment was performed in four properties located in Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil, two of which were at altitudes above 500 m of and two below 500 m, in the winter (2018) and summer (2019) seasons. Weeds were identified with the square inventory method. The phytosociological analysis was based on absolute and relative parameters of frequency, density, dominance, importance value index, and relevance index, besides the diversity, evenness, and similarity indices. Fifty species, 41 genera, and 19 families were identified. The most representative families regarding the number of species were Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Malvaceae. In properties with higher altitudes, the species with the highest IVI was Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., in both seasons. In properties with lower altitudes, the highest IVI values were found for Malvastrum coromandelianum L. in the winter and Commelina benghalensis and Portulaca oleracea L. in the summer. The areas below 500 m of altitude showed the highest diversity and evenness indices. The proximity between the areas in both regions contributed to the increased similarity index. Altitude and time of the year contribute to the composition of the infesting community.

Exploring experiences with sensitivity to cultural practices among birth attendants in Kenya: A phenomenological study

Background: Sensitivity to women's cultural needs and expectations by care providers is essential. Skilled birth services for women are as essential as traditional birth services. Therefore, collaborative skilled and cultural care optimises childbearing experiences. Aim: This study explored the experiences of birth attendants (BAs) with sensitivity to cultural practices (CPs) during pregnancy and birth among the Keiyo community in Kenya. Setting: The study was conducted in the purposively selected public health centres and dispensaries offering maternity services and the villages in Keiyo South Sub County in Kenya. Methods: A qualitative interpretive phenomenological study of BAs was conducted. Iterative and inductive interviews using a semistructured guide were conducted with 11 skilled BAs (SBAs) and eight traditional BAs (TBAs). Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed using ATLAS.ti software version 8.4.4 (1135), following Van Manen's five thematic analysis steps. Results: Three themes emerged: birth attendants' cultural encounters, response to cultural encounters and collaboration. Birth attendants' responses to different cultural encounters revealed their awareness of CPs. The response was experienced as a sensitivity to the need for a triad (woman, TBAs and SBAs) collaborative care, enabling collaborative, woman-centred and culturally safe care. Conclusion: Birth attendants are exposed to cultural encounters, and their responses determine their awareness of enabling sensitive care for optimal childbearing experiences. The study illuminated the need for further collaborative engagements between the BAs and the community to facilitate positive experiences by women through woman-centred, culturally safe care.

Dermatoses due to Arabic cultural and traditional practices

A number of social and cultural practices are prevalent in the Middle-East celebrating various occasions or to treat health conditions. These often result in dermatoses that are unfamiliar and confusing to dermatologists outside this region. This paper reviews skin manifestations emanating from traditional and ritual practices in Arab countries, particularly those from Saudi Arabia.

Socio-cultural practices related to mother and child health in Mewat, Haryana, India

Background: Mothers and young children bear the burden of high morbidity and high mortality due to various socio-economic and cultural reasons complicated by illiteracy, unawareness, ignorance, and lack of access to health care services. Objective of this study was to discuss the perspectives of women from villages of Mewat, Haryana in India on mother and child health in the context of their socio-cultural norms, practices and assess their information needs related to pregnancy, child birth and child care.Methods: The study design was qualitative and descriptive in nature. FGDs were conducted in four villages in Mewat district of Haryana with approximately 100 community women who were either pregnant or mothers of at least one child in 0-2 years. Through these FGDs, their responses were documented on prevalent socio-cultural norms and practices about antenatal care, institutional delivery, diet during pregnancy and post-partum, breastfeeding, immunization, family planning etc.Results: Majority of women were unaware of the healthy behaviours and desired practices for optimal pregnancy outcomes due to their limited exposure and unavailability of authentic sources of information. They seemed to be unable to follow the right practices because of poor socio-economic status, patriarchal structure with resultant gender dynamics and religious norms, overwork and pre-conceived socio-cultural norms which impede their health seeking behaviour.Conclusions: Knowledge on healthy practices during pregnancy, child birth and child care can promote health seeking behaviour amongst women along with optimal pregnancy outcomes. However, majority of women were unaware about such healthy practices. Hence, it is important to raise awareness amongst women to ensure mother and child health.

(Re)Significações no Processo de Avaliação do Sujeito Jovem e Adulto com Deficiência Intelectual / (Re)Signification in the Assessment Process of Young and Adult Subjects with Intellectual Disability

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva problematizar o processo de avaliação do sujeito com Deficiência Intelectual (DI) e seus efeitos em termos de definição, de classificação e de diagnósticos produzidos sobre a DI. As discussões propostas partem de uma análise referente às diferentes abordagens presentes nos manuais da Associação Americana de Deficiência Intelectual e de Desenvolvimento (AAIDD, 2010 e AAMR, 2006) e suas (re)significações. Procuramos colocar sob tensionamento discursos utilizados para delimitar quem são os sujeitos com DI; que características os constituem; que comportamentos os caracterizam; que potencialidades em termos de aprendizagens eles possuem e que apoios necessitam no contexto educacional. Em articulação com tais análises, apresentamos os dados produzidos no projeto "As contribuições do Rio Grande do Sul para a validação da Escala de Intensidade de Suporte - SIS no Brasil". Amparadas teoricamente nas discussões socioantropológicas propostas por Lev S. Vigotski, tomamos tais dados como elementos para a construção de uma análise que nos possibilite indicar que faz-se possível (e necessário) um olhar para a DI que não parta dos indicadores de QI, historicamente responsável pela delimitação da DI em níveis de severidade, cujas possibilidades de desenvolvimento passaram a ser antecipadamente indicadas pelos diagnósticos clínicos. Nesse sentido, entendemos que, ao deslocarmos a ênfase do diagnóstico do QI para os sistemas de apoio, passamos a perceber um sujeito produzido nas práticas culturais, cujas possibilidades de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem não são exclusivamente determinadas pelos seus aspectos biológicos, mas, sim e principalmente, pelas interações sociais que ele estabelece ao longo de seu desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT This paper aims at problematizing the assessment process of subjects with Intellectual Disabilities (ID), and its effects in terms of definition, classification and diagnoses produced on ID. The proposed discussions stem from an analysis of the different approaches presented in the manuals of the American Association for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (AAIDD, 2010 and AAMR, 2006) and their (re)significations. We seek to put under tension the discourses used to define who the subjects with ID are; what characteristics constitute them; what behaviors characterize them; what learning potential they have and what supports they need in the educational context. In articulation with these analyzes, we present data produced in the project "The contributions of Rio Grande do Sul for the validation of the Support Intensity Scale - SIS, in Brazil". Based theoretically on the socio-anthropological discussions proposed by Lev S. Vygotsky, we consider the data as elements for the construction of an analysis that indicates the possibility (and necessity) to look at the ID from a perspective other than one that derives from IQ indicators, which are historically responsible for the delimitation of ID in levels of severity, whose development possibilities were previously indicated by clinical diagnoses.

Women’s perceptions and responses towards abnormal vaginal discharge: Focus Group Discussions in a socially marginalized community

OBJECTIVE:Vulvo-vaginal discharge, which is a common gynaecological complaint, can be a normal phys- iological discharge or a symptom of an underlying reproductive tract infection, genital tract neoplasm, or other reproductive tract disorder. It is pertinent to differentiate physiological discharge from a pathological vulvo-vaginal discharge in order to prevent complications of untreated reproductive tract infections. Women are not seeking health advices for most of their gynaecological health issues and have different cultural practices to manage them. This study was conducted to explore the different cultural practices associated with vulvo-vaginal discharge among females aged 18–49 years living in an estate community in Colombo district, Sri Lanka.METHODS:This descriptive qualitative study used three Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with a total number of 20 women. Transcribed verbatim data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.RESULTS:Majority of the participants were Indian Tamils (n = 17, 85%) and Hindu (n = 15, 75%). Most (65%) of women were employed in the estate labour and educated up to grade 11 (n = 13). The major themes identified in the present study were difficulty in differentiating normal from abnormal vaginal discharge, lack of knowledge on causative factors, cultural influences and beliefs, unstable/limited source of income, fear of disclosing, and lack of support system. Many participants explained that they have difficulty in accessing health care as they are busy with their employment, household work, fear of internal examination, and fear of being admitted to the hospital ward. The common practice was to use home remedies such as polpala herbal drink (Balipoovu, Aerva lanata) or Neeramulliya (Asteracantha longifolia Linn) herbal drink, king coconut, Sauw (sago) Kanji, Uluhal (Fenugreek), and Aloe vera juice prior consulting medical advice for abnormal vaginal discharge.CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this study revealed the need of support for women in estate sector for their repro- ductive and sexual health matters. There is a high need of public health care worker’s guidance and counselling to overcome barriers for health care utilization in this community.

Prácticas culturales de las personas pertenecientes a un programa domiciliario de anticoagulación durante la terapia con antagonistas de vitamina K / Cultural practices of people belonging to a home anticoagulation program during therapy with vitamin K antagonists

La terapia anticoagulante es un tratamiento utilizado clínicamente desde la década de los años 50. Actualmente y a pesar de la aparición de nuevos fármacos la warfarina sigue siendo el medicamento más utilizado. La necesidad de monitoreo frecuente, además de la interacción con fármacos y alimentos, así como la necesidad de transformar la cotidianidad de las personas que la consumen, modifican las prácticas culturales de estos pacientes, pudiendo afectar aspectos tales como la adherencia. Objetivo general: Describir las prácticas culturales transformadas por las personas pertenecientes a un programa de anticoagulación en terapia con warfarina. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo tipo micro etnografía, realizado en Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: Se contó con la participación de 10 informantes quienes asociado al uso de warfarina transformaron prácticas culturales entorno al conocimiento, la cotidianidad y las emociones.

Anticoagulant therapy is a treatment used clinically since the 1950s. Currently, despite the appearance of new drugs, warfarin remains the most widely used one. The need for frequent monitoring, in addition to the interaction with drugs and foods, as well as the need to transform the everyday life of people who consume it, modify the cultural practices of these patients, and may affect aspects such as adherence. General objective: Describe the cultural practices transformed by people who are part of an anticoagulation program in warfarin therapy. Methodology: Qualitative study type micro ethnography, carried out in Bogotá, Colombia. Results: We had the participation of 10 informants who, associated with the use of warfarin, transformed cultural practices around knowledge, everyday life and emotions.

Merchandising Social como uma Estratégia de Intervenção em Metacontingências: Análise de uma Obra de Ficção Televisiva sobre o Controle do Tráfico de Pessoas no Brasil / Social Merchandising as an Intervention Strategy in Metacontingencies: Analysis of a Work of Television Fiction about the Control of Human Trafficking in Brazil

RESUMO Estudos de fenômenos culturais, a partir da Análise do Comportamento, contribuem para o planejamento cultural ao utilizar estratégias como o merchandising social. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar metacontingências, a partir de um tema social com forte impacto - tráfico de pessoas - em uma novela brasileira de grande audiência: Salve Jorge. As cenas relativas ao tema foram descritas em termos de contingências, classificadas em sete metacontingências, as quais foram apresentadas em alta frequência no transcorrer dos capítulos. O impacto da novela foi observado no aumento da frequência de notícias sobre tráfico de pessoas em seis jornais, além de denúncias registradas nos períodos anterior, simultâneo e posterior à exibição de Salve Jorge. As notícias são indicadores do efeito positivo da obra de ficção sobre o reconhecimento e definição de "tráfico de pessoas", o que contribuei para a frequência de denúncias em órgãos competentes e a implementação das intervenções.

ABSTRACT Behavior-analytic studies of cultural phenomena can contribute to cultural planning by using strategies such as social merchandising. The goal of this research was to analyze metacontingencies based on a social theme of great impact - human trafficking - in a Brazilian soap opera (Salve Jorge) with a large audience. Scenes related to the theme were described in terms of contingencies, classified in seven metacontingencies, which were presented in high frequency throughout the chapters. The impact of the soap opera was observed in the increased frequency of news about human trafficking in six newspapers as well as complaints registered in the periods before, simultaneous and after the exhibition of Salve Jorge. The news is indicative of the positive effect of a work of fiction on the recognition and definition of "human trafficking", which also contributes to a higher frequency of complaints and interventions implemented by competent agencies.

Postpartum and Newborn Care - A Qualitative study

Community-based postpartum care of mothers and newborns is vital to achieve mortality reduction. This qualitative study explored cultural beliefs and practices regarding postpartum care of mothers and newborns in rural Karnataka. Focus group discussions with newly delivered mothers and their caregivers in a rural maternity hospital, and in-depth interviews with community level health workers revealed cessation of the practice of withholding colostrum and the barbaric practice of branding, but found persisting harmful cultural beliefs and practices like withholding nutritious foods considered “hot” or “cold”, inadequate postpartum ambulation, separating husband and wife for up to a year or more after the birth, application of various substances to the umbilical stump and eyes of the newborn and giving pre-lacteal feeds. Antenatal and postpartum mothers, their caregivers, including elders in the family should be targeted by community level health workers for counseling and behavior change.

Mangrove Economy: etho-politics and social change / Economía del manglar: etho política y cambio social / Economia de manguezais: etho-política e mudança social

ABSTRACT An advance of the research project «Bio-entrepreneurship: productive configuration of agroecosystems¼ is presented. The interpretative framework is based on political concepts, economy and social change, also on relations between capitalism, modernity and the nation-state. At the same time, there are observed alternative cultural practices from Afro-descendant women in their territories, their banishments and their ancestral legacy in the colombian pacific coast. It was found that meanings emerge through the stories told by them, which talk about an economy that runs on a space-time in/from the re-existence of human groups. The human groups that inhabit the ancestral territory and the ones that were banished from the mangrove and that recreate it and make it come alive in different contexts (including the urban popular). JEL CLASSIFICATION A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

RESUMEN Se presenta un avance del proyecto de investigación «Bioemprendimiento: configuración productiva de los agroecosistemas¼. El marco interpretativo se basa en conceptos de política, economía y cambio social, también en las relaciones entre el capitalismo, la modernidad y el estado-nación. Al mismo tiempo, se observan prácticas culturales alternativas de mujeres afrodescendientes en sus territorios, sus destierros y su legado ancestral en la costa pacífica colombiana. Se descubrió que los significados surgen a través de las historias contadas por ellos, que hablan sobre una economía que se ejecuta en un espacio-tiempo en / desde la reexistencia de grupos humanos. Los grupos humanos que habitan el territorio ancestral y los que fueron desterrados del manglar y que lo recrean y lo hacen cobrar vida en diferentes contextos (incluido el urbano popular). CÓDIGOS JEL A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

RESUMO Um avanço do projeto de pesquisa «Bio-empreendedorismo: configuração produtiva dos agroecossistemas¼ é apresentado. A estrutura interpretativa é baseada em conceitos políticos, economia e mudança social, também nas relações entre capitalismo, modernidade e estado-nação. Ao mesmo tempo, práticas culturais alternativas de mulheres afrodescendentes são observadas em seus territórios, seu exilio e seu legado ancestral na costa do Pacífico colombiano. Descobriu-se que os significados surgem através das histórias contadas por eles, que falam de uma economia que corre num espaço-tempo na / da reexistência de grupos humanos. Os grupos humanos que habitam o território ancestral e aqueles que foram exilados do manguezal e que o recriam e o tornam vivo em diferentes contextos (incluindo o popular urbano). CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL A19, B49, B59, H89, 119

Prácticas culturales de sedentarismo y actividad física de estudiantes de Psicología / Cultural Practices of Sedentarism and Physical Activity of Psychology Students

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como propósito analizar funcionalmente las prácticas de sedentarismo y actividad física en una institución universitaria, siguiendo los presupuestos de la ciencia de las prácticas culturales, a través de un diseño mixto de investigación. Inicialmente se estableció el promedio de pasos diario y la actividad física moderada vigorosa en el tiempo libre, utilizando podómetros y el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física; posteriormente, se realizaron 20 entrevistas y una observación participante con el fin de realizar el análisis de cada práctica cultural. Los resultados sugieren una prevalencia menor de sedentarismo frente a otros estudios con población universitaria colombiana. Se explican estos resultados en el contexto de los análisis funcionales de cada una, exhibiendo sus implicaciones para futuras investigaciones y el diseño de una cultura de la actividad física.

Abstract This study aimed to functionally analyse the practices of sedentary behavior and physical activity in a university, following the science budgets of cultural practices, through a mixed research design. Initially the average daily steps moderate and vigorous physical activity in leisure time was established using pedometers and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; After, 20 interviews and a participant observation were implemented in order to conduct analyses of each cultural practice. These results are explained in the context of each functional analysis, suggesting different considerations for further research and design of a physical activity culture.

Mal-estar na sociedade: uma proposta de diálogo entre Skinner e Freud [ensaio] / Society and its discontents: possibilities of dialogue between Skinner and Freud

O presente ensaio tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de diálogo entre Skinner e Freud no que tange à cultura e a sua influência sobre o indivíduo. Os dois autores, apesar de não trataram do tema cultura de forma contemporânea, ou seja, na mesma época, e sob o mesmo enfoque teórico e epistemológico, descrevem por meio de diferentes processos o papel das práticas culturais no sofrimento do indivíduo.

The present essay aims to present possibilities of dialogue between Skinner and Freud regarding culture and its influence on the individual. Although both authors didn't deal with the subject of culture in a contemporary way and under the same theoretical and epistemological approach, they describe through different processes the role of cultural practices in the suffering of the individual.

Berry-cluster thinning to reduce compactness of ‘Black Star’ table grapes / Despenca como método de raleio para reduzir a compacidade de cachos da uva de mesa ‘Black Star’

ABSTRACT: The berry-cluster thinning technique was evaluated at different phenological times to prevent bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ table grape, a new somatic mutation of ‘Brasil’ grape. The trial was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seaons in a vineyard situated in Marialva, PR, Brazil. Vines were trained in an overhead trellis system and spaced at 3x4m. The randomized block design was used as a statistical model with five replications and five treatments. The following treatments were evaluated: control; brushing prior to anthesis; and berry-cluster thinning at different times, when berries were 3-6, 7-10, or 11-15mm in diameter. The prevalence of bunch compactness was evaluated considering the levels: loose, medium loose, and dense bunches. The main physico-chemical characteristics of grapes and yield were also appraised. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA, and toTukey’s test at 5% was applied. So, thinning is a mandatory practice to avoid bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ grapes. The technique has to be performed, preferably, by means of brushing prior to anthesis, and the failure to accomplish this practice at this time, berry-cluster thinning when berries are 11-15mm in diameter can be used.

RESUMO: O método de raleio de bagas em diferentes fases fenológicas reduz a compactação de cachos da uva fina de mesa ‘Black Star’, uma nova mutação da uva ‘Brasil’. As videiras foram conduzidas em latada em espaçamento 3x4m, e o experimento foi realizado nas safras 2012 e 2013. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e cinco tratamentos: controle sem raleio; raleio com escova plástica realizado no pré-florescimento e; despenca quando as bagas apresentavam 3-6, 7-10 ou 11-15mm de diâmetro. A compacidade predominante dos cachos foi avaliada de acordo com a seguinte classificação: cachos soltos, medianamente soltos e compactos. As características físico-químicas dos cachos e a produtividade também foram avaliadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Verificou-se que o raleio de bagas é uma prática obrigatória na uva ‘Black Star’ para diminuir a compacidade dos cachos. A operação deve ser realizada, preferencialmente, com a escova plástica no pré-florescimento, e na impossibilidade de executar ou finalizar essa prática nesta fase, pode-se empregar a despenca quando as bagas apresentarem 11-15mm de diâmetro.

Food Security Overview: the Colombia experience / Una mirada a la seguridad alimentaria: la experiencia colombiana

La Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) determina en gran medida la calidad de vida de la población de un país y aglutina diversos aspectos de las políticas de Estado, como la educación, la salud, la cultura, el medio ambiente, la alimentación y nutrición y el acceso a servicios públicos y de saneamiento básico, entre otros. Dado que el uso racional de los recursos alimenticios viene acompañado de prácticas culturales para la obtención y preparación de los alimentos, estos aspectos deben ser intervenidos desde perspectivas intersectoriales e interdisciplinarias que abarquen todos los ámbitos: individual, familiar, local, nacional e internacional. En la Declaración de Roma sobre Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial en 1996 los Estados se comprometieron con la erradicación del hambre en todos los países a la mitad de su número, sin embargo en 2015 la cifra aumentó con respecto al a 1996. Colombia, a pesar de no haber legislación sobre el tema, presenta un interés por un cambio, por lo que se ha abordado un interés en todos los sectores. La seguridad alimentaria y sus avances en Colombia requiere revisar experiencias de otros países en materia de políticas de Estado e implementación de estrategias efectivas, ya que este problema es un asunto de Estado y de seguridad nacional.

Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) largely determines the quality of life of the population of a country and brings together various aspects of state policies, such as education, health, culture, environment, food and nutrition and access to public services and basic sanitation. Since the rational use of food resources is accompanied by cultural practices for obtaining and preparing food, these should be operated from intersectoral and interdisciplinary perspectives covering all areas: individual, family, local, national and international. In the Rome Declaration on World Faood Security in 1996, States pledged to eradicate hunger in all countries to half their number, however in 2015, the figure increased from the year 1996. Colombia, despite there is no legislation on the subject, has an interest in a change, so interest has been addressed in all sectors. Food security and progress in Colombia requires reviewing experiences of other countries in terms of government policies and implementing effective strategies, because this problem is a matter of state and national security.

Qualidade de fruto e produtividade de pessegueiros submetidos a diferentes épocas de poda / Fruit quality and productivity of peaches submitted to different pruning dates

Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as características produtivas de diferentes genótipos de pessegueiro (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), submetidos a podas em épocas distintas na região de Pelotas-RS. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área experimental pertencente à Embrapa Clima Temperado (CPACT), durante os anos de 2009 e 2010. Os tratamentos foram compostos de combinações de três épocas de poda [poda de inverno (PI), poda de inverno mais poda de verão (PIV) e poda de verão (PV)] e três genótipos [Cascata 805, Cascata 834 (BRS Kampai) e Cascata 952 (BRS Rubimel)], resultando em nove tratamentos distintos. Para as variáveis firmeza de frutos, pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e cor, não foi verificada interação entre os fatores estudados. Os frutos de BRS Kampai apresentaram maior firmeza, assim como a poda apenas no período de verão. O genótipo BRS Kampai apresentou frutos com maior SS e AT dentre os estudados e as plantas de BRS Kampai e BRS Rubimel apresentaram frutos com coloração vermelha mais intensa de epiderme, independentemente da época de poda. Verificou-se que a poda apenas no período de verão induziu à produção de frutos menores. Os genótipos BRS Kampai e BRS Rubimel apresentaram produtividades semelhantes, independente do sistema de poda aplicado. Em geral, as características físico-químicas dos frutos não são alteradas com as variações de época de poda estudadas. No entanto, as variáveis de qualidade física e as relacionadas com a produção sofrem influência direta da época de poda.

The present research aimed to evaluate the productive characteristics of different genotypes of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), submitted to pruning at different times in Pelotas / RS. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area that belongs to Embrapa Temperate Climate (CPACT) during 2009 and 2010, the treatments consisted of combinations of three pruning times [winter pruning (PI), winter pruning plus summer pruning (PIV) and summer pruning (PV)] and three genotypes [(Cascata 805, Cascata 834 (BRS Kampai) and Cascata 952 (BRS Rubimel)], resulting in nine different treatments. There was no interaction between factors for the variables fruit firmness, pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS / TA ratio and color. Higher firmness was observed for BRS Kampai fruit and for summer pruning alone. The fruit of genotype BRS Kampai had the highest SS and TA among those studied, the plants of BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel had fruit with more intense epidermal red coloration, regardless the pruning time. It was found that the pruning only in summer induced the production of small fruits. Genotypes BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel productivity showed similar system independent pruning applied. Overall, physicochemical characteristics of the fruit do not change with variations in pruning time, although physical characteristics and those related to production suffer direct influence of pruning time.

Seleção de práticas culturais complexas: avaliação experimental de um análogo do procedimento de aproximação sucessiva / The selection of complex cultural practices: experimental assessment of an analogous of the successive approximation procedure

O processo de evolução cultural tem sido investigado experimentalmente na Análise do Comportamento com base no conceito de metacontingências, que descreve a relação funcional entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs), seu produto agregado (PA) e consequências culturais (CCs) liberadas por um sistema receptor. Neste estudo, buscou-se investigar a possibilidade de selecionar um dado entrelaçamento (um padrão de comportamentos coordenados entre os membros de um grupo) com um análogo doprocedimento de aproximação sucessiva, usado na modelagem do comportamento individual. Dois grupos de quatro universitários foram expostos a procedimentos de aproximação sucessiva em arranjos de metacontingências. Os entrelaçamentos alvo tinham graus de complexidade quevariavam quanto ao número de exigências para a produção da CC (complexidade ambiental) e quanto ao número de membros do grupo (complexidade de componente). No Experimento 1, foi programado o aumento gradual da complexidade ambiental e, no Experimento 2, o aumento gradual e simultâneo de complexidade de componente e ambiental. A tarefa dos grupos consistiade escolher linhas em uma matriz de dez linhas de cinco cores diferentes, numeradas de 1 a 10, e dez colunas, nomeadas de A a J. Contingências individuais e contingências culturaisfuncionalmente independentes umas das outras foram programadas. Escolhas individuais de linhas ímpares produziam fichas trocáveis por dinheiro (consequência individual); escolhas delinhas com certas coordenações de cores produziam itens escolares para doação a uma escola pública (CCs). Os resultados do Experimento 1 (modelagem de CCEs com complexidade ambiental crescente) demonstraram a seleção de CCEs alvo. No Experimento 2, não houve seleção dos entrelaçamentos alvo. Esse resultado demonstra a possibilidade de modelagem de CCEscomplexas empregando-se o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva, ao mesmo tempo em quesugere que a progressão simultânea de várias dimensões da complexidade do entrelaçamento pode comprometer a eficácia do procedimento na produção de unidades culturais complexas. Todavia, certas características do preparo experimental empregado neste experimento sugerem que outras variáveis (notadamente, a alternância das funções dos membros do grupo) podem ter concorrido com o procedimento de aproximação sucessiva e afetado a sua eficácia.

Cultural evolution has been the subject matter of experimental investigation in Behavior Analysis, under the concept of metacontingency. Metacontingencies describe the functional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs), their aggregateproduct (AP), and cultural consequences delivered by a receiving system. In this study, we investigated the selection of IBCs (a pattern of coordinated behaviors of the members of a group), employing an analog of the successive approximation procedure, employed in modelling individual behavior. Two groups, four undergraduate students in each, were exposed to a successive approximation procedure in a metacontingency setting. The target IBCs involved degrees of complexity that varied with respect to the requirements to produce the CC(environmental complexity), and to the number of group members (component complexity). In Experiment 1, a gradual increase in environmental complexity was programmed. In Experiment 2,there was a gradual and simultaneous increase in both component and environmental complexity. The task to be performed consisted of choosing rows in a 10x10 matrix, in whichrows were of five different colors, numbered from 1 to 10, and columns were named from A to J. Individual contingencies, as well as functionally independent cultural contingencies were programmed. Individual choices of odd rows produced tokens exchangeable for money(individual consequence); choices of rows of given coordinations of colors (IBCs+PAs) produced school itens to be later donated to a public school (CCs). Results of Experiment 1 (modelling ofIBCs with increasing environmental complexity) showed the selection of target IBCs. In Experiment 2, the target IBCs were not selected. These results show that the successive approximation procedure may be effective in the modelling of IBCs, and suggests, as well, that simutaneous progression of both environmental, and component complexity dimensions may affect the efficacy of the procedure in producing complex cultural units. However, some aspects of the experimental preparation employed in this study also suggest that other variables (namely, the changing functions of the group members) may have competed with the successiveapproximation procedure and affected its efficacy.

Análisis metacontingencial de la obesidad mórbida como problemática de salud pública / Metacontingencial anaylis to morbid obesity public health problema

El análisis metacontingencial es una estrategia ventajosa para la explicación de fenómenos socio-culturales a partir de los principios del análisis del comportamiento. Los estudios relacionados con la obesidad se han centrado en aspectos de orden epidemiológico, que han resultado útiles para caracterizarla, pero no han logrado explicar e identificar las relaciones entre los factores del contexto particular y los de tipo global, que son críticos para la adquisición y mantenimiento de esta, con los comportamientos de las personas con obesidad. En este artículo se realizó el mapa de contingencias para esta problemática, con base en la propuesta de Matainni (1996), que muestra las relaciones de dependencia entre las conductas, las ocasiones, los modelos, las reglas y las consecuencias. Además se señalan aspectos importantes que se podrían modificar para cambiar algunos factores implicados en el mantenimiento de la obesidad y ayudar a disminuir su incidencia y prevalencia, entendiéndola a nivel cultural.

Metacontingencial Analysis had been a useful strategy to explain socio-cultural phenomenon, with base on behavior analysis principles. Obesity studies, it was especially related with epidemiology aspects, whose principal result was characterizes these problem, but it doesn't achieve explain and neither establish the relations between particular and global contextual factor, that been critical to acquire and maintenance, and the behavior's obesity people. It make a contingencial map for this problem, base it on Matainni (1996) propose, this show dependent relations between behaviors, occasions, models, rules and consequences. Also presents important topics that could be changed to affect factors related with obesity maintenance and help to diminished its prevalence and incidence, understanding this phenomenon in a cultural level.

Child Abuse By Burns - A Case Report.

Child maltreatment happens in all countries and in families of all racial and religious groups. There are four major types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Cutaneous injury is the most common injury caused by abuse. Cutaneous manifestations of physical abuse include bruises, lacerations, abrasions, burns, oral trauma, bite marks and traumatic alopecia. Abuse by burning comprises approximately 6% to 20% of all child abuse cases. Proper evaluation is necessary, because the use of cultural practices does not exclude the potential for child abuse. A 3 year old boy reported with extra oral swelling over the right side of the submandibular region. On clinical examination the boy had well demarcated burn marks at right and left side of submandibular regions. Treatment for lymhadenitis and burnt region was carried out and case reported to psychiatry department for counseling. It is recommonded that the offering of community child abuse educational progrmmes for all professionals including dental professionals, psychiatry, medicine, allied health,nursing, social workers and schools of education by providing literature, posters and handouts

Exploring macrocontingencies and metacontingencies: Experimental and non-Experimental contributions / Explorando macrocontingencias y metacontingencias: contribuciones Experimentales y no-Experimentales

The study of cultural practices is originally a focus of social sciences, especially during seminal studies in anthropology and sociology, later influencing other areas. In Behavior Analysis, a psychological approach, Skinner stressed the importance of studies on social behavior involving institutions and large groups, as early as in 1953 on his book "Science and Human Behavior." In the 1980s, Glenn gave a significant contribution to the area proposing the concepts of metacontingency and macrocontingency. Her innovation has been followed by many studies investigating the contribution of adopting these concepts for the analysis of cultural practices. This article presents some non-experimental and experimental lines of research that focus on the maintenance and transmission of cultural practices. Metacontingency and macrocontingencies elements were analyzed in the Brazilian public health system and in family interactions. Laboratory microsocieties as a research tool that attempts to unveil the contingency relations within small groups are also described. Cultural consequences associated to the selection function of culturants have been observed in these studies. Suggestions for future research of other variables which may improve the comprehension of the selection of cultural practices are also presented.

El estudio de prácticas culturales es originalmente un foco de las ciencias sociales, especialmente durante los estudios seminales en antropología y sociología, influyendo, posteriormente, en otras áreas. En Análisis del Comportamiento, un enfoque psicológico, Skinner enfatizó la importancia de los estudios en comportamiento social conllevando instituciones y grupos grandes, ya en 1953 en su libro "Science and Human Behavior". En la década de 1980 Glenn aportó una contribución significativa para el área proponiendo los conceptos de macrocontingencia y metacontingencia. Su innovación ha sido seguida por muchos estudios averiguando la contribución de adoptar esos conceptos para el análisis de las prácticas culturales. El presente artículo presenta algunas líneas de investigaciones no-experimentales y experimentales que se centran en el mantenimiento y la transmisión de las prácticas culturales. Elementos de la metacontingencia y macrocontingencias fueran analizados en el sistema público de salud brasileño y en interacciones familiares. Se describen igualmente las micro-sociedades de laboratorios como una herramienta de investigación que intenta revelar las relaciones de contingencia en grupos pequeños. Se han observado en estos estudios Consecuencias Culturales relacionadas a la función de selección de culturantes. Adicionalmente se presentan sugerencias para una futura investigación de otras variables que puedan mejorar la comprensión de la selección de prácticas culturales.