ABSTRACT
Background Research on the relationship between ambient temperature and preterm birth has received increasing attention, but the conclusions of the previous literature are inconsistent. Objective To explore the impact of environmental temperature exposure in Ningbo on premature delivery of pregnant women. Methods The birth information, preterm birth data, and age of pregnant women from January 2016 to September 2020 were collected by the electronic medical record system of Ningbo Women’s and Children’s Hospital. Meteorological data for the same period were obtained through Ningbo Meteorological Bureau, including daily average temperature, daily average relative humidity, and daily average air pressure. Daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10 were derived through the air quality real-time release system on the website of Ningbo Environmental Protection Bureau. A distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the impact of environmental temperature on preterm birth by stratifying pregnant women’s age and birth delivery mode. Results The incidence rate of preterm birth in Ningbo from 2016 to 2020 was 5.91%. The exposure-response curve between environmental temperature and preterm birth presented a “U” shape. Taking 22.5 ℃ as a reference, the cumulative effect of 31 ℃ (the 95th percentile) and 32 ℃ (the 99th percentile) over a 21-day lag on preterm delivery was statistically significant, and the related RR (95%CI) values were 1.67 (1.05-2.65) and 1.85 (1.09-3.14) respectively. The results of stratified analysis showed that among pregnant women ≥30 years old, the 21-day cumulative effects of 31 ℃ and 32 ℃ on preterm delivery were statistically significant, and the related RR (95%CI) values were 2.09 (1.08-4.05) and 2.36 (1.11-5.03) respectively; among pregnant women with natural delivery, the 21-day cumulative effect of 32 ℃ on preterm delivery was statistically significant, and the RR (95%CI) was 1.95 (1.02-3.74). Conclusion Exposure of pregnant women to high temperature during pregnancy could increase the risk of preterm birth, and there is a delayed cumulative effect.
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Objective To probe into the relationship of the cumulative effect of childhood trauma types and symptoms of depression and anxiety among pregnancy women. Methods A total of 276 cases of pregnancy women were investigated by using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ- SF), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results The cumulative number of childhood trauma types were positively correlated with the scores of EPDS, state anxiety and trait anxiety (r=0.245, 0.262 and 0.292, P<0.01);the scores of CTQ-SF, EPDS, state anxiety and trait anxiety of multi-CTQ group were higher than that of non-CTQ group, as well as the positive rate of depression symptom and anxiety symptom (P<0.05 or 0.01);Logistic regression analysis showed that the cumulative number and accumulation group of CTQ may be predictors or risk factors of depression and anxiety of women during pregnancy, and existed cumulative effect. When the cumulative number of childhood trauma types more than two types, it increased 2.37 and 3.12 times likelihood of depression and state anxiety comparing to non-CTQ group. Conclusions It suggested that childhood trauma experience may be a risk factors of depression and anxiety during pregnancy, and exist cumulative effect.
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This study was aimed to compare the difference of treatment on acute adjuvant arthritis (AA) by using dif-ferent energy densities withirradiation on ST36-Zusanli under the fixed wavelength (650 nm) by the semiconductor. Biological effect and traits of the laser irradiation were also studied. A total of 60 healthy male SD rats were random-ly divided into the normal control group, model group, low energy density group (61.89 J/cm2)and high energy density group (247.57 J/cm2). The Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was intradermallyinjected into rats' right hind paw to establish AA rat model. The treatment group was treated with 650nm semiconductor laser irradiation on ST36-Zu-sanli with the energy density of 61.89 J/cm2 and 247.57 J/cm2, respectively. The joint swelling degree, pain thresh-old, TNF-α and IL-1β level changes were observed on thefirst, third and fifthtreatment after modeling. The results showed that compared with the normal group, the joint swelling degree, pain threshold, TNF-α, and IL-1β were obvi-ously increased in the model group (P<0.05). After five times treatment, the semiconductor laser with low and high energy density had effect on acute inflammation. And the high energy density treatment effect had a better effect than the low energy density one (P<0.05). It was concluded that the energy density of 61.89 J/cm2 and 247.57 J/cm2 of semiconductor laser irradiation on ST36-Zusanli can relieve acute inflammatory pain and swelling caused by AA; re-duce the TNF-α and IL-1β concentration levels. Semiconductor laser irradiation had the characteristics of stimula-tion or inhibition, cumulative effect and parabola. Low energy density group obtained the best effect between the third and fifth treatment.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos clínicos da indução com propofol em nanoemulsão e em emulsão lipídica em gatas, após repetidas administrações. Utilizaram-se 12 gatas, hígidas, SRD, com peso médio de 2,9±0,6kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: NANO (n=6) e EMU (n=6), que receberam propofol em nanoemulsão na dose de 9,5mg kg-1 e em emulsão lipídica na dose de 10mg kg-1, respectivamente, ambos pela via intravenosa, durante cinco dias consecutivos. Hemograma e função renal e hepática foram realizados a cada 24 horas e até 168 horas após a primeira indução. Os parâmetros clínicos de frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f) e temperatura retal (TR) foram avaliados antes dos tratamentos e 5, 10, 20 e 30 minutos após a administração de propofol. Em relação aos valores basais, observou-se diminuição da FC no EMU até o 3° dia e da f e TR em ambos os grupos até o último dia, sem diferença entre os dias. As enzimas ALT e FA diminuíram após 24 a 96 horas e 48 a 144 horas, respectivamente, no grupo EMU. Os valores de eritrograma diminuíram até o quinto dia em ambos os grupos. Os tempos para hipnose, extubação e para decúbito esternal não diferiram entre grupos e entre os dias. O tempo para recuperação total do grupo EMU foi maior no 4° e 5° dias em relação ao 1°. Conclui-se que a indução com propofol é segura e que o propofol em emulsão lipídica apresenta maior efeito cumulativo após repetidas administrações em gatas.
The aim this study was to compare the clinical effects of induction with propofol in lipid emulsion and nanoemulsion in cats after repeated administrations. Twelve healthy mongrel cats, with an average weight of 2.9±0.6kg, were randomly distributed into two groups: NANO (n=6) and EMU (n=6), who received propofol in nanoemulsion at dose of 9.5mg kg-1 and in lipid emulsion at a dose of 10mg kg-1, respectively, both intravenously for five consecutive days. Blood count and kidney and liver function were performed every 24 hours until 168 hours after the first induction. The clinical parameters of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were evaluated before treatment and 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after administration of propofol. At baseline, there was a decrease in HR in the EMU until the 3rd day and RR and RT in both groups until the last day, with no difference between days. The enzymes ALT and ALP decreased after 24 to 96 hours and 48 to 144 hours, respectively in EMU group. The values of blood count decreased until the fifth day in both groups. The times of hypnosis, extubation and sternal recumbency did not differ between groups and between days. The total recovery time of EMU group was higher in the 4th and 5th day in relation to the 1st. Concludes that the induction with propofol is safe and that propofol in lipid emulsion has a higher cumulative effect after repeated administration in cats.
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Objective To determine if TENS applicati on for 60 min twice daily, over a short period of time(3-day), could have cumula tive analgesic effects on another type of pain induced by heat. Methods Nineteen elder normal subjects, aged 60 to 85, were randomly allocated into a TENS and a placebo group. Sixty minutes of TENS (200ms in pu lses at 100Hz with 2 ～ 3 times sensory threshold intensity) or placebo stimulat ion was applied to four acupoints around the knee joint twice daily over a 3-da y period (=6 sessions in total). Heat pain threshold was measured using the Med oc TSA-2001 device before, during and after TENS or placebo stimulation to each subject. The results obtained were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results By the end of 6 treatment sessions, there was a significant increase in the pre-stimulation heat pain threshold, from 46.9℃ i n session 1 to 48.6℃ in session 6, or by 1.7℃ in the TENS group. Conclusion The existence of such a cumulative antinociceptive eff ect, as denoted by a significant rise in the heat pain threshold before TENS in session 1 when compared with that in session 6, suggested possible plastic chang es in the nervous system in the TENS group.
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The neuromuscular blocking effect of pipecuronium was evaluated in 35 patients under N2O-O2-isoflurane anesthesia with visual and/or tactile counts for the twitch of the adductor pollicis muscle in response to train-of-tour(TOF) stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Group I, II and III were classified according to the initial dose of pipecuronium of 50, 80 and 100ug/kg, respectively. The additional dose, 30 ug/kg, was given in all three groups when the first twitch of TOF(T) reappeared. The onset time in Group I, II and III was 361.4+/-98.6, 218.7+/- 80.8 and 239.0+/-73.7 seconds, respectively. The onset time in Group I was significantly slower(p<0.005) than those in the other groups. All three doses of pipecuronium provided good to exceUent intubating condition in about 4 to 6 minutes after the administration of the initial dose. The time interval from the disappearance of T1 to the reappearance of T1 was 39.0+/-20.8 min in Group I, which was significantly longer(p<0.05) in Group II(67.7+/-26.4 min) or III(63.8+/-20.8 min). The cumulative effect of pipecuronium was evaluated by comparing the mean time intervals of an additional dose to the succeeding ones. The intervals between additional doses were independent of the size or duration of the initial dose. There were no significant differences in the intervals between additional doses. Heart rates, rhythms and mean arterial blood pressures were not significantly changed in any groups following the administration of pipecuronium In conclusion, pipecuronium bromide can be recommended as a long-acting neuromuscular blocking agent with an absence or minimum of cumulative and cardiovascular effects for patients in whom a long operation is scheduled and the cardiovascular stability is required.