Evaluación clínicoradiológica de fracturas transtrocantéricas de cadera tratados con sistema DHS / Clinical-radiological evaluation in transtrocanteric hip fractures treated with DHS system

OBJETIVOS: conocer los resultado clínicos y radiológicos del tratamiento quirúrgico con sistema DHS en fracturas transtrocantericas de cadera en el Hospital Obrero No 2, durante las gestión2017 y 2018. MÉTODOS: es un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en el servicio de traumatología del Hospital obrero No 2. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes que ingresaron con fractura transtrocanterica de cadera y que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente con el sistema DHS. La evaluación funcional de la cadera operada se realizó entre el cuarto y sexto mes después de la cirugía según la Escala para Cadera de Oxford (Oxford Hip Score). RESULTADOS: de los 52 pacientes, 36 (62%) fueron mujeres y el resto varones. La edad promedio fue de 82 años, en 61 % (32) el lado afectado fue el izquierdo.Según la clasificación AO, las fracturas transtrocantericas de cadera más frecuente fueron las fracturas inestables en 55,7% (29) y 44,3% (23) tenían fractura estable. El cut out o extrusión del tornillo DHS fuera de la cabeza del fémur se presentó en 5,7% de los casos. La funcionalidad según la escala de Oxford, entre 4 y 6 meses del posoperatorio nos indica una evolución satisfactoria en el 60%. CONCLUSIONES: el sistema DHS es la principal opción utilizado en la CNS para este tipo de fracturas, con resultados buenos según la escala funcional de Oxford.(AU)

OBJECTIVES: the objective of the study is the result of the clinical and radiological results of the surgical treatment with the DHS system in transtrocanteric hip fractures in the Hospital Obrero No 2, during the administration 2017-2018. METHODS: this is an observational, prospective study in the traumatology service of Worker's Hospital No . 2. We included 52 patients who were admitted with a transtrochanteric hip fracture and who underwent surgery with the DHS system. The evaluation of the operated hip is developed in the fourth and the sixth month after the surgery according to the Oxford Hip Score. RESULTS: of the 52 patients, 36 (62%) were women and the rest were males. The average age was 82 years, in 61% (32) the affected side was the left. According to the AO classification, the most frequent transtrocanteric hip fractures were unstable fractures in 55.7% (29) and 44.3% (23) had stable fracture. The trimming or extrusion of the DHS screw outside the head of the femur has occurred in 5.7% of cases. The functionality according to the Oxford scale at 4and 6 months postoperatively indicates a satisfactory evolution in 60% . CONCLUSIONS: the DHS system is the main option used in the SNC for this type of fracture, with good results according to the Oxford functional scale.(AU)

The migration of helical blade and the tip apex distance value in cephalomedullary nail for geriatric intertrochanteric fractures / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the association between the tip apex distance (TAD) and migration of helical blade in the femoral head of geriatric intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: A retrospective study of intertrochanteric fractures treated with the proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) between June 2015 and June 2018 was performed. There were 32 males and 55 females with an average age of 84.7 years (range, 80-101 years). All of them were unilateral fresh closed intertrochanteric fractures caused by low energy injury. According to AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, 33 cases belonged to type 31-A1, 35 cases to type 31-A2, and 19 cases to type 31-A3. The time interval from injury to operation was 1-16 days (mean, 3.7 days). The TAD was measured according to immediate postoperative X-ray films. The cases were divided into two groups: group A with TAD less than 20 mm and group B with TAD greater than 20 mm. The difference of fracture healing and migration of helical blade between the two groups were observed. Results: According to the TAD value immediately after operation, 49 patients in group A had TAD of 8.9-19.7 mm, with an average of 18.6 mm; 38 patients in group B had TAD of 20.1-41.4 mm, with an average of 27.7 mm. The 87 patients were followed up for an average of 11.7 months, ranging from 4 to 28 months. Three cases (all in group B) underwent screw blade cutting and displacement, which resulted in internal fixation failure, including 1 case with femoral head cut upward and 2 cases with femoral head penetrated inward. The remaining 84 cases had bone healing without internal fixation related complications such as fracture of internal fixator and fracture of femoral shaft. There was significant difference in the incidence of internal fixation failure between group A and group B ( P=0.049). Conclusion: Reducing the TAD value of helical blade appropriately (15-20 mm) in PFNA internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture patients over 80 years old can increase initial stability without increasing the risk of helical blade migration.

Predictors of failure following fixation of intertrochanteric fractures with proximal femoral nail antirotation

INTRODUCTION@#This retrospective matched case-control study aimed to identify predictors of cut-out following intramedullary nailing of intertrochanteric fractures with the 200-mm Synthes proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA).@*METHODS@#609 patients underwent intramedullary nailing for intertrochanteric fractures at our institution between January 2011 and December 2014. 370 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. There were 20 cases of implant cut-out. Cases and controls were matched using a propensity score-matching method with an m:n ratio, matching the criteria of gender, age and side of operation. Radiographs were assessed to determine fracture classification, fracture reduction quality, tip-apex distance, calcar referenced tip-apex distance (CalTAD), anteroposterior (AP) Parker's ratio index, lateral Parker's ratio index and cervical angle difference. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine any association between potential predictors and cut-outs.@*RESULTS@#The cut-out incidence was 5.4%. Of the 20 cut-outs, 16 were superior and four were cut-throughs. Univariate analysis only showed a significant association between unsatisfactory fracture reduction quality and cut-outs (odds ratio [OR] 10.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-77.6, p = 0.027). This association remained significant with multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR 16.4, 95% CI 1.9-140.4, p = 0.011). Cut-throughs had significantly lower CalTAD (16.2 vs. 27.5, p = 0.016) and AP Parker's ratio index values (38.7 vs. 50.7, p = 0.007) than superior cut-outs.@*CONCLUSION@#Unsatisfactory fracture reduction quality was a significant predictor of cut-out in intertrochanteric fractures treated with the 200-mm PFNA. Cut-outs had two distinct modes, with cut-throughs having a deeper and more inferior helical blade position in the femoral head compared to superior cut-outs.

Trochanteric Fixation Nail® with Helical Blade Compared with Femoral Neck Screw for Operative Treatment of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to compare outcomes of the Trochanteric Fixation Nail (TFN®) with a helical blade versus TFN® with a femoral neck screw for the treatment of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single center, retrospective cohort study. Patients (>18 years of age) with an intertrochanteric femoral fracture, who were operated on between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016 were included. Primary and secondary outcome measures were cut-out rate and intervention variables, respectively. Data from X-ray examinations and patient medical files were collected and analyzed. The chi-square test or Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 631 patients were surgically treated for an intertrochanteric femoral fracture. Of this group, 239 patients (37.9%) were treated with a TFN® with helical blade and 392 patients (62.1%) with a TFN® with femoral neck screw. There were no statistically significant differences between the baseline characteristics of both groups. A total of 17 (2.7%) cut-outs were recorded, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.19). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in the secondary outcome measures between the two groups. CONCLUSION: There are no statistically significant differences in primary and secondary outcomes following treatment of intertrochanteric femur fracture with the TFN® helical blade or TFN® femoral neck screw. These findings suggest that the choice of collum implant for the surgical treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures cannot be made based on the surgical outcomes of the two implants evaluated here.

Factores asociados a fallo en la osteosíntesis de fracturas transtrocantéricas / Factor associated in the failure of the ostheosyntesis of transtrocantheric fractures

Resumen: Las fracturas transtrocantéricas representan la mitad de las fracturas del fémur proximal. La mayor incidencia es en > 65 años, mujeres y presentan mortalidad al año del 14 al 50%. Los objetivos de tratamiento son: fijación estable, restaurar la movilidad y recuperar la función. Las complicaciones tienen una incidencia de 17%, siendo las más comunes: desplazamiento en varo, no unión y cut out. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre falla de la osteosíntesis y los siguientes factores: mala reducción, inestabilidad, índice punta ápice > (TAI) 25 mm, punta ápice modificado al calcar (TAICal) > 20 mm e índice de Parker. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de pacientes con fracturas transtrocantéricas. De enero del 2009 a diciembre del 2014, se incluyeron 91 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de selección. El seguimiento se hizo a 6 meses para valorar complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el grupo 1 a 27 pacientes que presentaron falla y en el grupo 2 a 64 pacientes. Se obtuvieron en el grupo 1 valores de TAI 13.7 a 45 mm y en el grupo 2 valores de 11 a 31.2 mm. Se encontró que la posición central en lateral e inferior en AP no presentó fallo. Conclusiones: Se encontraron 27 pacientes con complicaciones (29%). La estabilidad inicial es un factor determinante, se recomienda fijación con CCM en los casos de fracturas inestables. Se confirmó la validez de un TAI > 25 mm como un predictor de fallo.

Abstract: Pertrochanteric fractures account approximately a half of the proximal femoral fractures. Incidence of these fractures is highest in women, age > 65 years and presents a mortality rate of 14 to 50%. Treatment goals include stable fixation, immediate mobilization and restore activities. Complications after treatment present in 17% and include: nonunion, cut out and varus displacement. Objective: Correlation between complications after surgical treatment and presence of instability, inadequate reduction, Tip Apex Index (TAI) > 25 mm, Tip Apex Index to calcar (TAIcal) > 20 mm and parker index. Material and methods: A case control study was conducted in patients with pertrochanteric fractures treated between January 2009 and December 2014, 91 patients were included and complications were measured up to 6 months after surgery. Results: 27 patients were included in group 1, which were the ones who presented complications. Values of TAI measured in this group were 13.7 to 45 mm, and were significantly higher than group 2. Position of the blade/screw central in the lateral view and inferior in the AP view didn´t present complications. Conclusions: We found 27 patients with complications in the follow up (29%). Initial reduction and stability is determinant to success. We recommend the use of proximal femoral nail in all unstable fractures. It is confirmed that TAI > 25 mm as a predictor of failure.

Intertrochanteric fracture fixation with Dynamic Hip Screw: Is tip-apex distance measurement useful for predicting fixation failure?

Introduction: Application of dynamic hip screw (DHS) implant for the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures continues to raise concern related to risk of lag screw cut-out with or without subsequent damage to the acetabulum. Measurement of tip-apex distances (TAD) has been recommended to guide the optimal placement of lag screw and to predict subsequent risk of screw cut-out. In this study, the value of TAD was evaluated to verify its usefulness. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 33 consecutive patients with intertrochanteric fracture treated with DHS. Demographic data of the patients were traced from their case notes. Post-operative radiographs were reviewed by focusing on measurement of TAD on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Radiographs at one year follow-up were reviewed to depict any fixation-related failure or complication. Results: Fifty two percent of patients did not achieved the recommended TAD of ≤ 25mm. The mean post-operative TAD was 25.9mm and elderly patients were likely to achieve TAD of ≤ 25mm. The overall complication rate of 6% was attributed to screw cut-out in two cases. The unstable left-sided fracture was identified to be a potential risk for screw cut-out or migration. Conclusion: TAD is a valuable measurement to guide optimal placement of lag screw during DHS fixation of intertrochanteric fracture.

Referred Pain to the Knee in Hip Diseases : A Case Series Study / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Patient 1, a 75-year-old woman with a past history of osteoarthritis of the right knee and Parkinson disease, had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. She complained of right knee pain during her rehabilitation. It turned out that she had sustained a right trochanteric fracture after falling out of bed in another hospital. Patient 2, an 86-year-old woman with a past history of rheumatoid arthritis, was treated with the Gamma nail technique for a left trochanteric fracture. She described experiencing pain in the region from the left knee to the lateral side of the left thigh during her rehabilitation, about two months after the hip operation. X-ray and computed tomography images showed varus displacement of the femoral head due to screw cut-out. In each of these cases, it took some time for us to detect the underlying hip diseases. The dermatome shows regions of the skin innervated by each single spinal segment. Similarly, the sclerotome shows regions of bone and periosteum innervated by each single spinal segment. According to Inman and Saunders's sclerotome, the proximal portion of the femur is mainly innervated by L3, L4 and L5. On the other hand, in dermatome perspective, L3, L4 and L5 innervate the knee and region around the knee. It means that hip diseases can cause referred pain to the knee.Untypical pain in distant regions from the hip joint makes it difficult to examine the hip joint and causes delay in an accurate diagnosis, as in the cases just described. Therefore, we should keep in mind that hip diseases can cause referred pain to the knee.

Fixation Strategies to Prevent Screw Cut-Out and Malreduction in Proximal Humeral Fracture Fixation

Fixation of proximal humerus fractures with precontoured, fixed angle devices has improved operative management of these difficult injuries, particularly in patients with osteoporosis. However, recent data has revealed that fixation with these constructs is not without complications, particularly screw cut-out and loss of reduction. Multiple strategies have been developed to decrease the number of complications. We offer a surgical technique combining suture augmentation of the proximal humerus with locked plate fixation utilizing short screws.

Use of the Tip-Apex Distance in predicting Dynamic Hip Screw Cut Out in Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur in Asian Population

The objective of this study was to assess the rate of screw cut out in elderly patients treated with the dynamic hip screw and the relationship to the Tip Apex Distance (TAD). This is a retrospective radiological evaluation of 100 cases of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture treated with dynamic hip screw fixation surgically treated between 1998 and 2002. The incidence of screw cut out was assessed and correlation of risk of cut out with the TAD was assessed. The rate of screw cut out was 9.0% and the average length of time to screw cut out was 3.8 months (range, 1 to 6 months) postoperatively. The incidence of screw cut out increased significantly when the TAD was 20 mm or more. The screw cut out rates were 2.9%, 20.0%, 30.8%, 50% and 100% for TAD of 20-24 mm, 25-29 mm, 30-34 mm, 35-44 mm and > 45 mm respectively. Overall, a TAD of 20mm or more was associated with a statistically significant screw cut out risk in this Malaysian population.

The association between the“Tip-Apex Distance”value and cut-out of the lag screw from the femoral head:a clinical retrospective study / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To confirm the association between the“Tip-Apex Distance (TAD)”and cut-out of the lag screw from the femoral head.and to analyze other factors leading to the cut-out.Methods The complete radiographic and clinical data of 106 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures were available for this study. They were 65 men and 41 women,with an average age of 52.4 years (range,20 to 83 years).According to Evans classification.19 cases belonged to typeⅡ.25 to typeⅢ,32 to typeⅣ,29 to typeⅤ,and one to type R.The bone quality was classified by Singh rating system:44 cases were rated as typeⅥ.34 as typeⅤ,23 as typeⅣand five as typeⅢ.They were treated with open reduction and fixation with 135?dynamic hip screw (DHS).According to the finding of Baumgaertner that“TAD”beyond 25 mm would grcatly increase the risk of cut-out,the patients could be divided into two groups:59 cases with“TAD”less than 25 mm and 47 greater than 25 mm.Results The mean duration of follow-ups was 14.45 months (range,4.5 to 28.0 months).Of the 15 cases whose“TAD”was more than 30 mm,one had the cut-out.Of the seven cases whose“TAD”was more than 40 mm,two had the cut-out (P=0.000). The average age of the three patients was 78.7 years (range:75 to 83 years) and 27.1 years older than that of the 103 patients whose fracture healed (P=0.000).They belonged to the unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur (two to Evans type V and one to type R).The reduction was assessed as excellent in 43 cases,good in 47 cases,fair in nine cases (of whom one had the cut-out),poor in seven cases (of whom two had the cut-out). Conclusions The cut-out of the lag screw from the femoral head can be caused by age,fracture type and stability of reduction and“TAD”.The greater the“TAD”value,the greater possibility of cut-out.