Cyberbullying and coping strategies in adolescents from Southern Brazil / Cyberbullying y estratégias de afrontamiento en adolescentes del sur de Brasil / Cyberbullying e Estratégias de Coping em Adolescentes do Sul do Brasil

Abstract Cyberbullying is defined as a phenomenon that involves aggressive, intentional and repetitive behaviors, carried out through electronic means, during a given time, and perpetrated by an individual or group against a defenseless victim. Coping strategies are a range of changeable cognitive and behavioral efforts used to cope with internal and external demands appraised by the individual as excessive to their resources. This paper aims to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents of two cities in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), and its relationship with coping strategies. 273 adolescent boys and girls (M = 14.91 years; SD = 1.45), living in the State capital and in a countryside town took part in this study. Participants were asked to respond to a socio-demographic questionnaire, as well as to the Revised Cyberbullying Inventory and the Coping Strategies Inventory by Folkman and Lazarus. Results indicated that 58 % of the adolescents were included in at least one category of aggression. In addition, the statistical means for self-control, social support and avoidance coping strategies were significantly higher for the victims compared to the not-involved youth. On the other hand, victims-aggressors scored higher on the confrontation strategies than the not involved ones. The great incidence of cyberbullying is discussed, as well as the prevalence of the abovementioned coping strategies.

Resumen El cyberbullying es definido como un fenómeno que involucra comportamientos agresivos, intencionales y repetitivos perpetrados por un individuo o un grupo a través de medios electrónicos durante un periodo determinado contra una víctima que presenta dificultades para defenderse. Por otra parte, las estrategias de afrontamiento (coping) son un conjunto de esfuerzos cognitivos y comportamentales cambiantes, utilizados para lidiar con exigencias internas o externas evaluadas como que exceden o desbordan sus recursos personales. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo investigar la prevalencia del cyberbullying en adolescentes de dos ciudades de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), así como su relación con las estrategias de afrontamiento. En total, participaron 273 adolescentes (M = 14.91 años; DE = 1.45), habitantes de la capital y de una ciudad del interior del Estado, que respondieron una encuesta de datos sociodemográficos, la escala Revised Cyberbullying Inventory y el Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman y Lazarus. Los resultados indicaron que el 58 % de los adolescentes se encuadraba en alguna categoría de agresión; y que los promedios de las estrategias afrontamiento de autocontrol, soporte social y escape-huida resultaron ser significativamente mayores para las víctimas que para los no involucrados. Asimismo, la estrategia de confrontación fue más utilizada por las víctimas-agresores que por los no involucrados. Al final se discute sobre la gran incidencia del cyberbullying en la muestra investigada, así como la utilización de las estrategias de afrontamiento mencionadas.

Resumo Cyberbullying é definido como um fenômeno que envolve comportamentos agressivos, intencionais e repetitivos, realizados através de meios eletrônicos, ao longo de um determinado período, e perpetrados por um indivíduo ou grupo contra uma vítima que apresenta dificuldade em se defender. Já estratégias de coping são um conjunto de esforços cognitivos e comportamentais mutáveis, utilizados para lidar com exigências internas ou externas, avaliadas pelo indivíduo como excessivas aos seus recursos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a prevalência de Cyberbullying em adolescentes de duas cidades do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), bem como sua relação com as estratégias de coping. Participaram do estudo 273 adolescentes (M = 14.91 anos; dp = 1.45), habitantes da capital e de uma cidade do interior do Estado. Estes foram convidados a responder a um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, bem como às escalas Revised Cyberbullying Inventory e ao Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus. Os resultados indicaram que 58 % dos adolescentes se enquadravam em alguma categoria de agressão. Além disso, as médias das estratégias de coping de autocontrole, suporte social e fuga-esquiva foram significativamente maiores para as vítimas que para os não envolvidos. Por sua vez, a estratégia de confronto foi maior para as vítimas-agressores que para os não envolvidos. Discutem-se a grande incidência de Cyberbullying na amostra pesquisada e a prevalência de estratégias de coping mencionadas.

Impacto negativo de los medios tecnológicos en el neurodesarrollo infantil / Negative impact of technological media on child neurodevelopment

Resumen La exposición y el uso de medios electrónicos por parte de la mayoría de los niños es una realidad desde los primeros años de vida. Esta realidad se ha instalado en la vida de nuestros niños y de nuestra sociedad antes de que investigaciones cientí cas hayan podido evaluar su real impacto en el neurodesarrollo infantil. En los lactantes y pre-escolares, la exposición a pantallas electrónicas se ha asociado a un menor nivel de desarrollo cognitivo y del lenguaje. Asimismo, a mediano plazo, se ha relacionado con mayor riesgo de sobrepeso, dé cit de atención, y el riesgo de adoptar una actitud pasiva frente al mundo. En la edad escolar y en la adolescencia, el uso de estos instrumentos tecnológicos puede brindar oportunidades positivas para los aprendizajes y para la socialización. Sin embargo, más frecuentemente se observa un uso excesivo de estos dispositivos electrónicos, que repercute sobre la capacidad de concentración, el rendimiento escolar y sobre la cantidad y calidad del sueño nocturno. Algunos adolescentes que utilizan demasiado las redes sociales presentan síntomas de depresión, de déficit de sueño, sobrepeso, aislamiento social (afectados por el ciber-bullying), o están expuestos a contenidos y contactos inapropiados o riesgosos, y comprometen su privacidad y la con dencialidad de sus datos personales. Por todo ello, la comunidad académica debe informar sobre estos serios riesgos a la población, al mismo tiempo que continúa desarrollando investigaciones para conocer mejor el impacto que tienen los diferentes medios electrónicos sobre el neurodesarrollo y el bienestar de los niños y adolescentes.

Abstract Exposure and use of electronic media by the majority of children is part of their reality since the first years of life. This reality has installed in the life of our kids and our society before scientific research has been able to assess their real impact in child neurodevelopment. In infants, toddlers and preschoolers, exposure to electronic screens has been related to cognitive and language delay. Additionally, in the medium term, it has been related to a greater risk of overweight, lack of concentration and attention deficit, and a greater risk to adopt a passive attitude. In school age and in adolescence, these technological devices may bring positive opportunities towards learning and socialization. Nevertheless, more frequently, an overuse of these technologies is being seen, that affect the attention ability, the school performance and the amount and quality of nocturnal sleep of children and adolescents. Some adolescents that overuse social media develop symptoms of depression, insuffcient sleep, overweight and social isolation (affected by cyber-bullying) or are exposed to inappropriate or risky contents and contacts, and they endanger their privacy and the confidentiality of their personal data. For all these reasons, academic community has to inform the society about these serious risks, at the same time that continues developing researches to assess more profoundly the impact of the different electronic media to the neurodevelopment and well-being of our children and adolescents.

Review of Current Status and Countermeasures of School Violence / 中国医学伦理学

School violence is a hot and difficult issue around the world.The frequem school violence imposes a great threat on the campus security.School violence not only severely affects the physical and mental health of juvenile students,but also disturbs the harmony and stability of the whole society.Firstly,this paper reviewed the concept of school violence.Then,it summarized the research progress in domestic and overseas area,and expounded a new trend of school violence.Finally,this paper showcases the prevention strategies from school violence,in order to provide a new perspective to promoting the research and effective governance on school violence in our country.

Relation of cyber bullying to psychological status, online social support and psychological resilience in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objectives:To explore the relationship between cyber bullying incident and psychological status of college students,and the effects of online social support and psychological resilience.Methods:Totally 608 college students (aged 17-25 years) were selected.They were investigated with the Cyberbullying Inventory (CI,including cyber bullying and cyber bullied),Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90),College Students' Online Social Support Scale (CSOSSS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RSIC).Results:Online social support partly mediated the relationship between cyber bullying dimension or cyber bullied dimension and psychological status,and the ratios of the mediating effects to total effects were 24.1％ and 22.0％ separately.Psychological resilience didn't moderate the relationship between cyber bullying dimension and psychological status (β =0.01,P ＞ 0.05),but moderated the relationship between cyber bullied and psychological status (β =-0.08,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:The cyber bullying and cyber bullied may be not only related to psychological status directly,but also related to social support indirectly through online.Psychological resilience could buffer the effect of cyber bullied on psychological status.

Cyber Bullying - A New Social Menace

jective: Cyber bullying is a combination of the word cyber and bullying where cyber basically means the Internet or on-line. In this case, cyber bullying will focus on getting in action with bullying by using the Internet or modern technologies such as on-line chats, online media and short messaging texts through social media. The current review aims to compile and summarize the results of relevant publications related to “cyber bullying." The review also includes discussing on relevant variables related to cyber bullying. Methods: Information from relevant publications addresses the demographics, prevalence, differences between cyber bullying and traditional bullying, bullying motivation, avenues to overcome it, preventions, coping mechanisms in relation to “cyber bullying” were retrieved and summarized. Results: The prevalence of cyber bullying ranges from 30% - 55% and the contributing risk factors include positive association with perpetration, non-supportive school environment, and Internet risky behaviors. Both males and females have been equal weigh on being perpetrators and victims. The older groups with more technology exposures are more prone to be exposed to cyber bullying. With respect to individual components of bullying, repetition is less evident in cyber bullying and power imbalance is not measured by physicality but in terms of popularity and technical knowledge of the perpetrator. Conclusion: Due to the limited efforts centralized on the intervention, future researchers should focus on testing the efficacy of possible interventional programs and the effects of different roles in the intervention in ord

Bullying y cyberbulling: diferencias entre colegios públicos-privados y religiosos-laicos / Bullying and Cyberbullying: Differences between Public-Private and Religious-Secular Schools / Bullying e cyberbullying: diferenças entre escolas públicas-privadas e religiosas-laicas

Objetivo. Analizar diferencias en el bullying presencial y el cyberbulling entre colegios públicos-privados y religiosos-laicos. Método. Participaron 3026 adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco (España), de 12 a 18 años (48.5% varones y 51.5% mujeres). Se administró el Test Cyberbullying (Garaigordobil, 2013) para evaluar el bullying cara a cara y el cyberbulling. El diseño de investigación fue descriptivo y comparativo de corte transversal. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron: (a) la cantidad de conductas de bullying que sufren, realizan y observan es similar en centros públicos y privados; en cyberbulling la cantidad de conductas que sufren y realizan es similar, aunque en los centros privados se observa mayor cantidad de conductas; (b) el porcentaje de víctimas, agresores y observadores de bullying fue similar en centros públicos y privados; entre tanto, el porcentaje de cibervíctimas y ciberagresores fue similar, sin embargo el porcentaje de ciberobservadores fue mayor en los centros privados; (c) la cantidad de conductas de bullying y cyberbulling que sufren las víctimas y realizan los agresores fue similar en los centros religiosos y laicos, sin embargo en los religiosos se observaron más conductas de bullying y cyberbulling; y (d) se encontró un mayor porcentaje de agresores y observadores de bullying en centros religiosos, no obstante el porcentaje de víctimas de bullying, cibervíctimas, ciberagresores y ciberobservadores fue similar en los colegios religiosos y laicos. Conclusión. El debate se centra en la presencia del acoso en todos los centros educativos, con independencia del nivel socioeconómico y la orientación religiosa de los mismos.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to analyze the differences in presential bullying and cyberbullying between public-private and religious-secular schools. Method. Participants were 3,026 adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain), aged between 12 and 18 years, (48.5% males and 51.5% females). The Cyberbullying Test (Garaigordobil, 2013) was administered to assess "face-to-face" bullying and cyberbullying. The investigation used a descriptive and comparative cross-sectional design. Results. The results showed: (a) in bullying, the quantity of behaviors suffered, carried out, and observed is similar in public and private centers; in cyberbullying, the quantity of behaviors suffered and carried out is similar, but a greater number of behaviors is observed in private centers; (b) in bullying, the percentage of victims, aggressors, and observers was similar in public and private centers; in cyber-bullying, the percentage of cyber-victims and cyber-aggressors was similar, but the percentage of cyber-observers was higher in private centers; (c) the quantity of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors suffered by victims and carried out by aggressors was similar in religious and secular centers, but in religious centers, more bullying and cyberbullying behaviors were observed; and (d) in bullying, a higher percentage of aggressors and observers was found in religious centers, but the percentage of victims of bullying, cyber-victims, cyber-aggressors, and cyber-observers was similar in religious and secular schools. Conclusion. The debate focuses on the presence of bullying in all the schools, independently of their socioeconomic level and religious orientation.

Escopo. Analisar diferenças no bullying presencial e o cyberbullying entre escolas públicas -privadas e religiosas- laicas. Metodologia. Participaram 3026 adolescentes e jovens do País Vasco (Espanha) de 12 a 18 anos de idade (48.5% homens e 51.5% mulheres). Foi administrado o Test Cyberbullying (Garaigordobil, 2013) para avaliar o bullying cara a cara e o cyberbullying. O desenho de pesquisa foi descritivo e comparativo de corte transversal. Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram: a) que a quantidade de condutas de bullying que sofrem, realizam e observam é similar em centros públicos e privados; em cyberbullying a quantidade de condutas que sofrem e realizam é similar, ainda que nos centros privados foram observados uma maior quantidade de condutas; b) que a porcentagem de vitimas, agressores e observadores de bullying foi similar em centros públicos e privados; entre tanto, a porcentagem de cyber-vitimas e cyber-agressores foi similar, contudo, a porcentagem de cyber-observadores foi maior nos centros privados; c) que a quantidade de condutas de bullying e cyberbullying que sofrem as vitimas e realizam os agressores foi similar nos centros religiosos e laicos, contudo, nos religiosos foram observadas mais condutas de bullying e cyberbullying; e d) foi achada uma maior porcentagem de agressores e observadores de bullying em centros religiosos, contudo, a porcentagem de vitimas de bullying, cyber-vitimas, cyber-agressores e cyber-observadores foi similar em escolas religiosas e laicas. Conclusão. O debate está centrado na presencia do acosso em todos os centros educativos com independência do nível socioeconómico e a orientação religiosa.

Prevalence and Correlates of Problematic Internet Experiences and Computer-Using Time: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study in Korean School Children

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of and factors associated with online inappropriate sexual exposure, cyber-bullying victimisation, and computer-using time in early adolescence. METHODS: A two-year, prospective school survey was performed with 1,173 children aged 13 at baseline. Data collected included demographic factors, bullying experience, depression, anxiety, coping strategies, self-esteem, psychopathology, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and school performance. These factors were investigated in relation to problematic Internet experiences and computer-using time at age 15. RESULTS: The prevalence of online inappropriate sexual exposure, cyber-bullying victimisation, academic-purpose computer overuse, and game-purpose computer overuse was 31.6%, 19.2%, 8.5%, and 21.8%, respectively, at age 15. Having older siblings, more weekly pocket money, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and passive coping strategy were associated with reported online sexual harassment. Male gender, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were associated with reported cyber-bullying victimisation. Female gender was associated with academic-purpose computer overuse, while male gender, lower academic level, increased height, and having older siblings were associated with game-purpose computer-overuse. CONCLUSION: Different environmental and psychological factors predicted different aspects of problematic Internet experiences and computer-using time. This knowledge is important for framing public health interventions to educate adolescents about, and prevent, internet-derived problems.