Exploring the Principles， Limitations， and Error-Correction Methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine's Empirical Thinking / 中医杂志

From the perspective of cybernetics， this study investigated the fundamental principles of empirical thinking in traditional Chinese medicine， encompassing six stages： experience input and storage， experience extraction and activation， experience combination and reconstruction， judgment and decision-making based on experience， and experience evaluation and feedback. The potential limitations of empirical thinking in clinical applications were analyzed， mainly manifested as “individuality”， “superficiality”， “conservatism”， “prioritizing commonality over individuality”， and “cognitive inertia”. To overcome these limitations， this paper also explored strategies and methods for clinical error-correction from four points： the integration of rational and empirical thinking， the reinforcement of feedback mechanisms and transcendent correction， the integration of individualization and quantity-quality balance， and the management and transference of tacit knowledge under empirical thinking.

Horizonte de la inteligencia artificial y neurociencias: Acerca de robots, androides y cyborgs / Horizon of artificial intelligence and neurosciences. About robots, androids and cyborgs

La inteligencia artificial permite que los procesos cerebrales sean analizados como procesos computacionales. Presenta dos líneas inquietantes: el Proyecto Robot, llamado androide cuando es antropomórfico, y el Proyecto Cyborg. Los robots están destinados a tareas repetitivas, riesgosas o de precisión, en las que pueden superar las limitaciones humanas, no percibiéndose conflictos éticos aunque sí nuevos desafíos en la organización social. Respecto de los androides, más allá de sus capacidades, habrá que considerar los efectos que puedan ocurrir en el ser humano durante la interacción con la máquina, como el impacto de la mímica androide sobre la emoción y estado de ánimo. Los cyborgs son criaturas compuestas por elementos orgánicos y cibernéticos cuya finalidad es emular o mejorar las capacidades de la parte orgánica. No se reconoce conflicto en su empleo para rehabilitación o para suplir funciones alteradas o ausentes; aspectos negativos serían su uso para la manipulación. Otra aplicación del proyecto cyborg a considerar es el enhancement, término utilizado en la literatura anglosajona para definir el aumento de facultades neurocognitivas o sensoriales mediante la estimulación transcraneal o intracraneal. El conflicto neuroético surge porque el objetivo no es curar sino la perfectibilidad, o nuevas modalidades de percepción. Los profesionales de la salud deben actuar en un entorno nuevo y cambiante que trasciende las neurociencias y la salud pública. El progreso continúa; por lo que se debe informar a la sociedad, anticipar dilemas, y ofrecer espacios de reflexión para la toma de decisiones individuales y para la especie humana.

Artificial intelligence permits cerebral processes to be analyzed like computing processes. We can recognize two disturbing lines we can call: The Robot Project, android when is anthropomorphic, and The Cyborg Project. Robots are destined to perform repetitive, risky or accurate tasks in which they can surpass human limitations. No ethical conflicts are perceived here but there are new challenges to be faced as far as the social organization is concerned. As regards androids, apart from their robotic capabilities, their effect on the human being during interaction should be considered, as the impact of mimic's android on the emotion. The cyborgs are creatures composed by biological and cybernetic elements whose goal is to improve the capabilities of their biological parts. There has been no evidence of conflict in their use for rehabilitation or to supply impaired or non-existing functions. It would be different if they were used for manipulative activities. Another application of the cyborg project to consider is the term "enhancement", used to describe the increase of neurocognitive or sensory faculties through transcranial/intracranial stimulation. The ethical conflict here lies in the fact that the focus is not so much on healing but on seeking perfectibility or new modalities of perception. Health professionals must act in a new and constantly changing environment that transcends neurosciences and public health. Progress never stops; so, society have to be informed, anticipate dilemmas, and make room for reflection to help decision-making processes that involve individuals as well as the whole human species.

Salud y Enfermedad Mental: Del Corpus Hippocraticum a una aproximación termodinámica / Health and Mental Illness: From Corpus Hippocraticum to a thermodynamic approach

Se establece una relación entre conceptos básicos acerca de salud y enfermedad mental en los Tratados Hipocráticos y los elementos actuales de la termodinámica y de la cibernética, enlace que se formula a través de los aportes de autores como Maturana y Valera (autopoiesis y teleonomía) o Bergson (regularidades vs indeterminsmos). Se definen y caracterizan los fenómenos anancásticos y los estocásticos, destacándose su relación complementaria. Con un enfoque termodinámico se define a la enfermedad mental como una estructura que se impone hegemónicamente sobre el resto de las actividades mentales y consume la energía que regula el metabolismo restante de la persona afectada. Se aportan evidencias clínicas de las bondades de esta óptica, presentándose, por ejemplo, la ansiedad como una crisis entrópica y la depresión como interferencia de la teleonomía , al tiempo que los trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos son descritos desde una perspectiva cibernética. A lo largo del texto se le confiere mayor relevancia a la noción de la enfermedad mental como pathos hegemónico que absorbe recursos energéticos y disminuye las posibilidades de adaptación del afectado a su medio externo y de éxito en el afrontamiento de sus propias tensiones.

A link is traced between the basic concepts on health and mental illness in the Hippocratic Treaties and the current elements of thermodynamics and cybernetics, through the contributions of authors such as Maturana and Valera (autopoiesis and teleonomy) or Bergson (regularities vs. indeterminism). Anankastic and stochastic phenomena are defined and characterized, highlighting their complementary connection. Following a thermodynamic approach, a mental illness is defined as a structure that imposes itself on the rest of the mental activities and consumes the energy that regulates the remnants of the affected person s metabolism. Clinical evidences of the benefits of this perspective are given, presenting, for instance, anxiety as entropic crisis and depression as an interference of teleonomy , while obsessive-compulsive disorders are described from the cybernetic perspective. Throughout the text, the greatest relevance is conferred to the notion of mental illness as a hegemonic pathos that absorbs energy resources and diminishes the affected individuals possibilities of adaptation to their external environment, and of successfully coping with their own tensions.

A epistemologia do pensamento sistêmico e as contribuições de Humberto Maturana / Epistemology of systems thinking and the contributions of Humberto Maturana / La epistemología del pensamiento sistémico y las contribuciones de Humberto Maturana

A epistemologia do Pensamento Sistêmico (PS) passou por importantes transformações ao longo do século XX e, progressivamente, ganha espaço nas investigações científicas e intervenções em diferentes contextos. Compreender seus princípios epistemológicos tem sido um desafio em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação de diferentes áreas, sendo condição sine qua non na produção de pesquisas e intervenções sistêmicas. Desse modo, este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento histórico e epistemológico do PS no século XX e as contribuições de Humberto Maturana para o avanço da ciência pós-moderna. Apresenta-se a mudança paradigmática da ciência tradicional para a ciência pós-moderna, bem como os pressupostos básicos que as caracterizam. Propõe-se o uso de uma espiral histórica e epistemológica, além do conceito de recursividade, para facilitar a compreensão das interconexões entre pesquisadores e teorias que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do PS no século XX. São apresentados os principais conceitos de teorias sistêmicas com reconhecimento e visibilidade na comunidade científica, quais sejam, a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, a Cibernética, a Teoria da Comunicação. Conclui-se que a epistemologia do PS tem possibilitado avanços significativos para a ciência, ao considerar de forma integrada os pressupostos epistemológicos da complexidade, da instabilidade e da intersubjetividade na análise dos fenômenos, em pesquisas e intervenções em diferentes contextos.

Epistemology of Systems Thinking (ST) has undergone important changes throughout the twentieth century and has gradually gained ground in scientific investigations and interventions in different contexts. Understanding its epistemological principles has been a challenge in undergraduate and graduate courses of different areas, and it is sine qua nonfor the implementation of systemic research and interventions. Thus, this article aims to present the historical and epistemological development of ST in the twentieth century and the contributions of Humberto Maturana for the advancement of postmodern science, with Biology of Cognition and Cultural Biology. It describes the paradigm shift from traditional science to postmodern science, as well as the basic assumptions that characterize them. We used a historical and epistemological spiral, along with the concept of recursion, to facilitate the understanding of the interconnections between researchers and theories that have contributed to the development of ST. The main concepts of the systemic theories that are recognized and well-known in the scientific community were presented, namely, the General Systems Theory, Cybernetics, the Communication Theory. Our conclusion is that the epistemology of ST has provided significant advances to science, because it integrates the epistemological assumptions of complexity, instability and inter-subjectivity in phenomena analysis, in research and interventions in different contexts

La Epistemología del Pensamiento Sistémico (PS) ha sufrido transformaciones importantes a lo largo del siglo XX y ha ganado terreno poco a poco en la investigación científica y en las intervenciones en diferentes contextos. Entender sus principios epistemológicos ha sido un desafío en áreas distintas de cursos de grado y postgrado, y es condición sine qua nonpara la producción de investigaciones e intervenciones sistémicas. Por lo tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el desarrollo histórico yepistemológico del PS en el siglo XX y los aportes de Humberto Maturana para el avance de la ciencia postmoderna, con la Biología del Conocimiento y la Biología Cultural. Se presenta el cambio de paradigma de la ciencia tradicional a la ciencia postmoderna, así como los supuestos básicos que las caracterizan. Se propone el uso de una espiral histórica y epistemológica además del concepto de recursividad, para facilitar la comprensión de las interconexiones entre los investigadores y teorías que han contribuido al desarrollo del PS. Se presentan los principales conceptos de teorías sistémicas reconocidas y visibles en la comunidad científica, a saber, la Teoría General de los Sistemas, la Cibernética, la Teoría de la Comunicación. Llegamos a la conclusión deque la epistemología del PS ha permitido importantes avances en la ciencia, pues considera de manera integrada los supuestos epistemológicos de complejidad, inestabilidad e inter-subjetividad en el análisis de los fenómenos, en la investigación e intervenciones en distintos contextos.

Epistemologias sistêmicas e suas repercussões para a clínica da terapia familiar / Systemic epistemologies and their repercussions for family therapy treatment

As duas principais teorias epistemológicas da Terapia Familiar Sistêmica, a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas e a Cibernética, compartilharam vários conceitos sobre sistema, mas se desenvolveram em direções distintas. As concepções sobre mudança foram fundamentais para pensar as possibilidades de se trabalhar com o sistema familiar. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as principais características de cada teoria, bem como contribuições teóricas de cada modelo, e as implicações desses para a clínica com famílias. Partindo da reflexão sobre a postura do terapeuta e da sua relação com a família suscitada pelo amplo debate epistemológico, discutimos as mudanças de enfoque mais significativas na abordagem sistêmica e como estão emergindo as principais tendências da Terapia Familiar.(AU)

General Systems Theory and Cybernetics, the two principal epistemological theories of Systemic Family Therapy, shared several concepts about systems, though they went on to develop in distinct directions. The conceptions about changes in family were fundamental to think possibilities to work with family system. In this article the authors introduce the main characteristics of each theory, theoretical contributions to each model, and the implications of these systems for family treatment. Beginning with reflections, grounded in the wide-ranging epistemological debate, on the therapist's stance and relationship with the family, we shall discuss the most significant changes of focus in the systemic approach, and the way in which the chief tendencies in Family Therapy are emerging.(AU)

Inventando a minha subjetividade de idosa: uma abordagem complexa / Inventing my aged subjectivity: a complex approach

O artigo trata de reflexões afetivo-cognitivas que emergiram a partir de pesquisas com cognição em uma abordagem complexa ao longo da vida da autora. Ela faz, então, um rápido histórico da modernidade em termos das pesadas consequências para a humanidade que isso acarreta ao criar fragmentações de todas as dimensões da realidade, o que implicaria sérios impedimentos para a construção de subjetividade/cognição. Na perspectiva da complexidade, há tentativas de ponta na ciência contemporânea que configuram um novo paradigma no sentido de adoção de uma lógica não-linear e não-determinista. Partindo destas considerações, a autora pensa a terceira idade como espaço para potencialização por meio de políticas para idosos mobilizadoras de autonomia, autoexperiência e autoria que possam proporcionar aos idosos reversão de entropia. Justifica a primeira pessoa em coerência com a posição epistemológica complexa adotada, ou seja, de não separar sujeito e objeto, dando conta das operações do próprio operador.

The paper deals with affective-cognitive reflections that emerged from research on cognition in a complex approach throughout the life of the author. It is, then, a quick history of modernity in terms of the heavy consequences for humanity that entails creating fragmentations of all dimensions of reality, which would imply serious impediments to the construction of subjectivity / cognition. In view of the complexity, there are attempts in contemporary science that set a new paradigm in the sense of adopting a non-linear and non-deterministic logic. Based on these considerations, the author thinks the elderly as a space for empowerment through policies for seniors mobilizing autonomy, self-experience and authorship that can provide the elderly reversal of entropy. The author justifies the use of first person in line with the complex epistemological position adopted, ie not separating subject and object, giving an account of the operations of the operator.

Application of cybernetics in hemodialysis nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To discuss the application of cybernetics in hemodialysis nursing. Methods Cybernetics was applied to the standardized nursing quality management in 35 hemodialysis patients, namely to establish hemodialysis standard, weight the executive condition, correct deviation.The feed-forward control was emphasized in combination with the feedback control forming the feed forward-feedback control sys-tern in order to tighten the effect of the control. The dialysis indices before and after the intervention was compared. Results The average hematocfit and urea reduction rate greatly increased after cybernetics was applied to the standardized nursing quality management in 35 hemodialysis patients, but no change was seen in urea elimination index after the intervention. Conclusions Nursing quality can be enhanced by the application of cybernetics in hemodialysis.

La autorregulación a nivel social desde una perspectiva cibernético axiológica. / Social level self regulation from a cybernetic and axiological point of view.

El autor comienza explicando el origen del término cibernética y su relación con la teoría de los valores ético-morales. Mas adelante conceptúa los términos: sistema, autorregulación, adaptación, equilibrio, homeostasis, entropía, eficacia y eficiencia. Continúa dando respuesta a la interrogante: ¿Cómo se efectúa la autorregulación a nivel social?, explicando los elementos que participan en la misma. Por último argumenta las características que esta debe tener para que sea correcta desde el punto de vista ético-moral.

The author begins explaining the origin of the term cybernetics and its relationship with the ethical -moral values theory. Alter that he defines the terms: system, self-regulation, adaptation, balance, homeostasis, entropy, effectiveness and efficiency. He continues giving answers to the question: How is self-regulation made at social level? Explaining the elements that participate in it. Lastly he argues the characteristics that it should have so that  it be correct from the ethical-moral point of view.

Negative feedback system theory in pathophysiology teaching application / 中华医学教育探索杂志

According to Wiener's cybernetics,the author deduces the fundamental principle of negative feedback teaching and builds its model.On the basis of the model,author raises the approach of negative feedback in pathophysiology teaching.

A Study of Development and Evaluation of Tutorial Management Strategy for Web-based Nursing Education / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was attempted and completed in order to settle down and qualitatively improve web-based nursing education by evaluating effect and managing strategy of tutor. METHOD: The development of tutor's managing strategy was based on "The Self-regulated Learning" and "The supportive Learning", then it was applied to 79 learners in one of the cyber-learning centers. After applying the tutor's managing strategy, self-regulated learning scale, attitude for school, preference for computer and academic achievement were evaluated. The development of tutor's managing strategy for web-based nursing education are consisted of participation promotion, psychological support and motivation, recognition and promotion strategy of learning activity, management strategy of evaluating stage. RESULT: The levels of learner's self-regulated learning, recognition, behavior, attitude on the school and learning achievement were meaningfully increased in statistics after applying for the managing strategy of tutor. The motivation level and learning participation kept high scores from the beginning with no significant statistical changes. CONCLUSION: It is required to develop an educational program for cultivating well-educated tutors in order to help the effective learning process of nurses based on understanding characteristics of learners.