ABSTRACT
Alobar holopresencephaly is a rare embryonic condition where there is anomalous fusion of cerebral hemispheres. The key features include neurological impairment and facial dysmorphism like cyclopia, ocular hypertelorism with divided orbits and a proboscis. Obstetric ultrasound and foetal MRI are the diagnostic modalities. Majority of cases are sporadic in origin while a genetic association is also described. A small recurrence risk is noted in cases with sporadic origin. Early diagnosis and pregnancy termination are advisable for the condition since the survival rate is very low.
ABSTRACT
Cyclopia is a severe form of holoprosencephaly which results in children being born with just one eye, absence of nose and presence of a proboscis above the median eye. Incidence of cyclopia is around 1.05 in 1, 00,000 births, including stillbirths. The association of anencephaly with spinal rachichisis varies from 17-50%. However, the existence of cyclopia with anencephaly and spinal rachischisis has been reported only in 9 cases till date. We report one more case of cyclopia with anencephaly and spinal rachischisis. Awareness of this spectrum of association with cyclopia, albeit rare, will help in early antenatal diagnosis by fetal ultrasonography. Public education and strict adherence to folic acid supplementation can prevent this unfortunate anomaly.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: El defecto más común del prosencéfalo es la holoprosencefalia (HPE), caracterizada por ausencia en la división del prosencéfalo. La holoprosencefalia tiene una prevalencia de 1/10.000 en recién nacidos; la ciclopía de 1/100.000 nacidos y la agnatia asociada a holoprosencefalia de 0,8 a 10 %. El objetivo fue describir las características morfológicas e histopatológicas de un feto humano con holoprosencefalia y sus malformaciones asociadas. Se estudió un feto masculino. Se le realizó microdisección bajo el estereomicroscopio, toma de microfotografías con cámara AxioCam y software AxioVision 4.8, y estudio histopatológico. La edad gestacional estimada fue de 12,4-13,2 semanas, encontrándose como hallazgos la HPE semilobar asociada a ciclopía, esbozo oral hipoplásico sin apertura oral, cubierta por una membrana y ausencia de labios. El estudio histopatológico reportó: ojo con lente, retina y córnea únicos; en la cara, probóscide con cartílago tubular en formación asociado a mesénquima y cubierta muscular esquelética, y cavidad oral pequeña, circunscrita por mandíbula hipoplásica conformada por cartílago. Se revisa la literatura y se reafirma la necesidad de estudio multidisciplinario de esta patología para mejorar su comprensión.
SUMMARY: The most common defect of the forebrain is holoprosencephaly (HPE), characterized by absence in the forebrain division. Holoprosencephaly has a prevalence of 1 / 10,000 in newborns; the cyclopia of 1 / 100,000 births and the agnathia, in a series of cases of holoprosencephaly ranges from 0.8 to 10 %. The objective was the description of the morphological and histopathological characteristics of fetus with holoprosencephaly and its associated malformations. A male fetus was studied. Microdissection was performed under the stereomicroscope, taking microphotographs with AxioCam camera and AxioVision 4.8 software, and histopathological study. The estimated gestational age was 12.4-13.2 weeks, the findings were semilobar HPE, associated with cyclopia, hypoplastic oral outline without buccal opening, covered by a membrane and lips absence. The histopathological study reported: eye with lens, retina and cornea only; in the face, proboscis with tubular cartilage in formation associated with mesenchyme and musculoskeletal sheath, and small oral cavity, delimited by hypoplastic mandible conformed by cartilage. The literature is reviewed and reaffirmed the need for multidisciplinary studies of this disease to improve their understanding.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology , Holoprosencephaly/pathology , Fetus/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
Background: Holoprosencephaly is a structural anomaly of the brain that consists in a defect of the prosencephalon development that leads to face and neurological defects of variable intensity. Aim: To estimate holoprosencephaly prevalence at birth. Patients and Methods: All cases of holoprosencephaly, born alive or stillbirths, registered in the 15 Chilean Hospitals of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) between 1972 and 2012, were studied. Craniofacial and other anomalies found in newborns affected by holoprosencephaly are described. Results: Fifty five cases of holoprosencephaly (58% males) were found among the 798.222 registered births (rendering a prevalence at birth of 0.69 per 10.000 newborns). The most common cranial defect was medial cleft lip with cleft palate (27.3%), bilateral cleft lip (11%) or both (38.2%), cyclopia (14%), single nostril (10.9%) and proboscis (9.1%). Eleven percent cases had a trisomy 13. A slight increase in prevalence over time was observed. Conclusions: Holoprosencephaly has a low frequency in Chile and is associated to trisomy 13. The increase in prevalence could be explained by a better prenatal diagnosis (ultrasonography).
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Holoprosencephaly/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Cleft Lip/epidemiology , Cleft Lip/etiology , Cleft Palate/epidemiology , Cleft Palate/etiology , Holoprosencephaly/classification , Holoprosencephaly/complications , Live Birth , Maternal Age , Prevalence , Sex Factors , StillbirthABSTRACT
Cyclopia is a rare congenital malformation incompatible with life; it is characterized by the presence of a single eye in the center position, secondary to alobar holoprosencephaly. Cyclopia etiology is heterogeneous, with a prevalence of 1.05 in 100,000 births. We report a case of cyclopia with sinoftalmía in a fetus of 21 weeks where they use 3D multislice computed tomography as a complementary study.
La ciclopía es una malformación congénita rara e incompatible con la vida, caracterizada por la presencia de un solo ojo en posición central, secundaria a holoprosencefalia alobar. La ciclopía es de etiología heterogénea, con una prevalencia de 1,05 en 100000 nacimientos. Presentamos un caso de ciclopía con sinoftalmía en un feto de 21 semanas en donde se utilizo tomografía computarizada multicorte 3D como estudio complementario.
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Anophthalmos , Congenital Abnormalities , Fetus/anatomy & histology , Fetus/abnormalities , Fetus , Holoprosencephaly , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methodsABSTRACT
Objectives: Holoprosencephaly is a rare condition characterized by different degrees of fused ventricles of the brain resulting from impaired midline cleavage of the embryonic forebrain. The present study aimed to identify cases of holoprosencephaly over a period of three years, to assess the incidence of this malformation, and if possible, prevention of birth of such malformed fetus or infant through genetic counseling. Methods: Diverse features of holoprosencephalic fetus or infant and incidence of holoprosencephaly were studied at GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry; Andhra Pradesh. Results: Incidence found for holoprosencephaly is 2.58 per 10,000 births. Out of total four cases of holoprosencephaly two cases were of alobar and there was each case of semilobar and lobar holoprosencephaly. In two cases there was association between holoprosencephaly and gestational diabetes and in another two cases; there was a familial distribution of holoprosencephaly. Conclusion: Prenatal diagnosis of this rare disorder and genetic counseling has immense importance to prevent holoprosencephaly.
ABSTRACT
El complejo agnatia holoprosencefalia o complejo disgnatia constituye un grupo de malformaciones severas que compromete el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central y de los arcos branquiales; casi siempre es incompatible con la vida y su extrema complejidad puede explicar su baja frecuencia, 1:100.000 neonatos.Primer caso reportado en la literatura paraguaya, gestante de 16 años, no exposición a teratógenos, remita al servicio. La ecografía informó polihidramnios, orbita ocular única, implantación baja de orejas bilateral y ausencia de cavidades bucal y nasal. Cariotipo 46XY. Nació por cesárea producto vivo, que fallece a los 15 minutos, presenta microcefalia, fontanelas cerradas, ciclopía, implantación baja de orejas, agenesia naso-bucal con esbozo único por debajo de la cavidad orbitaria con orificio permeable. Estudio radiológico: agenesia del maxilar inferior, con hipoplasia del maxilar superior. Autopsia: Holoprosencefalia alobar; ciclopía, sinoftalmia, sinotia, arhinia, agnatia; cardiopatía, pulmones hipoplásicos; criptorquidia bilateral; hipoplasia gástrica; y cordón umbilical con dos luces vasculares. La holoprosencefalia y ciclopía deben ser sospechadas durante la ecografía obstétrica de rutina y realizar ecografía detallada para corroborar diagnóstico y buscar otros defectos asociados. Es obligatoria la indicación de cariotipo fetal. Se recomienda el seguimiento obstétrico normal en los embarazos posteriores que continúan. No existen intervenciones fetales que cambien el pronóstico de los fetos con esta patología.
The agnathia-holoprosencephaly complex or disgnatia complex constitutes a group of severe malformations that compromises the development of the central nervous system and the branchial archs its low frequency, 1:100,000 neonates. This is the first case report in the Paraguayan literature, pregnant girl of 16 years old, no exposure to teratogens, remitted to the service. The ultrasound scan revealed polyhydramnios, single eye socket, low positioned ears and absence of oral and nasal cavities. Kariotype: 46XY. By C-section a baby was born alive but died at 15 minutes, presented microcefalia, closed fontanels, cyclopia, low positioned ears, oral-nasal agenesis with a single sketch below the eye socket with a permeable orifice. X-ray examination: agenesia del maxilar inferior, con hipoplasia del maxilar superior. Autopsy: alobar holoprosencephaly; cyclopia, synophtalmia, sinotia, arhinia, agnatia; cardiopathy, hypoplastic lungs; bilateral cryptorchidism; gastric hypoplasia and umbilical cord with two vessels. The holoprosencephaly and cyclopia should be suspected during the routine obstetric ultrasound and a detailed ultrasound should be performed to corroborate diagnosis and look for another associated defects. The indication of fetal karyotype is obligatory. The normal obstetric follow-up is recommended for the following pregnancies. There are not fetal interventions that change the prognosis of fetuses with this pathology.
Subject(s)
Congenital Abnormalities , Prenatal Diagnosis , Central Nervous System Vascular MalformationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine and classify holoprosencephlay with the associated facial abnormalities. METHODS: This was a retrospective study in which were reviewed the sonographic findings in correlation with the clinical and pathologic data of fetuses or neonates identified with holoprosencephaly at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Catholic University in the period 1995-2007. RESULTS: Twelve cases with a Holoprosencephaly were found. Mean gestational age at diagnosis and delivery was 28 weeks of pregnancy (range from 14 to 41 weeks). Modes of delivery were 8 cases of preterm spontaneous delivery, 2 cases of missed abortion, 1 case of normal fullterm spontaneous delivery, and 1 case of full term cesarean delivery. Associated facial anomalies were present in 9/12 cases (75%) which involved with cyclopia, proboscis, cleft lip and palate, ethomocephaly and otocephaly. Among those anomalies, abnormal karyotypes were 3/6 cases (50%). CONCLUSIONS: When a midline brain anomaly is detected by antenatal sonography, accurate sonographic analysis of midline facial defect may allow more definitive diagnosis of holoprosencephaly, and the outcome of affected fetuses often have other major structural abnormalities and nearly always fatal.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Abnormal Karyotype , Abortion, Missed , Brain , Cleft Lip , Craniofacial Abnormalities , Fetus , Gestational Age , Gynecology , Holoprosencephaly , Obstetrics , Palate , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Otocephaly is a rare malformations comprising hypoplasia or absence of the mandible (agnathia), ventromedial displacement and often fusion of external ears (synotia or otocephaly), and hypoplasia of the oral cavity (microstomia) and tongue (hypoglassia). This developmental complex represents a malformation of the first and second branchial arches and occurs sometimes with holoprosencephaly. We present the ultrasound detection of otocephaly and holoprosencephaly with cyclopia in a fetus of 27 gestational weeks 6 days. The use of three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound made additional diagnostic ultrasound tomograms possible, and the volume reconstructions improved the imaging and the understanding of the condition.
Subject(s)
Branchial Region , Diagnosis , Ear, External , Fetus , Holoprosencephaly , Mandible , Mouth , Tongue , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Holoprosencephaly(HPE), a common developmental defect affecting the forebrain and cranioface, is etiologically heterogenous. Teratogen, chromosomal anomalies, genetic syndrome, or genetic disorder of non-syndromic HPE are usually accepted as etiology. But the severity of brain and craniofacial malformation are not associated with etiology. Individuals with microform of HPE, who usually have normal cognition and brain imaging, are at the risk of having children with HPE. Several studies on the basis of HPE gene have been performed, which shed valuable insight on normal brain development. As additional HPE genes are identified, more accurate recurrent risk counseling can be given. We experienced a case of recurrent HPE diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasound examinations at 22 weeks' gestation.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Pregnancy , Brain , Cognition , Counseling , Holoprosencephaly , Microfilming , Neuroimaging , Prosencephalon , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Cyclopia is rare congenital craniofacial anomaly, in which the eyes are fused together and located in a single orbit. It is consistently associated with severe holoprosencephaly, which is the failure of cleavage of the prosencephalon with a deficit in the midline facial development. chromosomal study revealed 47, X( ), +13 (Patau syndrome).
Subject(s)
Holoprosencephaly , Orbit , Prosencephalon , TrisomyABSTRACT
Cyclopia is a rare congenital fetal anomaly, characterized by a single median eye and a grotesquily shaped nose(proboscis) that arises from the supraorbital area. It is consistently associated with serere holoprosencephaly, which is the failure of cleavage of the prosencephalon with a deficite in the midiline facial development. Holoprosencepphaly occurs in as many as 1 to 2 % of diabetic mothers. A case of cyclopia delivered from a diabetic mother is presented with a brief review of literatures.