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O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a atividade antifúngica de uma solução à base de glucoprotamina (GLU) e de óleo essencial (OE) de Cymbopogon citratus. Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii e Candida parapsilosis foram isoladas das superfícies de um hospital público de Pelotas, RS. A atividade antifúngica da GLU foi analisada nas concentrações de 0,25% a 0,0005%, e para o OE, obtido por Clevenger, foi utilizado nas concentrações de 17.500 μg/mL a 0,034 μg/mL. A análise cromatográfica foi efetuada por meio de CG/MS. A atividade anti-Candida foi analisada pela técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). A inibição pela GLU ocorreu em todas as concentrações testadas, enquanto o OE apresentou resultado de CIM que oscilou de 2846 a 5450 μg/mL, e CFM de 2853 a 5330 μg/mL. Alfacitral (37,10%), betacitral (32,77% e beta-mirceno (18,75%) foram considerados como os compostos majoritários do OE. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho destacam a atividade antifúngica da solução à base de GLU e do OE de C. citratus na eliminação dos isolados de Candida spp ambientais.
This study aimed at evaluating the antifungal activity of glucoprotamine solution (GLU) and the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (EO). Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii and Candida parapsilosis were isolated from the samples, which were collected from the surfaces of a public hospital located in Pelotas, RS. The antifungal activity of GLU was detected at the concentrations from 0.25% to 0.0005%, while the EO, by Clevenger, was used at concentrations from 17.500 μg mL to 0.034 μg/mL. Chemical analysis was determined by GC/MS. The anti-Candida activity was performed by using Broth Microdilution technique to determine the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The inhibition by GLU occurred at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the EO showed MIC ranging from 2.846 to 5.450 μ/mL and the CFM from 2.853 to 5.330 μg/mL. Alfacitral (37.10%), betacitral (32.77%) and beta-mirceno (18.75%) were the majority compounds in the EO. The data obtained in the present study highlight the effectiveness of the solution based on GLU and EO for eliminating the environmental isolates of Candida spp.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/analysis , Cymbopogon , Disinfectants/analysis , Oils, Volatile , Hospitals , Environmental PollutionABSTRACT
In this research the cell membrane stability (CMS), relative water content (RWC) and effect of different water interval on Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) was assessed. The cell membrane stability and relative water content of the plant shows the physiological activity of the plant. The plant sample was subjected to three different watering regimes viz: one, two- and three-days intervals with a control sample irrigated daily for a period of twelve months. Uniform stalk of lemon grass plants were planted into a depth of 7.5 cm composted soil, each treatment was made in triplicate. The evaluated growth parameters where height of the plant, number of leaves and tillers, which were taken weekly for period of twelve months (year). The height shows a significant difference from first to twelfth month after planting. The height of the plant increases simultaneous with the age of the plant. First month after planting show significant difference in height of sample watered daily and treated samples. The results shows that the RWC (07.14%) and CMS (52.58%) was low in samples under water stress respectively when compared to well-watered samples (55.41%). No significant difference was observed between samples under one, two and three days interval. The number of leaves differs significantly in the first MAP except in the samples watered daily and three days interval. Maximum number of leaves was achieved at twelfth MAP under one day interval (137.33) followed by samples watered daily (126) and two days interval, while three days interval has the least number of leaves (leaf number). The number of tillers shows significant differences between the means at fifth and sixth MAP, (fifth MAP = 73.33 and sixth MAP = 126) and the treatments under one day intervals (fifth MAP = 18.33 and sixth MAP = 35.67). In the research, samples watered daily and under one day intervals shows high productivity when compared to the remaining treatment.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The rise in cases of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a major obstacle to the effective control of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Essential oils (EO) are complex mixtures that may contain between 20 and 60 components, with two or three major compounds at relatively high concentrations (20-70%) that are responsible for their pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the EOs, bushy lippia (Lippia alba), rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Mexican mint or Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus), and true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Chemical characterization of the EOs was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution-based resazurin microtiter assay. Four EOs were able to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis, with MICs of 286.5±130.2μg/mL (C. zeylanicum), 299.5±117.2μg/mL (L. sidoides), 351.6±39.06μg/mL (P. amboinicus), and 1,250μg/mL (C. citratus). Only the EO of L. alba showed no antimycobacterial activity at the tested concentrations, with an MIC greater than 1,250µg/mL. Results of this study suggested that C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides, and P. amboinicus could be important sources of bactericidal compounds against M. tuberculosis and require further investigation. The activity against M. tuberculosis of these three EOs has not been reported previously. The results show the high potential of the tested antimycobacterial EOs, making them a promising alternative for TB treatment. This data also confirms the importance of bioprospecting studies for active substances with antimycobacterial activity, which are still scarce.
RESUMO: O aumento no número de casos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes tem se tornado um grande obstáculo no controle efetivo da tuberculose (TB) mundialmente. Os óleos essenciais (OE), que são misturas complexas que podem conter entre 20 a 60 componentes, apresentam dois ou três compostos principais, em concentrações relativamente elevadas, 20 a 70%, que são responsáveis pelas suas propriedades farmacológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicobacteriana dos seguintes óleos essenciais (OEs) em Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: erva-cidreira (Lippia alba), alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus), orégano (Plectranthus amboinicus) e canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). A caracterização química dos OEs foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição da resazurina. Quatro OEs foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de M. tuberculosis, com CIM de 286,5±130,2μg/mL (C. zeylanicum), 299,5±117,2μg/mL (L. sidoides), 351,6±39,06μg/mL (P. amboinicus) e 1250μg/mL (C. citratus). Somente o OE de L. alba não mostrou atividade antimicobacteriana nas conscentrações testadas, considerando CIM maiores que 1250µg/mL. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que L. sidoides, C. zeylanicum e P. amboinicus podem ser fontes importantes de compostos bactericidas contra M. tuberculosis e prováveis candidatos a serem investigados. A atividade contra M. tuberculosis desses três OEs não foi relatada em estudos anteriores. Os resultados mostram o elevado potencial antimicobacteriano dos OEs analisados, fazendo deles uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da TB. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a importância de pesquisas para bioprospecção de substâncias ativas com ação antimicobacteriana, que ainda são escassas.
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Objective To discuss the effects of different drying methods on composition and antioxidative activities of the volatile oil fromCymbopogon citrates; To optimize the best drying method for Cymbopogon citrates. MethodsCymbopogon citrates was dried by drying in the sun, drying in the shade and oven drying at 40℃. Volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation. Chemical constituents in the volatile oil were analyzed by GC-MS and the antioxidative activities were determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP method).Results Extraction rate of the volatile oil fromCymbopogon citratesunder the environment of freshness, sun drying, shade drying and oven drying at 40℃ were 0.25%, 1.21%, 1.19% and 1.17%, respectively; after dried by different methods, main constituents and antioxidative activities of the volatile oil fromCymbopogon citrates were basically same. Conclusion Different drying methods have little influence on composition and antioxidative activities of the volatile oil fromCymbopogon citrates. Oven drying at 40℃ was the best way to dryCymbopogon citrates.
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Natural drugs play important and vital role in the modern medicine. It is usually used to cure some ailments which may not be treated by conventional medicine. Natural drugs may exhibit many biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic and antioxidant. Five medicinal plants were screened, namely Moringa oleifera, Cymbopogon citrates, Cynodon dactylon, Manihot esculenta and Plectranthus ambonicus, for potential antibacterial activity against five clinical pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella peumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). The purpose of this study is extracting, analyzing and screening phytochemicals and antibacterial activity in selected plant leaves. The ethanolic extracts of plant leaves were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and the in-vitro testing were conducted using disc diffusion method. The diameter of inhibition zones were measured in millimetre (mm), and test were conducted in three replicates. At concentration 5mg/mL, no inhibition zones detected in all extracts. As the concentration of extract increases, the bacterial inhibition zones also increases; thus, the more effective the antibacterial properties. The most active antibacterial plant was P. ambonicus, followed by M. oleifera and C. citratus; and the weakest were C. dactylon and M. esculenta. The most susceptible bacteria were S. aureus, followed by K. peumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were P. aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and saponins in most of the plant extracts. The result of this study supports the use of all the selected five medicinal plants as a source of antibiotic substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms. These plants can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and further pharmacological evaluation.
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The present experiment aimed at finding the suitability of some grasses as cost effective alternative substrates, for cultivation of one species of oyster mushroom viz., Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) Singer in eastern India. Relative efficacy three grasses viz., kash grass (Saccharum spontaneum L.), sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata C.E. Hubb (Retz.)) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrates Stapf.) was tested by using each of them either as whole substrate or in combination with the conventional substrate i.e., paddy straw in 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios. Results revealed that the maximum yield of mushroom was recorded under paddy straw with biological efficiency of 85.9%. However, no significant difference in yield was found when 25% or 50% of the conventional substrate (paddy straw) was replaced by lemon grass and sabai grass. The results indicated that grasses which are available in plenty in the forests and wastelands of lateritic uplands of eastern India can be utilized successfully as promising substrate for the commercial cultivation of Pleurotus sajor caju.
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Los ácaros del polvo son fuente importante de alérgenos intradomiciliarios, por lo que su control biológico es una prioridad en la prevención y control de la sensibilización alérgica. El propósito de este trabajo fue obtener el aceite esencial de hojas de Cymbopongon citratus Stapf y evaluar su actividad acaricida sobre Dermatophagoides farinae. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y extracción con diclorometano. La composición química relativa del aceite fue determinada por CG-EM. Se realizaron bioensayos de concentración- respuesta en papeles filtros tratados con 5; 0,5; 0,05 y 0,005 µL del aceite esencial/cm² de papel. La ausencia de movimiento del ácaro al contacto con una aguja fina se tomó como indicador de muerte. El rendimiento de extracción del aceite fue 1,22% v/p de hojas frescas. El análisis de CG-EM reveló el citral (41,8% de geranial y 34,9% de neral) como componente mayoritario. El efecto tóxico del aceite esencial del C. citratus Stapf sobre el ácaro D. farinae fue proporcional a la concentración y tiempo de exposición. A una concentración de 0,5 µL/cm² de aceite esencial, el 46,67% de los ácaros murieron después de 60 minutos de exposición. Estos resultados permitieron comprobar una alta actividad tóxica del aceite esencial de C. citratus Stapf sobre el ácaro D. farinae, este efecto puede estar relacionado con la presencia del geranial y neral, monoterpenos análogos a la octopamina, un neurotransmisor periférico de insectos.
Dust mites are an important source of intradomiciliary allergens reason why their the biological control is a priority in the prevention and control of allergic sensitization. The purpose of this work was to obtain the essential oil of leaves of Cymbopongon citratus Stapf and evaluate its acaricidal activity on Dermatophagoides farinae mite. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation and extraction with dichloromethane. The relative chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. Concentration-response bio essays were carried out in filter paper treated with 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 µL of essential oil/cm². The absence of dust mite movement when they touched with a fine needle was considered as an indicator of death. The oil extraction yield was 1.22 % v/w of fresh leaves. The GC-MS analysis revealed citral (41.8% of geranial over 34.9% of neral) as a major component. The toxic effect of the C. citratus Stapf essential oil on dust mites D. farinae was proportional to concentration and time exposure. Using a 0.5 µL/cm² concentration of essential oil, 46.67% of dust mites died after 60 minutes exposure. These results allowed the verification of a high toxic activity of C. citrates Stapf essential oil on D. farinae mites; this effect may be related to the presence of geranial and neral monoterpenes analogue to octopamine, an peripheral neurotransmitter in insect.
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O óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus cultivado em canteiro único e consorciado com Achillea millefolium, foi obtido por arraste a vapor e o rendimento de óleo em observação sazonal, tendo como parâmetros a temperatura, índices pluviométricos e período de coleta. Os melhores rendimentos foram observados para período matutino em dias com altas temperaturas e altos índices pluviométricos. A análise microbiana do óleo essencial de C. citratus foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo (MIC) contra as leveduras Candida albicans e C. tropicali, e para as bactérias Escherichia coli, Sthaphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Os óleos essenciais obtidos do canteiro único e consorciado apresentaram atividade moderada frente às leveduras testadas (0,63 - 1,25 mg/mL). Para as bactérias, o óleo essencial da planta cultivada em canteiro único apresentou alta atividade frente ao Sthaphylococcus aureus (0,08 mg/mL), e foi inativo para as demais bactérias.
The essential oil of the plant Cymbopogon citratus, cultivated separately, and also joined with Achillea millefolium L, was obtained by the process of steam distillation. The oil yield was determined through seasonal variation, having as main parameters the temperature, the pluviometer indexes and the collection time. The best results were obtained in the morning period, during high-temperature-days presenting high pluviometer indexes. The microbiological analysis of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil against leavenings (Candida albicans and C. tropicalis), and against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Sthaphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was determined by micro-dilution in broth (MIC). The essential oils cultivated separately, and joined with Achillea millefolium L., presented moderate activity in relation to the tested yeasts (0.63 - 1.25 mg/mL-1). Regarding bacteria, the essential oil of the plant cultivated separately presented high activity in relation to Sthaphylococcus aureus (0.08 mg/mL). On the other hand, the oil revealed to be inactive against other bacteria.
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Em função do grande volume de produção e comercialização do capim-limão, estima-se que uma contaminação microbiológica deste produto possa representar importante risco para a saúde pública. Esta pesquisa visou avaliar marcas de chá de capim-limão, em relação às qualidades microbiológica e físico-química, tendo como base a legislação brasileira do Ministério da Saúde. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou Salmonella sp, porém em 50% delas, houve presença de coliformes a 35ºC. Em três amostras, evidenciaram-se coliformes a 45ºC, com presença de Escherichia coli em uma destas. 81,25% das amostras apresentaram bolores e leveduras, porém sem relação direta com os teores de umidade observados. Dentre os fungos presentes, identificou-se Aspergillus niger, no entanto sem produção de aflatoxinas. Todos infusos analisados negativaram a contaminação evidenciada nos testes com o produto seco. Os resultados indicaram possíveis falhas nos procedimentos pós-colheita e de comercialização. A implementação do Sistema APPCC (HACCP) poderia substancialmente minimizar esta contaminação.
Considering the great volume of lemongrass production and commercialization, it is estimated that a potential microbiological contamination of this product could represent an important hazard to public health. This study was performed to evaluate different brands of lemongrass tea, regarding their microbiological and physical-chemical quality, based on the legislation of the Brazilian Health Ministry. No traces of Salmonella sp were found, but in 50% of samples, the presence of coliforms was detected at 35ºC. Three samples presented coliforms at 45ºC, with Escherichia coli found in one of them. 81.25% of samples presented molds and yeasts. Among the fungi present, Aspergillus niger was identified, but aflatoxins were absent. None of the infusions analyzed presented the contamination evidenced in the dry product. The results obtained may be indicative of failure in procedures of postharvest and commercialization. The implementation of a hazard analysis and critical control point system (HACCP) could reduce this contamination substantially.