Clinical study of self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of infantile anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of infantile anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness.Methods:Randomized controlled trial. A total of 100 children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness ,who were treated in the First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine between April 2020 and September 2021, were selected as the observation subjects in a prospective cohort study, and they were divided into two groups by the random number table method, with 50 in each group. The control group was given routine treatment, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group was given self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction on the basis of the control group. The TCM syndromes were scored before and after treatment. The levels of trace elements such as iron, zinc and calcium were detected by atomic spectrometer, the absorptivity of D-xylose was measured by colorimetry. The adverse events during treatment were recorded. After 6 months of follow-up, the height, weight and BMI were measured and recorded, and the clinical efficacy was assessed.Results:The total response rate was 96.0% (48/50) in the TCM group and that in the control group was 84.0% (42/50) ( χ2=4.00, P=0.046). The scores of decreased appetite, anorexia, sallow complexion, abdominal fullness and distention and shortness of breath and laziness to speak and total score in the TCM group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=12.47, 13.42, 14.19, 16.39, 9.15, 17.72, P<0.01). The levels of blood trace elements such as iron [(414.58 ± 57.52) mg/L vs. (350.85 ± 53.33) mg/L, t=5.75 ], zinc [(8.26 ± 1.55) mg/L vs. (7.64 ± 1.37) mg/L, t=2.12 ] and calcium [(77.26 ± 15.30) mg/L vs. (71.05±14.26) mg/L, t=2.10] and urine D-xylose absorption rate [(31.76±5.28) % vs. (27.97 ± 4.61) %, t=3.82 ] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01 or P<0.05). During treatment, there was no serious adverse reaction in the TCM group and 1 case of nausea in the control group. There was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups ( χ2=1.01, P=0.315). After follow-up, the weight in the TCM group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( t=2.17, P=0.032). Conclusion:Self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy can relieve the clinical symptoms, promote the absorption of trace elements and improvement of spleen-stomach function, and enhance the long-term efficacy in the treatment of children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness, and it has no adverse reactions.

Effects of different processed products of Rehmanniae Radix Praparata on gastrointestinal motility in rats with purgation with bitter cold and excessive fatigue type spleen deficiency / 中草药

Objective To compare the effects of prepared Rehmanniae Radix Praparata (RRP) on gastrointestinal motility in rats with purgation with bitter cold and excessive fatigue type spleen deficiency. Methods A total of 80 SD rats were randomly divided into eight groups according to their body weights, which named as control group, model group, nine steamed nine sunned RRP group (RRP ), nine steamed nine sunned (without yellow wine) RRP group (RRP Ⅱ group), nine steamed nine sunned (without Amomi Fructus) RRP group (RRP III group), nine steamed nine sunned (without yellow wine and Amomi Fructus) RRP group (RRP IV group), steamed RRP group (RRP V group), and wine stewed RRP group (VI group). By filling the rats with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction and swimming 2 to 5 min at the same time, with its body sinking as degree, once daily, after obtaining the model of purgation with bitter cold and excessive fatigue type spleen deficiency of the RRP groups I-VI, the spleen deficiency rats’ general physical signs were observed, and the serum D-xylose, GAS, and MTL of the spleen asthenia rats were measured. The effects of different processed products of RRP on gastrointestinal digestion and absorption and intestinal propulsion in rats with spleen deficiency were observed. Results The weight, food intake, and influent amount of model rats were significantly increased after nine steamed and nine sunned RRP treatment (P < 0.01), while the weight, food intake, and water intake of the rats in RRP V and VI groups after administration were decreased compared with the model rats (P < 0.05). By measuring the intestinal propulsion rate, D-xylose, GAS, and MTL content in the serum, the intestinal propulsive rate, the serum D-xylose, GAS, and MTL content of the rats in RRP III, IV, V, and groups were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.01). The intestinal propulsive rate and the content of serum D-xylose in the RRP V group and RRP VI group were lower than that in the RRP group (P < 0.01). The intestinal propulsive rate and the serum D-xylose content in rats of RRP IV group were lower than those in the RRP group (P < 0.05). The serum GAS and MTL content in rats of RRP IV group were lower than those in the RRP group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Nine steamed nine sunned processing method can effectively alleviate the disadvantages of RRP because of its strong flavor and rich spleen.

Xylitol production and furfural consumption by a wild type Geotrichum sp

Background: Xylitol is a five carbons polyol with promising medical applications. It can be obtained from chemical D-xylose reduction or by microbial fermentation of Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate. For this last process, some microbial inhibitors, as furfural, constitute severe bottleneck. In this case, the use of strains able to produce xylitol simultaneously to furfural neutralization is an interesting alternative. A wild-type strain of Geotrichum sp. was detected with this ability, and its performance in xylitol production and furfural consumption was evaluated. Furthermore, were analyzed its degradation products. Results: Geotrichum sp. produced xylitol from D-xylose fermentation with a yield of 0.44 g-g-1. Furfural was fully consumed in fermentation assay and when provided in the medium until concentration of 6 g-L-1. The furfural degradation product is not an identified molecule, presenting a molecular weight of 161 g-mol-1, an uncommon feature for the microbial metabolism of this product. Conclusion: This strain presents most remarkable potential in performing furfural consumption simultaneous to xylitol production. Subsequent efforts must be employed to establish bioprocess to simultaneous detoxification and xylitol production by Geotrichum sp.

Effects of Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma processed by different methods on salivary amylase and D-xylose excretion rate in rats / 中国中药杂志

To observe the effects of Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma processed by different methods (sulfur-fumigation, different temperatures baking and microwave sterilization) on salivary amylase and D-xylose excretion rate in spleen deficiency rats. The rats were divided into blank control group, rhubarb-induced spleen deficiency model control group, and Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma experimental groups processed with different methods. Amylase colorimetric method was used to determine the activities of salivary amylase and D-xylose excretion rate was measured with O-benzylamine method. Then the correlation of salivary amylase activity and D-xylose excretion rate in urinary was analyzed. As compared with blank control group, Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma baked at 100,110 ℃ can increase the unit content of rat salivary amylase and D-xylose excretion rate, with a significant difference (P<0.05). As compared with the model group, Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma baked at 70 ℃ and Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma with microwave treatment had stronger effects than the others, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma could improve D-xylose absorption function and salivary amylase activity in spleen deficiency rats. In addition, D-xylose excretion rate in urine was positively correlated with salivary amylase activity. Atractylodis Macrocephale Rhizoma processed with different temperatures baking and microwave sterilization had little impact on salivary amylase activity and D-xylose excretion rate in urine of spleen deficiency rats, while sulfur fumigation had great effects on the above two indexes.

D-Xylose as a sugar complement regulates blood glucose levels by suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats and by enhancing glucose uptake in vitro

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more frequently diagnosed and is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. D-Xylose, a sucrase inhibitor, may be useful as a functional sugar complement to inhibit increases in blood glucose levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of D-xylose both in vitro and stretpozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced models in vivo. MATERIALS/METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: (i) normal control; (ii) diabetic control; (iii) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 5% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose; and (iv) diabetic rats supplemented with a diet where 10% of the total sucrose content in the diet was replaced with D-xylose. These groups were maintained for two weeks. The effects of D-xylose on blood glucose levels were examined using oral glucose tolerance test, insulin secretion assays, histology of liver and pancreas tissues, and analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK) expression in liver tissues of a STZ-NA-induced experimental rat model. Levels of glucose uptake and insulin secretion by differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and INS-1 pancreatic beta-cells were analyzed. RESULTS: In vivo, D-xylose supplementation significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels (P < 0.05), it slightly reduced the area under the glucose curve, and increased insulin levels compared to the diabetic controls. D-Xylose supplementation enhanced the regeneration of pancreas tissue and improved the arrangement of hepatocytes compared to the diabetic controls. Lower levels of PEPCK were detected in the liver tissues of D-xylose-supplemented rats (P < 0.05). In vitro, both 2-NBDG uptake by C2C12 cells and insulin secretion by INS-1 cells were increased with D-xylose supplementation in a dose-dependent manner compared to treatment with glucose alone. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, D-xylose exerted anti-diabetic effects in vivo by regulating blood glucose levels via regeneration of damaged pancreas and liver tissues and regulation of PEPCK, a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of gluconeogenesis. In vitro, D-xylose induced the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and the secretion of insulin cells by beta-cells. These mechanistic insights will facilitate the development of highly effective strategy for T2D.

Genetic analysis of D-xylose metabolism by endophytic yeast strains of Rhodotorula graminis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

Two novel endophytic yeast strains, WP1 and PTD3, isolated from within the stems of poplar (Populus) trees, were genetically characterized with respect to their xylose metabolism genes. These two strains, belonging to the species Rhodotorula graminis and R. mucilaginosa, respectively, utilize both hexose and pentose sugars, including the common plant pentose sugar, D-xylose. The xylose reductase (XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2) genes were cloned and characterized. The derived amino acid sequences of xylose reductase (XR) and xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) were 32 percent~41 percent homologous to those of Pichia stipitis and Candida. spp., two species known to utilize xylose. The derived XR and XDH sequences of WP1 and PTD3 had higher homology (73 percent and 69 percent identity) with each other. WP1 and PTD3 were grown in single sugar and mixed sugar media to analyze the XYL1 and XYL2 gene regulation mechanisms. Our results revealed that for both strains, the gene expression is induced by D-xylose, and that in PTD3 the expression was not repressed by glucose in the presence of xylose.

Coconut-derived D-xylose affects postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy individuals

Metabolic alterations including postprandial hyperglycemia have been implicated in the development of obesity-related diseases. Xylose is a sucrase inhibitor suggested to suppress the postprandial glucose surge. The objectives of this study were to assess the inhibitory effects of two different concentrations of xylose on postprandial glucose and insulin responses and to evaluate its efficacy in the presence of other macronutrients. Randomized double-blind cross-over studies were conducted to examine the effect of D-xylose on postprandial glucose and insulin response following the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In study 1, the overnight-fasted study subjects (n = 49) consumed a test sucrose solution (50 g sucrose in 130 ml water) containing 0, 5, or 7.5 g D-xylose powder. In study 2, the overnight-fasted study subjects (n = 50) consumed a test meal (50 g sucrose in a 60 g muffin and 200 ml sucrose-containing solution). The control meal provided 64.5 g of carbohydrates, 4.5 g of fat, and 10 g of protein. The xylose meal was identical to the control meal except 5 g of xylose was added to the muffin mix. In study 1, the 5 g xylose-containing solutions exhibited significantly lower area under the glucose curve (AUCg) and area under the insulin curve (AUCi) values for 0-15 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-30 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-45 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-60 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-90 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) and 0-120 min (P = 0.0071, P = 0.0016). In study 2, the test meal exhibited significantly lower AUCg and AUCi values for 0-15 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-30 min (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), 0-45 min (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0005), 0-60 min (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0025), and 0-90 min (P = 0.0396, P = 0.0246). In conclusion, xylose showed an acute suppressive effect on the postprandial glucose and insulin surges.

Effect of Yun-Pi Prescription in Different Dosage on Small Intestinal Function of Splenic Asthenia Rats / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To observe the effect of Yun-Pi Prescription in different dose on small intestinal function of splenic asthenia rats, so as to explore mechanisms of Yun-pi Prescription in treatment of children apositia. Methods Experimental rats were randomly divided in to six groups:the control group, the model group, the positive control group (Xiao shi Jian er Syrup group), Yun-Pi Prescription in high, middle and low dose group. Measure the changes of body weight and food intake, observe excretory rate of D-xylose of rats. Results Yun-Pi Prescription could increase body weight and food intake, improve excretory rate of D-xylose in splenic asthenia rats. Conclusion Yun-Pi Prescription could improve the small intestinal absorptive function of splenic asthenia rats with dose-effect relationship.

Inspiration from the Thirty-year Research Work on Pi-Wei Doctrine / 广州中医药大学学报

Achievements of the 30-year research work on Pi-Wei Doctrine were summarized. They are: (1) ratio of salivin activity and excretion rate of D-xylose in patients with spleen deficiency are different from those in the normal subjects;(2) the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment is embodied in the methodology of herbal medicine pharmacology for complex prescription; (3) the above findings are further confirmed by the research in molecular and cellular level which indicates that TCM syndromes and pharmacological mechanisms of herbal medicines have their material basis and the regulatory effect of complex prescription on TCM syndromes is actually the pharmacological mechanism of herbal medicines. It is suggested that the research of herbal medicine should be based on the guidance of traditional Chinese medicinal theory and carried out in clinical practice.

Effect and mechanism of emodin on intestinal movement / 中国药理学通报

AIM To examine the effect and mechanism of emodin on intestinal movement of constipation model. METHODS The movement of charcoal powder and the absorption of D-xylose into serum were observed. The electrical p otential difference(PD) related to Na + and glucose transport was measured across the wall of rev erted intestinal sacs. RESULTS Emodin 0 1, 0 2 g?kg -1 incr eased markedly the rate of charcoal powder moving and inhibited the absorption of D-xylose into serum. Emodin 0 2, 0 4, 0 8 and 1 6 g?L -1 decreased PD when ther e was glucose. However, emodin had little effect when glucose was free. CONCLUSION Emodin promotes intestinal movement and this effect is related to Na +,K +-ATPase.

Airway Protective Effect of Feikang Granules on Pulmonosplenic Asthenia Rats with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To investigate the intervention effect of Feikang Granules (FG) on airway remodeling and D-xylose excretory rate in pulmonosplenic asthenia rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods SPF SD rats were equally randomized into four groups:normal control group,COPD model control group,high-dose FG group,and low-dose FG group. The pulmonosplenic asthenia rats models with COPD were established by the way of smoking with cigarettes,repeated infusion of lipopolysaccharide in the airway and feeding with decoction of Folium Sennae.The general health state of rats was observed,and pathological changes of lung tissue were examined by the optical microscope. The wall thickness of small airway in rats was measured and the excretory rate of D-xylose was detected by bromoaniline method. Results Compared with the model control group,weight was increased,the pathological changes of pulmonary alveoli andbronchiole were relieved,small airway wall thickness became thin,and D-xylose excretory rate increased in high-dose and low-dose FG groups and the normal control group,the difference being significant (P

Evaluation of the absorptive area and capacity of short bowel patients using Dxylose absorption test / 肠外与肠内营养

O bjective:To investigate the effectiveness of D-xylose absorption test in evaluating the ab-sorptive capacity of the remnant small bowel in short bowel patients.M ethods:5 hr urine D-xylose ex-cretion,1hr,2hr,3hr serum D-xylose levels and AUC was compared between the short bowel patients(n=22) and the healthy control(n=50).The correlationship among the D-xylose absorptive capacity,the remnant small bowel length and area,and protein absorptive capacity were analyzed.For the 6 pa-tients receiving rehabilitative therapy,theirD-xylose and protein absorption capacities before and after the therapy were also stud ied.R esu lts:5hr urine D-xylose excretion,1hr,2hr,3hr serum D-xylose levels and AUC were all significantly lower in short bowel patients compared to control group(P