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Aim: To study the production of Nutrient – Dense Composite Flour from the blends of whole wheat flour, soybean flour (full fat) and oyster meat powder. Study Design: The study was design using the D-optimal combination design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Port Harcourt (Processing of raw materials) and the Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of industrial research Oshodi, Lagos (Analysis of raw materials) between October 2021 and August 2022. Methodology: The raw materials were each processed to have wholesome flours, and then they were combined according to the matrix generated, which had ranges of 70 – 100%, 0 – 22%, and 0 – 8% for whole wheat flour (WWF), soybean flour (SBF) and oyster meat powder (OMP) respectively. Results: The design was used to assess the significance (5% probability) of the moisture, fat, and protein content, which ranged from 8.09 to 11.37%, 1.80 to 8.52% and 9.70 to 19.07% respectively; the water absorption (72.00 - 79.10BU), dough stability (9.3 - 17.5BU) and mixing tolerance index (25 - 50BU); and lightness and yellowness, which ranged from 65.48 - 83.2 and 13.77 - 23.58 respectively, of the flour blends. Protein content, water absorption dough stability, and mixing tolerance index were prioritized while moisture content, fat content, and yellowness were minimized for the numerical optimization of the responses. This study highlights the possibilities of utilizing non-conventional raw materials in the production of composite flour with balance nutritional and baking qualities. Conclusion: The best flour combination was 72.51% whole wheat flour, 19.63% soybean flour, and 7.86% oyster meat powder.
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SUMMARY Introduction: The species Calophyllum brasiliense Cambés (Calophyllaceae) is widespread throughout Central and South America. The stem bark infusion is used for lowering blood glucose. Aim: To optimize the spray dry extract ofthis plant using a D-optimal experimental design. Materials and methods: As factors were used the air-drying speed (3.5-4.5 m3/h), the feed flow rate of the suspension (5-11 mL/ min), and the inlet air temperature (90-130 °C). The dried extract was characterized by measuring the phenolics and flavonoids content, moisture, the water activity, apparent densities, flowability, and compressibility. The antioxidant activity, the inhibitory activity of lipase and alpha-glycosidase, and the antiglycant activity of the spray dried extract (SDE) were evaluated. Subsequently, the hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in rats by monitoring the blood glucose level, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Results: Inlet air temperature and feed flow rate were the factors that most affected the yield and phenolic content. SDE showed a potent antioxidant effect (IC50 1.83 μg/mL), a potent a-glycosidase (IC50 74.45 μg/mL) and pancreatic lipase (IC50 27.33 μg/mL) inhibition. A potent antiglycation effect (IC50 9.45^g/mL) was also observed. Conclusion: the SDE showed a potent hypoglycemic effect at 100 mg/kg. These results suggest that SDE could activate four important pathways that can contribute to diabetes control.
Resumen Introducción: la especie Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) está muy extendida en Centro y Suramérica. La infusión del tronco reduce los niveles de glucosa en sangre. bjetivo: optimizar el extracto seco por aspersión (SDE) de esta planta utilizando un diseño experimental D-óptimal. Materiales y métodos: como factores se utilizaron la velocidad del gas secante (aire, 3,5-4,5 m3/h), la temperatura de entrada del aire fue 90-130 °C y la velocidad de alimentación, 5-11 mL/min. Se determinó el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides en el extracto seco, la humedad residual, la actividad del agua, las densidades aparentes, fluidez y compresibilidad. Se evaluó la actividad antioxidante e inhibidora de lipasa y alfa-glicosidasa y la actividad antiglicante. También se evaluó la actividad hipoglicemiante midiendo glucosa en sangre, triglicéridos y colesterol. Resultados: la temperatura del aire de entrada y la velocidad de alimentación afectaron, significativamente, el rendimiento y contenido de fenoles. El SDE mostró un potente efecto antioxidante (IC50 1,83 μg/mL), una potente inhibición de a-glicosidasa (IC50 74,45 μg/mL) y de lipasa pancreática (IC50 27,33 μg/ mL). Se observó un fuerte efecto antiglicante (IC50 9,45 μg/mL). Conclusiones: el SDE mostró un potente efecto hipoglicemiante a 100 mg/kg. Estos resultados sugieren que el SDE podría actuar activando cuatro vías importantes para el control de la diabetes.
RESUMO Introdução: a espécie Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) é amplamente distribuída na América do Sul e Central. A infusão da casca do caule reduz os níveis de glicose no sangue. Objetivo: otimizar o extrato seco por pulverização (SDE) desta planta usando um planejamento experimental D-ótimo. Materiais e métodos: a velocidade do gás de secagem ar (3,5-4,5 m3/h), a temperatura de entrada do ar (90-130 °C) e a taxa de alimentação (5-11 mL/min) foram usados como fatores. Foi determinado o teor de fenóis e flavonóides no extrato seco, a umidade residual, a atividade de água, as densidades aparentes, a fluidez e a compressibilidade. Avaliou-se a atividade antioxidante e a atividade inibitória de lipase e alfa-glicosidase, e a atividade antiglicante do extrato seco. A atividade hipoglicêmica foi avaliada em ratos diabeticos, medindo a glicose no sangue, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Resultados: a temperatura de entrada do ar e a taxa de alimentação afetaram significativamente o desempenho e o conteúdo de fenois. O SDE mostrou um potente efeito antioxidante (IC50 1,83 μg/mL), uma significativa inibição de a-glicosidase (IC50 74,45 ig/mL) e da lipase pancreática (IC50 27,33 μg/mL). Um forte efeito antiglicante também foi observado (IC50 9,45 μg/mL). O SDE mostrou um forte efeito hipogli-cemiente à concentração de 100 mg/kg. Conclusões: Esses resultados sugerem que o SDE poderia atuar ativando quatro vias importantes para o controle do diabetes.
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Objective: To optimize a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) formulation for psoralen and isopsoralen (PSO and IPSO) isolated from Psoraleae Fructus. Methods: A D-optimal design was used to investigate the influence of oil percentage, surfactant percentage and cosurfactant percentage on several properties of SEDDS including particle size, polydispersity, equilibrium solubility, in situ intestine absorption rate and intestinal permeability. Furthermore, the desirability function approach was applied to obtain the optimal formulation for the system. Results: The oil percentage, surfactant percentage and cosurfactant percentage were optimized to be 53.6%, 35.7% and 10.7%, respectively, which means the model is available. Conclusions: The D-optimal design is valuable to optimize the SEDDS formulation and understand formulation compositions’ functions on SEDDS properties.
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In order to increase the solubility of essential oil in compound licorice microemulsion and improve the efficacy of the decoction for treating chronic eczema, this experiment intends to prepare the decoction into microemulsion. The essential oil was used as the oil phase of the microemulsion and the extract was used as the water phase. Then the microemulsion area and maximum ratio of water capacity was obtained by plotting pseudo-ternary phase diagram, to determine the appropriate types of surfactant and cosurfactant, and Km value-the mass ratio between surfactant and cosurfactant. With particle size and skin retention of active ingredients as the index, microemulsion prescription was optimized by D-optimal design method, to investigate the release behavior of the optimized prescription. The results showed that the microemulsion was optimal with tween-80 as the surfactant and anhydrous ethanol as the cosurfactant. When the Km value was 1, the area of the microemulsion region was largest while when the concentration of extract was 0.5 g·mL⁻¹, it had lowest effect on the particle size distribution of microemulsion. The final optimized formulation was as follows: 9.4% tween-80, 9.4% anhydrous ethanol, 1.0% peppermint oil and 80.2% 0.5 g·mL⁻¹ extract. The microemulsion prepared under these conditions had a small viscosity, good stability and high skin retention of drug; in vitro release experiment showed that microemulsion had a sustained-release effect on glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin, basically achieving the expected purpose of the project.
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Objective: To prepare self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of tectorigenin (TG), and investigate its dissolution. Methods: The formulation was optimized using Design Expert based on D-optimal design. The microemulsion's physicochemical and in vitro dissolution were evaluated after self-microemulsification. Results: The particle size and Zeta potential of the final formulation were (14.95 ± 0.31) nm and (-12.53 ± 0.80) mV after it was diluted by 10 times with pure water. The microemulsion appeared to be spheres with homogeneous size, which can be observed through a transmission electron microscope. The drug loading capacity was 20 mg/g, and the average content was (99.03 ± 0.70)%. The results of in vitro dissolution study showed that the accumulative dissolution could be close to 100% after 10 min in both hydrochloric acid solution (pH 1.2) and PBS (pH 6.8). Conclusion: D-optimal design could be used to optimize the formulations of TG-SMEDDS successfully. The TG-SMEDDS exhibits a larger accumulation dissolution than TG. This formulation would be easier absorbed through gastrointestinal tract compared to TG. The results of this study are expected to offer data support and reference for the TG's formulation design and clinical application.
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Objective:To optimize the extraction process of antitumor active ingredients in fructus ligustri lucidi. Methods:Using fructus ligustri lucidi medicinal herb as the raw material, the extraction process of luteolin and pelargidenon in the herb was screened by D-optimal design. The extraction yield of different extraction processes was compared to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. Re-sults:The best extraction conditions were as follows:adding 12-fold 95% ethanol, extracting 2 times with 60 minutes for each time. Conclusion:The optimal extraction technology can provide significant reference for the further pharmacodynamic effect development of fructus ligustri lucidi.