Estado inicial de la virtualización del proceso de formación en una Universidad

El desarrollo de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) genera nuevas demandas sociales a la educación. En los últimos años, la utilización de elementos tecnológicos en los contextos educativos ha conllevado a la realización de profundas transformaciones en las instituciones y en la forma de organizar y trabajar el proceso docente educativo. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el estado inicial de la virtualización del proceso de formación en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y Deporte Manuel Fajardo. Para lograr este propósito se aplicó un conjunto de instrumentos (encuestas a estudiantes y profesores, entrevistas a directivos y guía de observación a los cursos implementados en la plataforma virtual Moodle). Se asumió un enfoque mixto que posibilitó buscar información sobre la virtualización del proceso de formación de la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte (UCCFD) Manuel Fajardo desde las miradas de los distintos actores del proceso, lo que permitió lograr una mayor fidelidad de los resultados obtenidos en los instrumentos aplicados. Los resultados de las encuestas a estudiantes y profesores fueron divididos en positivos y negativos (Carencias y Fortalezas), para destacar la necesidad de elaborar un modelo de virtualización del proceso de formación de la UCCFD "Manuel Fajardo".

O desenvolvimento das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) gera novas demandas sociais para a educação. Nos últimos anos, o uso de elementos tecnológicos em contextos educacionais levou a profundas transformações nas instituições e na forma de organizar e trabalhar o processo de ensino e educação. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o estado inicial da virtualização do processo de treinamento na Universidade Manuel Fajardo de Cultura Física e Ciências do Esporte. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi aplicado um conjunto de instrumentos (pesquisas com alunos e professores, entrevistas com diretores e um guia de observação dos cursos implementados na plataforma virtual Moodle). Foi adotada uma abordagem mista, que possibilitou a busca de informações sobre a virtualização do processo de treinamento na Universidade de Ciências da Cultura Física e do Esporte Manuel Fajardo (UCCFD) a partir dos pontos de vista dos diferentes atores do processo, o que permitiu obter maior precisão nos resultados obtidos nos instrumentos aplicados. Os resultados das pesquisas com alunos e professores foram divididos em positivos e negativos (deficiências e pontos fortes), a fim de destacar a necessidade de desenvolver um modelo de virtualização para o processo de formação na UCCFD "Manuel Fajardo".

The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) generates new social demands on education. In recent years, the use of technological elements in educational contexts has led to profound transformations in institutions and in the way of organizing and working the educational teaching process. The objective of this article was to analyze the initial state of the virtualization of the training process at the Manuel Fajardo University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences. To achieve this purpose, a set of instruments was applied (surveys to students and teachers, interviews with managers and an observation guide to the courses implemented on the Moodle virtual platform). A mixed approach was assumed that made it possible to search for information on the virtualization of the training process of the "Manuel Fajardo" University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences (UCCFD in Spanish) from the perspectives of the different actors in the process, which allowed achieving greater fidelity of the results obtained in the applied instruments. The results of the surveys to students and teachers were divided into positive and negative (Shortcomings and Strengths), to highlight the need to develop a virtualization model of the training process of the UCCFD "Manuel Fajardo".

Análisis de la aplicación de indicadores para la evaluación integral del aprendizaje en la asignatura Atletismo

El sistema de evaluación de la asignatura de Atletismo en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte "Manuel Fajardo" precisa de un cambio en su proceder, a partir del uso de indicadores que evidencien las transformaciones ocurridas en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de forma integral, principalmente en las clases prácticas, según el nuevo modelo de formación del profesional propuesto por el Ministerio de Educación Superior (MES). El objetivo consistió en analizar los resultados que se obtienen con la aplicación de los indicadores para la evaluación integral del aprendizaje de los estudiantes en las clases prácticas de la asignatura Atletismo, instrumento valorado a través del criterio de experto y que ofrece una estructura compuesta por dimensiones del conocimiento (cognitiva, procedimental y axiológica), indicadores, parámetros, criterios de medidas que permiten, no solo la evaluación integral del aprendizaje de los estudiantes sino, que posibilita la evaluación por cada dimensión. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos, fundamentalmente el analítico sintético, experimento, criterio de experto y la observación estructurada, así como técnicas de procesamiento estadístico descriptivas e inferenciales. El análisis de los resultados de la evaluación del aprendizaje en las clases prácticas con orientación productiva en la asignatura Atletismo del grupo D-15 se realizó cualitativa y cuantitativamente y se tuvieron en cuenta los indicadores aplicados, lo que permitió evidenciar la mejoría de los estudiantes en la variable aprendizaje en todas sus dimensiones y de manera integral, lo que garantiza que a través de la coevaluación lleguen a criterios lógicos sobre su conocimiento.

O sistema de avaliação da disciplina de Atletismo da Universidade de Cultura Física e Ciências do Desporto "Manuel Fajardo" exige uma mudança no seu procedimento, baseada na utilização de indicadores que evidenciem as transformações ocorridas na aprendizagem dos alunos. nas aulas práticas, de acordo com o novo modelo de formação profissional proposto pelo Ministério do Ensino Superior (MES). O objetivo foi analisar os resultados obtidos com a aplicação dos indicadores para avaliação integral da aprendizagem dos alunos nas aulas práticas da disciplina de Atletismo, instrumento valorizado por critérios de especialistas e que oferece uma estrutura composta por dimensões de conhecimento (cognitivas, processuais e axiológico), indicadores, parâmetros, critérios de medição que permitem não só a avaliação abrangente da aprendizagem dos alunos, mas também permitem a avaliação por cada dimensão. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos, principalmente análise sintética, experimento, julgamento de especialistas e observação estruturada, além de técnicas de processamento estatístico descritivo e inferencial. A análise dos resultados da avaliação da aprendizagem nas aulas práticas com orientação produtiva na disciplina de Atletismo do grupo D-15 foi realizada de forma qualitativa e quantitativa e foram tidos em conta os indicadores aplicados, o que permitiu demonstrar a melhoria dos alunos na variável de aprendizagem em todas as suas dimensões e de forma abrangente, o que garante que através da coavaliação eles atinjam critérios lógicos sobre seus conhecimentos.

The evaluation system for the subject of Athletics at the "Manuel Fajardo" University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences requires a change in its procedure, based on the use of indicators that show the transformations that have comprehensively occurred in the students' learning, mainly in practical classes, according to the new professional training model proposed by the Ministry of Higher Education (MES). The objective was to analyze the results obtained with the application of the indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of student learning in the practical classes of the Athletics subject, an instrument valued through expert criteria and that offers a structure composed of dimensions of knowledge (cognitive, procedural and axiological), indicators, parameters, measurement criteria that allow not only the comprehensive evaluation of student learning but also enable evaluation by each dimension. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, mainly synthetic analysis, experiment, expert judgment and structured observation, as well as descriptive and inferential statistical processing techniques. The analysis of the results of the learning evaluation in the practical classes with a productive orientation in the Athletics subject of the D-15 group was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively and the applied indicators were taken into account, which made it possible to demonstrate the improvement of the students in the learning variable in all its dimensions and in a comprehensive manner, which guarantees that through co-evaluation they reach logical criteria about their knowledge.

Dimensões socioculturais da saúde: contribuições para os estudos sobre risco, sociologia digital e desinformação / Sociocultural dimensions of health: contributions to studies on risk, digital sociology, and disinformation / Dimensiones socioculturales de la salud: contribuciones a los estudios sobre riesgo, sociología digital y desinformación

Deborah Lupton é uma renomada acadêmica, cuja trajetória trouxe grandes contribuições para os estudos da sociologia digital e das dimensões socioculturais da medicina e da saúde pública. Em entrevista à Reciis, Lupton comenta sobre um dos principais desafios da contemporaneidade -a desinformação e as fake news- por meio da sociologia digital e aborda as perspectivas socioculturais do risco a partir do lançamento da terceira edição de seu livro Risk, em que traz um capítulo inédito sobre as problemáticas envolvendo o risco e a disseminação de desinformação durante a pandemia de covid-19. Com comentários sobre os cenários australiano e brasileiro, Lupton discorre sobre a questão do anticientificismo, do negacionismo e do papel ocasionado por governos populistas no combate à doença. Por fim, ela discorre sobre as potencialidades dos métodos criativos para os estudos qualitativos, especialmente naqueles que buscam entender as racionalidades, as lógicas e os sentimentos das pessoas

Deborah Lupton is a renowned academic whose research has made significant contributions to the field of digital sociology and the sociocultural dimensions of medicine and public health. In an interview with Reciis, Lupton discusses one of the main contemporary challenges - misinformation and fake news - through the lens of digital sociology and addresses the sociocultural perspectives of risk based on the release of the third edition of her book Risk. In this edition, she includes a new chapter on the issues related to risk and the spread of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. With comments on the Australian and Brazilian scenarios, Lupton delves into the issues of anti-science, denialism, and the role played by populist governments in combating the disease. Finally, she explores the potential of creative methods in qualitative studies, especially those that seek to understand people's rationalities, logics, and feelings

Deborah Lupton es una académica de renombre, cuya trayectoria ha aportado grandes contribuciones a los estudios de sociología digital y a las dimensiones socioculturales de la medicina y la salud pública. En una entrevista con Reciis, Lupton comenta uno de los principales desafíos contemporáneos - la desinformación y las noticias falsas -, a través de la sociología digital, y aborda las perspectivas socioculturales del riesgo a partir del lanzamiento de la tercera edición de su libro Risk, en el que incluye un capítulo inédito sobre los problemas relacionados con el riesgo y la difusión de desinformación durante la pandemia de covid-19. Con comentarios sobre las situaciones en Australia y Brasil, Lupton habla sobre la cuestión del anticientificismo, el negacionismo y el papel desempeñado por los gobiernos populistas en la lucha contra la enfermedad. Finalmente, ella reflexiona sobre las posibilidades de los métodos creativos en los estudios cualitativos, especialmente en aquellos que buscan comprender las racionalidades, lógicas y sentimientos de las personas.

Elaboración de dimensiones e indicadores para la toma de decisiones en la preparación táctica del judo

El desarrollo del deporte contemporáneo posee características que ejercen gran influencia en la organización de la preparación y del entrenamiento de los atletas. Este trabajo está relacionado con los resultados de la investigación que se realiza sobre la toma de decisiones en la preparación táctica del judo, para lo que se hace necesario la evaluación de los deportistas en las diferentes circunstancias en las que se encuentren dentro del combate; por lo que tiene como objetivo elaborar dimensiones e indicadores para la evaluación de la toma de decisiones desde la preparación táctica en los atletas de judo categoría juvenil de la Eide "Osmani Arenado", de Pinar del Río. La necesidad de que los judocas presenten niveles adecuados en la toma de decisiones en cada competencia a la que se enfrentan eleva las posibilidades de alcanzar resultados deportivos superiores; hecho que estimula la búsqueda, por parte de los entrenadores, de formas novedosas del proceso de preparación que se diferencien de las tradicionales. En la investigación, se utilizaron métodos teóricos como el análisis-síntesis y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; empíricos, la revisión de documentos, la observación científica, la entrevista y la consulta a especialistas; además de la estadística descriptiva. Como resultado, se determinaron los indicadores por cada dimensión establecida con sus correspondientes criterios de medida que permitieron el otorgamiento de una evaluación integral del proceso de toma de decisiones en los atletas de judo.

O desenvolvimento do esporte contemporâneo tem características que exercem grande influência na organização da preparação e do treinamento dos atletas. Este trabalho está relacionado aos resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre a tomada de decisão na preparação tática do judô, para a qual é necessário avaliar os atletas nas diferentes circunstâncias em que se encontram no combate; assim, tem como objetivo desenvolver dimensões e indicadores para a avaliação da tomada de decisão a partir da preparação tática em atletas de judô da categoria juvenil da Eide "Osmani Arenado", Pinar del Río. A necessidade de os judocas apresentarem níveis adequados de tomada de decisão em cada competição que enfrentam aumenta as possibilidades de alcançar resultados esportivos superiores, fato que estimula a busca, por parte dos treinadores, de novas formas do processo de preparação que se diferenciem das tradicionais. A pesquisa utilizou métodos teóricos, como análise-síntese e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; empíricos, revisão de documentos, observação científica, entrevista e consulta a especialistas; bem como estatísticas descritivas. Como resultado, foram determinados indicadores para cada dimensão estabelecida com seus critérios de medição correspondentes que permitiram a concessão de uma avaliação integral do processo de tomada de decisão em atletas de judô.

The development of contemporary sport has characteristics that have a great influence on the organization of the preparation and training of athletes. This work is related to the results of the research that is carried out on decision-making in the tactical preparation of judo, for which it is necessary to evaluate the athletes in the different circumstances in which they are in combat; therefore, its objective is to elaborate dimensions and indicators for the evaluation of decision-making from the tactical preparation in the youth category judo athletes of "Ormany Arenado" Sport Initiation School (Eide in Spanish) from Pinar del Río. The need for judo athletes to present adequate levels in decision-making in each competition they face increases the possibilities of achieving superior sporting results; fact that stimulates the search, on the part of the coaches, of novel forms of the preparation process that differ from the traditional ones. In the research, theoretical methods such as analysis-synthesis and systemic-structural-functional, as well as empirical ones like document review, scientific observation, interview and consultation with specialists were used; in addition to descriptive statistics. As a result, the indicators were determined for each established dimension with their corresponding measurement criteria that allowed the granting of a comprehensive evaluation of the decision-making process in judo athletes.

Morphometry of Skulls from North Indian Population: Implications for Ethnicity and Race Identification

Introduction:Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. MaterialsandMethods: Thirty‑five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly

Análisis bidimensional de la permeabilidad de vías aéreas con el tamaño de senos maxilares y su relación con el desarrollo de la clase esqueletal en una población mexicana / Two-dimensional analysis of airway permeability with maxillary sinus size and its relationship with the development of skeletal class in a Mexican population

Comparar la permeabilidad de las vías aéreas y el tamaño de los senos maxilares en relación con la clase esqueletal. se midieron 90 radiografías lateral de cráneo, divididas en 3 grupos, comparando las 3 clases esqueletales, las cuales se determinaron con la medida ANB de Steiner, y estas a su vez en dos subgrupos que fueron hombres y mujeres, en las cuales se utilizó el análisis de McNamara para el análisis de vías aéreas y para el área del seno maxilar se tomaron dos medidas una antero-posterior y cefálica-caudal. Al comparar los hombres con las mujeres se identificó significancia estadística en vía área superior de clase II (p=≤0.017), vía aérea inferior de clase III (p=≤0.006). Al comparar las clases esqueletales en hombres se identificó diferencias en la vía aérea superior en las clases I vs III (p=≤0.05), inferior en la clase I vs III (p=≤0,001) y II vs III (p=≤0.044). Con respecto a mujeres se identificó significancia en la vía aérea superior al comparar la clase I vs II (p=≤0,043), vía aérea inferior en la clase II vs III (p=≤0.05), longitud del seno maxilar al comparar clase I vs II (p=≤0.017). Entre la clase I esqueletal y la clase II, el tamaño de los senos maxilares resulto menor en longitud en las mujeres de clase II esqueletal. Entre la clase I y clase III esqueletal en hombres, se encontró una longitud menor en la vía aérea superior e inferior en la clase I. Las vías aéreas resultaron en menor tamaño en sujetos de clase II.

SUMMARY: To compare the airway permeability and the size of the maxillary sinuses in relation to the skeletal class. 90 lateral skull radiographs were divided into 3 groups, comparing the 3 skeletal classes, which were determined with Steiner's ANB measurement, and these were once in two subgroups that were men and women, in any McNamara analysis was used for the analysis of airways and for the maxillary sinus area measurements were made an antero-posterior and cephalic-caudal. When comparing males with females, statistical significance was identified in the upper class II route (p=≤0,017), lower class III airway (p=≤0.006). At least skeletal classes in men, differences were identified in the upper airway in classes I vs III (p=≤0.05), lower in class I vs III (p=≤0.001) and II vs III (p=≤0.044). With respect to women, significance was identified in the upper airway when comparing class I vs II (p=≤0.043), lower airway in class II vs. III (p=≤0.05), maxillary sinus length to class I vs II (p=≤0.017). Between skeletal class I and class II, maxillary sinus size was shorter in length in skeletal class II women. Between class I and skeletal class III in men, a lower length was found in the upper and lower airways in class I. The airways were found to be smaller in class II subjects.

Determination of Gender using Discriminant Analysis of Hand Dimensions among Adult Participants

Background: The estimation of gender using hand dimensions is a crucial role in forensic investigation and legal sciences. Objectives: In this study, the mean score of hand measurements have been derived and linear discriminant analysis has been applied to predict gender from hand dimensions. An Independent t-test has been employed to know discrimination between male and female. The accuracy of gender estimation has been derived and checked by ROC curve. Material and Methods: A sample of 150 participants has been collected for the completion of this study, where 78 males and 72 females were found aged between 18 and 24 years. The breadths and lengths of left and right hands of the participants have been measured. Results: Respondents’ mean score of length and breadth of left hand were found 17.69 ± 1.30 and 7.56 ± 1.17, respectively. It was found to be significantly different in the respondents’ mean scores of males and females. Conclusions: The hand dimensions of males were higher than females. The prediction of a number of females and males were 76 and 74, respectively, and its accuracy was observed 0.87. This research can be applied for larger sample and would be helpful in predicting gender discrimination among adults through hand dimensions.

Reflexões sobre o ensino das lutas na escola a partir das dimensões do conteúdo: uma revisão integrativa / Reflections on the teaching of martial arts at school from the dimensions of content: an integrative review / Reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de las luchas en la escuela desde las dimensiones del contenido: una revisión integradora

Objetivamos compreender os processos de ensino, vivência e aprendizagem das lutas na escola a partir das dimensões do conteúdo. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa e descritiva, caracteriza-se como uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas as bases: SciELO, Lilacs e Google Scholar, utilizando o descritor: "ensino and lutas and dimensões do conteúdo". As lutas podem ser efetivadas na escola a partir de procedimentos pedagógicos pautados nas dimensões dos conteúdos, abrangendo aspectos procedimentais, atitudinais e conceituais. Além disso, a participação dos alunos nas aulas é potencializada a partir de vivências das lutas em sua totalidade, para além dos gestos técnicos. Conclui-se que a sistematização das lutas a partir das dimensões dos conteúdos configura-se como uma estratégia efetiva para o desenvolvimento deste conteúdo nas aulas de Educação Física, acarretando participação ativa dos alunos no processo de ensino, vivência e aprendizagem destas práticas corporais.

We aim to understand the processes of teaching, experiencing and learning struggles at school from the dimensions of content. The research, of a qualitative and descriptive nature, is characterized as an integrative literature review. For data collection, the following bases were used: SciELO, Lilacs and Google Scholar, using the descriptor: "teaching and struggles and dimensions of content". Struggles can be carried out at school based on pedagogical procedures based on the dimensions of content, covering procedural, attitudinal and conceptual aspects. In addition, the students' participation in the classes is enhanced by experiencing the fights in their entirety, beyond the technical gestures. It is concluded that the systematization of struggles from the dimensions of the contents is an effective strategy for the development of this content in Physical Education classes, leading to active participation of students in the teaching process, experience and learning of these bodily practices.

Pretendemos comprender los procesos de enseñanza, vivencia y aprendizaje de las luchas en la escuela desde las dimensiones del contenido. La investigación, de carácter cualitativo y descriptivo, se caracteriza por ser una revisión integrativa de la literatura. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron las siguientes bases: SciELO, Lilacs y Google Scholar, utilizando el descriptor: "enseñanza y luchas y dimensiones del contenido". Las luchas pueden llevarse a cabo en la escuela a partir de procedimientos pedagógicos basados en las dimensiones de contenido, abarcando aspectos procedimentales, actitudinales y conceptuales. Además, se potencia la participación de los alumnos en las clases al vivir las peleas en su totalidad, más allá de los gestos técnicos. Se concluye que la sistematización de las luchas desde las dimensiones de los contenidos es una estrategia eficaz para el desarrollo de este contenido en las clases de Educación Física, propiciando la participación activa de los estudiantes en el proceso de enseñanza, vivencia y aprendizaje de estas prácticas corporales.

Impacto de instituciones cubanas en la producción científica acerca de las Ciencias de la Salud

En el año 2021 se desarrollan investigaciones en el Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas para analizar el comportamiento de la producción científica cubana en salud en varias bases de datos. Como resultado de estos procesos se generó una serie de informes bibliométricos enfocados en el apoyo a la toma de decisiones de los directivos del sistema. Uno de los componentes analizados fueron las instituciones cubanas que contribuyen a la producción científica del país en temas relacionados con la salud. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar las principales instituciones cubanas que más impacto tienen en la producción científica cubana relacionada con las Ciencias de la Salud. Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo en múltiples fuentes de información. Los datos fueron extraídos durante los primeros meses del año 2021. Las instituciones investigativas de salud y centros de biotecnología son los que más aportan a las publicaciones. También contribuyen de forma elevada varios centros de enseñanza superior. Es la Universidad de La Habana la entidad que mayor cantidad de artículos tributa en todas las bases de datos, seguida por la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana y la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas. Esto destaca la importancia de las universidades y su rol para el desarrollo de la ciencia y la investigación en el país. Se detectaron problemas en los procesos de declaración de metadatos y errores en los nombres de las instituciones en las bases de datos, lo cual influye directamente en el comportamiento de la producción científica cubana en salud.

In the year 2021, research is being developed at the National Center for Medical Sciences Information to analyze the behavior of Cuban scientific production in health in several databases. As a result of these processes, a series of bibliometric reports were generated to support decision making by the system's managers. One of the components analyzed were the Cuban institutions that contribute to the country's scientific production in health-related topics. The objective of this work was to identify the main Cuban institutions that have the greatest impact on Cuban scientific production related to Health Sciences. A descriptive bibliometric analysis was carried out in multiple sources of information. The data were extracted during the first months of the year 2021. Health research institutions and biotechnology centers are the main contributors to publications. Several higher education centers also contribute a high number of publications. The University of Havana is the entity that contributes the largest number of articles in all the databases, followed by the University of Medical Sciences of Havana and the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas. This highlights the importance of universities and their role in the development of science and research in the country. Problems were detected in the processes of metadata declaration and errors in the names of the institutions in the databases, which directly influence the behavior of Cuban scientific production in health.

Dual career in European-funded projects: a critical analysis and review / Dupla carreira em projetos europeus com financiamento atribuido: uma revisão e análise crítica / Carrera dual en proyectos financiados europeos: un análisis y revisión crítica

ABSTRACT This study aimed to review the projects financed between 2014 and 2022 under the ERASMUS+ programme of the European Commission to examine the past and present implementation of the dual career (DC) of elite sportspersons and to highlight potential gaps to guide future project proposals. Findings showed a relevant focus of the financed projects on the micro and multi-dimensional aspects of DC of athletes as the main target group, implementing training courses/programmes in different settings, and partnerships mostly composed by educational institutions and NGOs. In the future, sports bodies should engage more in partnerships, whereas DC of employee-sportspersons as athletes and sports staff should be implemented, with a strong focus on the project's long-term impact and sustainability.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo rever os projetos financiados entre 2014 e 2022 no âmbito do programa ERASMUS+ da Comissão Europeia de forma a melhor perceber a implementação dos mesmos no âmbito da dupla carreira (DC) de atletas de elite e destacar eventuais lacunas para orientar futuras propostas de projetos. Os resultados encontrados apontam para uma maior predominância dos aspectos micro e multidimensionais da DC, sendo os atletas o principal grupo-alvo, propondo-se a implementação de cursos/programas de formação em diferentes contextos, assim como parcerias maioritariamente compostas por instituições de ensino e ONG's. Surge ainda recorrentemente a nota de, no futuro, os organismos desportivos se envolverem mais em parcerias, e a extensão da DC a outros agentes como os treinadores e árbitros, assim como o alargamento ao enquadramento dado pelo mocal de trabalho (mercado de trabalho), sempre com a tónica colocada no impacto e na sustentabilidade do projeto a longo prazo.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar los proyectos financiados entre los años 2014 y 2022 dentro el programa ERASMUS+ de la Comisión Europea, para analizar el presente y el pasado de la implementación de la carrera dual (DC) de deportistas de élite, resaltando posibles errores que permitan guiar futuras propuestas de proyectos. Los resultados mostraron un importante foco de los proyectos en aspectos micro y multidimensionales de la CD de los atletas como principal punto a destacar, implementando cursos/programas de entrenamiento en diferentes entornos y colaboraciones compuestas principalmente por instituciones educativas y ONGs. En el futuro, los organismos deportivos deberían participar más con asociaciones, así como que se debería implementar la DC de los empleados-deportistas como atletas y como personal deportivo, con un fuerte enfoque en el impacto y la sostenibilidad del proyecto a largo plazo.

Morphometric Assessment of Pedicles of Indian Adult Lumbar Vertebrae: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: Lumbar vertebral column is exposed to various kinds of stress during locomotion. In erect posture weight transmitted through posterior part including pedicles. This causes deformities of this region as the age advances in many individuals. Proper correction of deformity is challenging. There have been advances in spinal fusion procedures and interspinous implantation of devices including pedicle screws. Use of unsuitable dimensions of screw may cause problem of destruction of pedicle. Correct metricular data of pedicle is necessary for choice of appropriate screw size. Aims and Objectives: 1) To measure the various dimensions in Indian adult human lumbar vertebral pedicles. 2) To prepare data of lumbar pedicles useful in various surgical procedures. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was done on 45 dry, fully ossified human lumbar vertebral sets. The bones were grouped into typical (L1 to L4) and atypical (L5) lumbar vertebrae. The dimensions measured included pedicle length, height, thickness, axial length, transverse and sagittal angles. ‘Digital Vernier Caliper’ and Protractor were used. The data was analyzed statistically. Results: The mean length, height and thickness of typical vertebral pedicles increases gradually. In atypical (L5), pedicle thickness suddenly increases. The transverse angle of pedicle elevated gradually from L1 to L4 but at L5, it abruptly increased. Conclusions: The study reported significant differences in several dimensions of pedicles of typical as well as atypical lumbar vertebrae. These differences should be considered by neurosurgeons.

Gastos com o esporte na gestão 2012-2015 do governo do Pará: quando a prioridade não foi a garantia do direito social / Sports expenditure in the 2012-2015 administration of the government of Pará: when the priority was not to ensure social rights

O artigo objetiva analisar o financiamento público para o esporte no estado do Pará durante a gestão 2012-2015 no tocante aos investimentos direcionados para as dimensões do esporte, afim de identificar as prioridades das políticas executadas. Para tanto desenvolveu-se pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A coleta de dados foi realizada em documentos oficiais da gestão. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica proposta por Boschetti (2009), e desenvolvida segundo o indicador direcionamento dos gastos. Os resultados revelam que há uma centralidade do financiamento e dos gastos com a dimensão do esporte de alto rendimento, com foco na realização dos grandes eventos esportivos e na infraestrutura, com destaque para reforma do estádio olímpico, o que evidencia a prioridade com uma dimensão esportiva que não responde a possibilidade do acesso universalizado à maioria da população.

This article aims to analyze public funding for sport in the state of Pará during the administration of the 2012-2015 with regard to investments targeted to the dimensions of sport, in order to identify the priorities of the implemented policies. To this end, documentary and bibliographic research was developed. Data collection conducted in official administration documents. For the analysis of the data, the technique proposed by Boschetti (2009) was used, and developed according to the expenditure targeting indicator. The results reveal that there is a centrality of financing and expenditure with the dimension of high-performance sport, with a focus on the holding of major sporting events and their infrastructure, with emphasis on the reform of the Olympic stadium, the venue of major sporting events, which shows the priority with a sporting dimension that does not respond to the possibility of universal access to the majority of the population.

Estilo parental desde la perspectiva de los padres: Adaptación argentina del Inventario de Estilos Parentales de Power / The evaluation of parenting style from the perspective of parents: Argentine adaptation of Power's Parenting Styles Inventory

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es adaptar el Inventario de dimensiones parentales en su versión abreviada (Power, 2002) a la población argentina. Se tradujeron los 13 ítems incluidos en la evaluación de la dimensión general, que abarca las dimensiones de: Apoyo/cuidado, Inconsistencia y Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control. El inventario traducido se administró a una muestra intencional de 771 adultos, 535 mujeres y 236 varones, de entre 26 y 63 años de edad (M = 38.56; DE = 4.76), de clase media (Estrato II de la Escala Graffar/Méndez Castellanos), de población no clínica, y padres y madres de niños que cursaban preescolar en 12 escuelas privadas de distintas provincias de Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe y Tucumán). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo teórico de tres dimensiones, propuesto por los autores de la prueba original, ajustó satisfactoriamente a los datos e indicó una adecuada consistencia de la estructura de la prueba. Además, se analizó la confiabilidad como consistencia interna evaluada a través del omega de McDonald y se obtuvieron los siguientes valores: Apoyo/cuidado = .74; Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control = .70, e Inconsistencia = .74. Es de hacer notar que, en este inventario, la dimensión Seguimiento a través de la disciplina corresponde a un control moderado, es decir, apropiado para un estilo autoritativo. Finalmente, dado que el inventario ha sido estudiado con una muestra extensa, extraída de varias provincias argentinas, los resultados obtenidos son generalizables a casi todo el país.

Abstract Diana Baumrind (1966) proposed three primary parenting styles: the authoritarian style, the permissive style, and the authoritative style. Almost two decades later, Maccoby and Martin (1983) theoretically added a fourth (negligent) parenting style. Parental styles are based on variations in the levels of the parental dimensions of sensitivity (warmth, affection), parental demand (parental control) and autonomy granted (Richaud, Lemos & Vargas Rubilar, 2013). It has been suggested that the findings related to broad parenting styles are not always easy to interpret (Stewart & Bond, 2002) and that Baumrind's three-category parenting style typology can be usefully disaggregated into parenting dimensions (Darling and Steinberg, 1993). A dimensional approach can be particularly valuable in allowing an independent assessment of parenting and discipline (Locke & Printz, 2002). One of these dimensional models is that of Power (2002), which includes 11 dimensions of which the first three: Sensitivity, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline, evaluate a general dimension of the relationship of parents with their children, as perceived by parents. These three basic dimensions correspond to those of Baumrind described above: sensitivity (warmth, affection), autonomy granted (permissiveness) and parental demand (parental control), respectively. Power's Parenting Styles Inventory (PDI) assesses parenting styles from a parent's perspective. It is a self-report that, as we said, assesses 11 dimensions of parents' attitudes and behaviors towards their children. It has 57 items organized into 11 scales, each of which evaluates different dimensions of parent-child relationships. The first three scales, which include 13 items, measure a "general dimension" (Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The following scales assess different types of control and are distinguished from the general dimensions, in that they focus on disciplinary practices in response to the child's misbehavior. The PDI-S is a shortened version, which retains the most valid and reliable components of the original PDI. The PDI-S can be used with parents of children between 3 and 12 years old, and was developed from the PDI (Slater & Power, 1987). Given the importance of having an adequate instrument to assess parental style from the parents' perspective, the objective of this study is to adapt the Inventory of Parental Dimensions in its short version (Power, 2002) to the Argentine population. The 13 items included in the evaluation of the General Dimension, were translated, which includes the dimensions: Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The translated Inventory was administered to an intentional sample of 771 adults, 535 women and 236 men, between 26 and 63 years of age (Me = 38.56 SD = 4.76), middle class (Stratum II of the Graffar / Méndez Castellanos Scale), of the non-clinical population, and parents of children who attended pre-school in 12 private schools in different provinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe and Tucumán). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the three-dimensional theoretical model, proposed by the authors of the original test, satisfactorily adjusted to the data, indicating an adequate consistency of the test structure. In addition, reliability was analyzed as internal consistency evaluated through McDonald's omega, obtaining the following values: Support / care = .74; Follow-up through discipline / control = .70 and Inconsistency = .74. Finally, given that the Inventory has been studied with an extensive sample, drawn from several Argentine provinces, the results obtained are generalizable to almost the entire country.

Study of Dimensions of Head and Neck of Human Femur and its Clinical Significance

Introduction: The Study of dimensions of head and neck of femur is important for making of appropriate prosthesis in hip replacement surgery. Different size of dimensions of head and neck of femur can affect the hip joint movement. The dimensions of head and neck of femur is varies according to age, race, heredity, ethnicity and geographical factor. Length of femur and stature of an individual can be determined even if only a fragment of proximal end of femur is available. Objective: To determine the functional implication of variation in dimension of head and neck of femur, which may be helpful for orthopaedic surgeons and forensic experts. Materials and Methods: Fifty human femur bones (25 of each side) were used for the study. Measurement of dimensions of head and neck of femur was done to know the average length of femur, vertical and transverse diameter of head, head circumference, anterior and posterior neck length and neck shaft angle of femur. All the measurement were taken with the help of Osteometric board, Circumference measuring tape, Digital vernier calliper and Goniometer. Results: The following mean values of dimensions of total 50 bones: Length of femur were 435.1±26.0 mm.Vertical and Transverse diameter of head of femur were 40.97±3.46 mm and 41.74 ± 2.76 mm respectively. Head circumference were 133.25±11.57 mm. Anterior and Posterior Neck length were 29.75±5.30 mm and 35.03±4.87 mm respectively. Neck shaft angle were 125.96±6.10 degree . Conclusion: Appropriate prosthesis for orthopaedic surgeries can be designed from the result of this study.

Normative data of retinal arteriolar and venular calibre measurements determined using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system – Importance and implications for study of cardiometabolic disorders

Purpose: To determine and validate retinal vascular caliber measurements by using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. Retinal vasculature changes are often regarded as clinical markers for systemic disease. Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted on 600 eyes of 300 normal subjects with no systemic or ocular illness from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 in a tertiary referral eye center. Non?mydriatic infrared reflectance, blue reflectance, and blue peak blue autofluorescence fundus imaging were done on the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. The dimensions of the retinal vessels were measured using inbuilt calipers at 1800 ?m from the center of the optic disc. Internal and external dimensions were measured. Observer variation and its comparison using Image J software were assessed. Results: The median age was 29 years (18–50 years). Mean internal and external diameters for arterioles were 85.1 ± 12.4 ?m and 105.0 ± 12.0 ?m, and for venules were 133.8 ± 16.6 ?m and 145.4 ± 16.1 ?m, respectively. The mean internal and external wall thicknesses were 19.7 ± 8.0 ?m and 11.0 ± 5.6 ?m, and wall thickness?to?lumen ratios were 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Arteriolar?to?venular ratio for lumen and vessel was 0.66 ± 0.1 and 0.74 ± 0.1, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between age groups. Both inter? and intra?observer reproducibility was >95%. The Bland–Altman plot showed that the difference between measurements using both confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and Image J software lies within the limits of agreement approximately 95% of the time. Conclusion: This is the first effort to develop a normative database by using a simple non?invasive confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system with high observer reproducibility

Desenvolvimento e validação da versão em português da friends and family interview / Developing and validation the portuguese version of the friends and family interview / Desarrollo y validación de la versión portuguesa de la friends and family interview

O objetivo deste estudo foi a adaptação e validação da entrevista Friends and Family Interview que avalia o estilo de apego e a função reflexiva de crianças e adolescentes. Para adaptação, foram avaliadas a equivalência semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual entre a versão traduzida e o instrumento original. A versão final da entrevista foi aplicada a uma amostra clínica de jovens entre 9 e 17 anos (M=13,12; DP=2,72) do sul do Brasil. Constatou-se que a versão em português apresentou uma consistência interna alta (α=0,79), assim como uma boa concordância entre avaliadores (α=0,89). A análise fatorial exploratória revelou dois componentes principais que melhor explicaram os dados, denominados Segurança nos Relacionamentos e Funcionamento Reflexivo (α=0,95) e Insegurança do Apego (α=0,72). Os resultados apoiaram a validade de construto e de critério da FFI e forneceram evidências de sua utilidade na avaliação do apego e da função reflexiva na infância e adolescência. (AU)

The study aimed to adapt and validate the Friends and Family Interview that assesses the attachment style and the reflective function in children and adolescents. The semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalences between the original and the translated version were analyzed. Then the final version was applied in a clinic sample of young people ranging from 9 to 17 years of age (M=13.12 SD=2.72 years), of southern Brazil. The statistical tests showed a high internal consistency (α=.79), as well as a good inter-evaluators reliability (α=.89) in the Portuguese version of the FFI. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two main factors, Relationships Security and Reflective Functioning (α=.95) and Attachment Insecurity (α=.72). The data supported the construct and criterion validities of the Portuguese version of the interview protocol. The FFI is a useful tool for the evaluation of attachment and reflective function in children and adolescents. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue la adaptación y la validación de la entrevista Friends and Family Interview (FFI) que evalúa el estilo de apego y la función reflexiva de niños y adolescentes. Para la adaptación se evaluó la equivalencia semántica, idiomática, experiencial y conceptual entre la versión traducida y el instrumento original. La versión final de la entrevista se aplicó a una muestra clínica de jóvenes entre 9 y 17 años (M=13,12; DS=2,72) del sur de Brasil. Se encontró que la versión portuguesa tenía una alta consistencia interna (α=0,79), así como una buena concordancia entre evaluadores (α=0,89). El análisis factorial exploratorio reveló dos componentes principales, denominados Seguridad en las Relaciones y Funcionamiento Reflexivo (α=0,95) e Inseguridad del Apego (α=0,72). Los resultados apoyaron la validez de criterio y constructo de la FFI y proporcionaron evidencias de su utilidad para evaluar el apego y la función reflexiva en la niñez y en la adolescencia. (AU)

Relationship between estimated foetal weight and maternal renal volume in normal pregnant women in Bayelsa state, South-South Nigeria

Background: The weight of the foetus is an important factor to consider when determining the outcome of pregnancy. The birth weight is reliable in predicting perinatal outcome. Excessive and low weights of the baby are associated with increased risk of newborn complications during labour, delivery and postpartum. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between estimated foetal weight and maternal renal dimensions and volume in normal pregnant women in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.Methods: This prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Radiology Departments of the two tertiary hospitals in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, from July to December, 2021. Sonographic assessments of estimated foetal weight and the maternal renal dimensions and volume in 400 consecutive normal pregnant women in both tertiary institutions were done, after obtaining written informed consent from them. Data were entered into a pre-designed proforma, and analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions for windows� version 25, (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, USA). Results were presented in frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables.Results: A total of 400 pregnant women were scanned. There was a valid relationship between right renal antero-posterior diameter (?= 0.32; p �010), right renal width (?= 0.32; p �007), right renal volume (?= 0.32; p �007) and estimated foetal weight. The left renal width and renal volume showed the same trend as the right parameters with slight differences in values.Conclusions: This study revealed that estimated foetal weight increased with increase in maternal renal volume and dimensions.

Percepción de personas con tartamudez en cuanto a sus experiencias de tratamiento basado en el modelo multidimensional CALMS / Perception of people with stuttering regarding their treatment experiences based on the multidimensional CALMS model

Conocer la percepción de personas con tartamudez sobre sus experiencias de tratamiento en base al modelo multidimensional CALMS en sus cinco dimensiones; cognitiva, afectiva o emocional, lingüística, control motor del habla y social. Esta investigación se desarrolló con un enfoque cualitativo, análisis descriptivo y abordaje fenomenológico. Participaron cinco sujetos de género masculino de entre 19 a 39 años de edad, diagnosticados con tartamudez del desarrollo persistente. Cada uno de ellos respondió a una entrevista semiestructurada de manera individual, a través de preguntas abiertas categorizadas en las cinco dimensiones del modelo multidimensional CALMS. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el software Atlas.ti versión 7. Los resultados de la encuesta realizada indicaron que los participantes perciben el abordaje multidimensional como un modelo de intervención que les ayuda a desarrollar su confianza, desempeñarse de mejor manera en su vida cotidiana y mejorar su calidad de vida, aunque aún persistan ciclos de sentimientos y pensamientos negativos dentro de los contextos de su vida diaria y entorno en general.A pesar de que los sujetos perciben de una manera positiva la intervención fonoaudiológica, las características personales de cada participante y el impacto del entorno social influyeron en las respuestas del ámbito cognitivo y emocional basadas en las preguntas de la encuesta.

To know the perception of people with stuttering about their treatment experiences based on the CALMS multidimensional model in its five dimensions; cognitive, affective or emotional, linguistic, motor control of speech and social. This research was developed with a qualitative approach, descriptive analysis and phenomenological approach. Five male subjects between 19 and 39 years of age, diagnosed with persistent developmental stutter, participated. Each of them responded to a semi-structured interview individually, through open questions categorized in the five dimensions of the CALMS multidimensional model. The Atlas.ti version 7 software was used for the analysis of the information. The results of the survey indicated that the participants perceive the multidimensional approach as an intervention model that helps them develop their confidence, perform better in their lives and improve their quality of life, even though cycles of negative thoughts and feelings still persist within the contexts of their daily life and environment in general. Although the subjects perceive the speech-language intervention in a positive way, the personal characteristics of each participant and the impact of the social environment influenced the answers in the cognitive and emotional domain based on the questions in the survey.

La lucha antimicrobiana: Desarrollo de competencias en 6 universidades ecuatorianas / The antimicrobial fight: Development of skills in 6 Ecuadorian universities

Los microorganismos son seres vivos, que han ido adaptándose y evolucionando permitiendo su supervivencia, evadiendo las respuesta innata de los hospedadores e incluso modificando sus estructuras biológicas antes moléculas farmacológicas, que se han, en los últimos años, empleado de manera inadecuadas, bien sea por abuso o por deficiencia en el cumplimiento del esquema del tratamiento, o desaciertos para tratar un germen en específico y, como consecuencia, la actual crisis mundial por la resistencia a los antimicrobianos; considerado un problema de salud pública, requiere de esfuerzos multisectoriales e integrales que aporten soluciones mediatas, a corto y mediano plazo, sostenibles en el tiempo. Para ellos, es clave la formación de los nuevos profesionales, en el área de microbiología, de las diferentes carreras biomédicas. Es por ello, el presente estudio identificó las competencias que deben desarrollar los estudiantes, de seis universidades ecuatorianas. Se aplicaron cuestionarios, inquiriendo la importancia atribuida y el grado de desarrollo percibido de cada competencia mediante escala tipo Likert, además de seis dimensiones distribuidas en 40 indicadores. Se identificó mayor desarrollo de competencias en la identificación del patógeno, diagnóstico y análisis e interpretación de los resultados; además las seis dimensiones educativas fueron clasificadas como relevantes. Sin embargo, los resultados sugieren falencia en el desarrollo de competencias en la temática de resistencia antimicrobiana, por lo que se sugiere la revisión de los contenidos programáticos y aplicar nuevas herramientas pedagógicas que permitan al estudiantado aprender a aprender, aplicando un modelo socio-critico, y como base la investigación y el conocimiento científico actualizado(AU)

Microorganisms are living beings, which have been adapting and evolving allowing their survival, evading the innate response of the hosts and even modifying their biological structures before pharmacological molecules, which have, in recent years, been used inappropriately, either by abuse or deficiency in compliance with the treatment scheme, or failure to treat a specific germ and, as a consequence, the current global crisis due to antimicrobial resistance; considered a public health problem, it requires multisectoral and comprehensive efforts that provide immediate, short- and medium-term solutions that are sustainable over time. For them, the training of new professionals in the area of microbiology, of the different biomedical careers, is key. For this reason, this study identified the skills that students from six Ecuadorian universities should develop. Questionnaires were applied, inquiring about the importance attributed and the perceived degree of development of each competency using a Likert-type scale, in addition to six dimensions distributed in 40 indicators. Greater development of skills in the identification of the pathogen, diagnosis and analysis and interpretation of the results was identified; In addition, the six educational dimensions were classified as relevant. However, the results suggest a lack in the development of skills in the subject of antimicrobial resistance, so it is suggested to review the program contents and apply new pedagogical tools that allow students to learn to learn, applying a socio-critical model, and as a basis research and updated scientific knowledge(AU)

Occlusal polygon area of the molars in six Colombian ethnic groups / Área del polígono oclusal de molares en seis grupos étnicos de Colombia

SUMMARY: Descriptive observational cross-sectional study to determine the AOP of the second molars (55, 65, 75, 85) and the first permanent molars (16, 26, 36 and 46) in 459 study models corresponding to six ethnic groups in Colombia, Embera indigenous of Alto Baudó (Chocó), Caucasoid mestizos of Cali (Valle del Cauca), African descent of Cali (Valle del Cauca), Misak indigenous of Silvia (Cauca), Nasa indigenous of Morales (Cauca), and indigenous of Leticia (Amazonas). There were no significant differences of AOP among the six ethnic groups except when compared to the Amazon Indians with African descent of Cali, Embera indigenous and Nasa indigenous. There was no sexual dimorphism except tooth 65 for all ethnic groups. There was bilateral symmetry except between teeth 16 and 26. The distance matrix showed that Caucasoid mestizos of Cali were grouped with microdont populations, Amazon indigenous, Embera indigenous, Misak indigenous and Nasa indigenous, and African descendants of Cali were grouped with mesodont populations. The Embera and Amazon indigenous had the highest values of OAP associated with the relative isolation and less mestizaje. Overall, there was no sexual dimorphism or bilateral asymmetry. This study coincides with the different theories about reducing the size of the teeth as evolutionary characteristic of hominids.

RESUMEN: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se determinó el APO de los segundos molars deciduos (55, 65, 75, 85) y de los primeros molares permanentes (16, 26, 36, 46) en 459 modelos de estudio correspondientes a seis grupos étnicos de Colombia: Indígenas embera del Alto Baudó (Chocó), mestizos caucasoides de Cali (Valle del Cauca), afrodescendientes de Cali (Valle del Cauca), indígenas misak de Silvia (Cauca), indígenas nasa de Morales (Cauca) e indígenas de Leticia (Amazonas). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el APO de los seis grupos étnicos, excepto entre indígenas del Amazonas y de afrodescendientes de Cali, e indígenas embera e indígenas nasa. No se evidenció dimorfismo exual en ninguno de los seis grupos. Hubo simetría bilateral, excepto entre los dientes 16 y 26. La matriz de distancias demostró que los mestizos caucasoides de Cali se agrupan con poblaciones microdontes, indígenas del amazonas, indígenas embera, indígenas misak e indígenas nasa; mientras que los afrodescendientes de Cali se agrupan con poblaciones mesodentes. Los indígenas embera y del Amazonas presentaron altos valores del APO, asociado a su aislamiento relativo y bajo mestizaje. En términos generales, no hubo dimorfismo sexual ni asimetría bilateral. Los resultados de este estudio concuerdan con diferentes teorías sobre la reducción del tamaño dental como una característica evolutiva de los himínidos.