Aconselhamento diretivo como instrumento para melhoria nos índices de aleitamento materno exclusivo: uma revisão integrativa / La consejería directiva como herramienta para mejorar las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva: una revisión integradora / Advice as an instrument for improvement in exclusive breastfeeding indices: and integrative review

Objetivo: identificar, na literatura científica, publicações sobre como o aconselhamento diretivo serve de instrumentopara melhoria nos índices de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, do tipo revisão integrativa, realizado nas bases de dados Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs, Cinahl e BVS, na série temporal de 2009 a 2019, nos idiomas português e inglês, com os descritores e operadores booleanos. Resultados: foram encontrados 757 artigos que após identificação dos critérios e análise, apenas 21 artigos foram selecionados. Evidenciou-se que não receber informações sobre amamentação no pré-natal interfere na manutenção do aleitamento materno. Nesse sentido, os estudos reforçam a necessidade de práticas de apoio que favoreçam a escolha e manutenção do aleitamento materno. Conclusão: a maioria dos estudos demonstrou impacto positivo na manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo quando utilizado o aconselhamento profissional para auxiliar possíveis intervenções no decorrer da amamentação. (AU)

Objective: to identify, in the scientific literature, publications on how directive counseling serves as an instrumentto improve the rates of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: this is a qualitative study, integrative review type, carried out in the Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs, Cinahl and BVS databases, in the time series from 2009 to 2019, in Portuguese and English, with Boolean descriptors and operators. Results: 757 articles were found, after identification of the criteria and analysis, only 21 articles were selected. lt was evident that not receiving information about breastfeeding in the prenatal period interferes with the maintenance of breastfeeding. ln this sense, the studies reinforce the need for supportive practices that favor the choice and maintenance of breastfeeding. Conclusion: most studies have shown a positive impact on maintaining exclusive breastfeeding when professional counseling is used to assist possible interventions during breastfeeding.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar, en la literatura científica, publicaciones sobre cómo lo consejería directiva sirve como instrumentopara mejorar las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, tipo revisión integradora, realizado en las bases de datos Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs, Cinahl y BVS, en la serie temporal de 2009 a 2019, en portugués e inglés, con descriptores y operadores booleanos. Resultados: se encontraron 757 artículos, luego de identificar los criterios y análisis, solo se seleccionaron 21 artículos. Fue evidente que no recibir información sobre la lactancia materna en el período prenatal interfiere con el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna. En este sentido, los estudios refuerzan la necesidad de prácticas de apoyo que favorezcan la elección y el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna. Conclusión: la mayoría de los estudios han demostrado un impacto positivo en el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva cuando se utiliza la asesoría profesional para ayudar a posibles intervenciones durante la lactancia(AU)

Contracepção masculina: a visão de candidatos à vasectomia / Male contraception: the view of vasectomy candidates / Anticoncepción masculina: la visión de candidatos para la vasectomia

Objetivo: analisar a percepção de homens, candidatos à esterilização, sobre a vasectomia e identificar os motivos que os levaram a escolher tal procedimento. Método: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, realizada com 14 homens em um hospital universitário, do município do Rio Grande/RS, em 2019. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: a idade média foi de 31,8 anos, e a maioria tinha filhos com a atual e com ex-parceiras. O conhecimento vago sobre vasectomia foi reforçado após encontro com assistente social. A influência de conhecidos foi positiva na tomada de decisão. A proteção da saúde da esposa foi um dos motivos para a realização do procedimento. O histórico de vida cercado por violência na infância também serviu como motivação. Conclusão: é preciso um olhar ampliado, dos profissionais da saúde sobre o tema; considerando o contexto e o projeto de vida do cliente nas situações de planejamento familiar.

Objective: to analyze the perception of men, candidates for sterilization, about vasectomy and to identify the reasons that led them to choose the method. Method: qualitative descriptive research, carried out with 14 men in a university hospital, in the municipality of Rio Grande/RS, in 2019. Semi-structured interviews were carried out, submitted to content analysis. Study approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: the average age was 31.8 years, and most had children with the current and former partners. Knowledge about vasectomy was reformed after meeting with a social worker. A known influence was positive in decision making. The protection of the wife's health was one of the reasons for carrying out the procedure. The life history surrounded by childhood violence also serves as an individual motivation. Conclusion: an expanded look is needed by health professionals, taking into account the context and the life project in family planning situations.

Objetivo: analizar la percepción de los hombres, candidatos a la esterilización, sobre la vasectomía e identificar las razones que los llevaron a elegir el método. Método: investigación descriptiva cualitativa, realizada con 14 hombres en un hospital universitario, en el municipio de Rio Grande/RS, en 2019. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, sometidas a análisis de contenido. Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 31.8 años, y la mayoría tenía hijos con las parejas actuales y anteriores. El conocimiento sobre la vasectomía se reformó después de reunirse con un trabajador social. Una influencia conocida fue positiva en la toma de decisiones. La protección de la salud de la esposa fue una de las razones para llevar a cabo el procedimiento. La historia de la vida rodeada de violencia infantil también sirve como una motivación individual. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud necesitan una mirada más amplia, teniendo en cuenta el contexto y el proyecto de vida en situaciones de planificación familiar

Consulta de salud de adolescentes en centros educativos / Adolescents' health consultations in educational centers

La estrategia de Espacios de Orientación y Escucha o Consejerías en salud integral en centros educativos (EOyE) es una experiencia intersectorial e innovadora en el Uruguay. Comienza a implementarse en el año 2012 en Montevideo y el área metropolitana. Los objetivos de la estrategia buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de adolescentes y jóvenes, ofrecer orientación oportuna en salud integral, facilitar la vinculación a los servicios de salud y otros espacios de participación. Los EOyE son ámbitos de consulta y conversación, de acceso libre y espontáneo para los adolescentes. Están a cargo de una dupla de profesionales de las áreas de Medicina o Enfermería y Psicología. La metodología empleada es la Consejería(1), esta se encuadra en los principios de confidencialidad y autonomía progresiva promoviendo el desarrollo de conductas saludables y habilidades para la vida(1). La población potencial de beneficiarios asciende a más de 3000 estudiantes de 12 a 19 años de edad, sus familias y referentes de la comunidad educativa. En el período de intervención entre agosto 2012 y junio 2015, se recibieron un total de 2.400 consultas. Se ha constatado que los estudiantes se apropian del Espacio, concurren espontáneamente y valoran positivamente la propuesta. Asimismo, gran parte de las consultas se resuelven en el momento, ofreciendo escucha y orientación oportuna. La respuesta a las situaciones de mayor complejidad se realiza de manera coordinada con la comunidad educativa, la familia y las redes.

The strategy of centers for Counselling and Sharing or Comprehensive Health Counselling in educational centers constitutes an innovative experience across different sectors in Uruguay. Implementation started in 2012 in Montevideo and the metropolitan area. The strategy aims to improve the quality of life of adolescents and young adults, to provide timely counselling in comprehensive health, to facilitate interaction with health services and other spaces for participation. These centers are spaces for consultation and exchange, access is free and spontaneous for adolescents, and they are led by two professionals trained in medicine, nursing services and psychology. Counselling is the method applied, and it lies within the framework of confidentiality and progressive autonomy principles, promoting the development of healthy behaviors and skills for life. The potential population of beneficiaries rises to over 3,000 students between 12 and 19 years old, their families and references in the school community. Two thousand and four hundred consultations were received between August, 2012 and June 2015. It has been seen that students make it their own, they spontaneously visit the service and positively value its existence. Likewise, most consultations are solved immediately, by listening and offering appropriate advice. Response to more complex situations is coordinated between the school community, families and social networks.

Consulta de salud de adolescentes en centros educativos: Adolescents' health consultations in educational centers

La estrategia de Espacios de Orientación y Escucha o Consejerías en salud integral en centros educativos (EOyE) es una experiencia intersectorial e innovadora en el Uruguay. Comienza a implementarse en el año 2012 en Montevideo y el área metropolitana. Los objetivos de la estrategia buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de adolescentes y jóvenes, ofrecer orientación oportuna en salud integral, facilitar la vinculación a los servicios de salud y otros espacios de participación. Los EOyE son ámbitos de consulta y conversación, de acceso libre y espontáneo para los adolescentes. Están a cargo de una dupla de profesionales de las áreas de Medicina o Enfermería y Psicología. La metodología empleada es la Consejería(1), esta se encuadra en los principios de confidencialidad y autonomía progresiva promoviendo el desarrollo de conductas saludables y habilidades para la vida(1). La población potencial de beneficiarios asciende a más de 3000 estudiantes de 12 a 19 años de edad, sus familias y referentes de la comunidad educativa. En el período de intervención entre agosto 2012 y junio 2015, se recibieron un total de 2.400 consultas. Se ha constatado que los estudiantes se apropian del Espacio, concurren espontáneamente y valoran positivamente la propuesta. Asimismo, gran parte de las consultas se resuelven en el momento, ofreciendo escucha y orientación oportuna. La respuesta a las situaciones de mayor complejidad se realiza de manera coordinada con la comunidad educativa, la familia y las redes.

The strategy of centers for Counselling and Sharing or Comprehensive Health Counselling in educational centers constitutes an innovative experience across different sectors in Uruguay. Implementation started in 2012 in Montevideo and the metropolitan area. The strategy aims to improve the quality of life of adolescents and young adults, to provide timely counselling in comprehensive health, to facilitate interaction with health services and other spaces for participation. These centers are spaces for consultation and exchange, access is free and spontaneous for adolescents, and they are led by two professionals trained in medicine, nursing services and psychology. Counselling is the method applied, and it lies within the framework of confidentiality and progressive autonomy principles, promoting the development of healthy behaviors and skills for life. The potential population of beneficiaries rises to over 3,000 students between 12 and 19 years old, their families and references in the school community. Two thousand and four hundred consultations were received between August, 2012 and June 2015. It has been seen that students make it their own, they spontaneously visit the service and positively value its existence. Likewise, most consultations are solved immediately, by listening and offering appropriate advice. Response to more complex situations is coordinated between the school community, families and social networks.

Medication dispensing as an opportunity for patient counseling and approach to drug-related problems

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe and evaluate a model of drug dispensing developed and implemented in a community pharmacy in Brazil. This was a descriptive, observational, quasi-experimental study performed in the period between 21 January 2013 and 20 April 2013. The model was evaluated and described in terms of three parameters: structure, process and outcome. The description and assessment of each parameter was performed as follows: (I) Structure: profile of patients, pharmacist's professional profile, physical facility, informational material; (II) Process: drug-related problems, pharmaceutical interventions performed, results of pharmaceutical interventions; (III) Outcome: patient knowledge of medications. Dispensing service improved patient knowledge of medications (p < 0.05), which was associated with pharmacotherapy complexity (p < 0.05). The main problems identified were related to lack of patient knowledge regarding their medication (52.9%). Pharmaceutical interventions were mostly performed directly to the patients (86.3%) by verbal (95.4%) and written (68.2%) information, and most of the problems were completely solved (62.7%). The medicine dispensing model was able to identify and solve drug-related problems and promote an improvement in patient knowledge about medication.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever e avaliar um modelo de serviço de dispensação de medicamentos desenvolvido e implantado em uma Farmácia Comunitária no Brasil. Trata-se de restudo descritivo, observacional e quase-experimental, realizado no período de 21 de janeiro a 20 de abril de 2013. A descrição e avaliação do modelo foi realizada segundo os parâmetros: estrutura, processo e resultado.Os aspectos descritos e avaliados foram: 1. Estrutura: perfil dos pacientes, perfil profissiográfico dos farmacêuticos, estrutura física, material de informação; 2. Processo: problemas relacionados ao medicamento detectados, intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas, resultados das intervenções farmacêuticas; 3. Resultado: conhecimento do pacientes sobre os medicamentos utilizados. A dispensação proporcionou melhora do conhecimento do paciente sobre os medicamentos (p < 0,05), que demonstrou-se associada à complexidade da farmacoterapia (p < 0,05). Foram identificados majoritariamente problemas relacionados à falta de condições do paciente em utilizar o medicamento (52,94%). As intervenções farmacêuticas foram realizadas predominantemente junto ao paciente (86,27%) através do fornecimento de informações verbais (95,4%) e escritas (68,2%) e, em sua maioria, o problema que originou a intervenção foi totalmente resolvido (62,75%).O serviço foi capaz de identificar e resolver os problemas relacionados ao medicamento e contribuiu para a melhoria do conhecimento dos pacientes relativo aos medicamentos utilizados.

Criteria for consultant and advisor in the brazilian postgraduate system / Critérios para avaliar consultoria e assessoria na pós-graduação stricto sensu

Objective: To review the rules, resolutions and existing documents relating to consultant and advisor to better target the actions of those who exercise these roles. Methods: The following documents were consulted: Statute of CAPES, through Decree No. 7692 of March 2, 2012; Ordinance No. 47 of 17/10/1995; Opinion 977 1965 Newton Sucupira; Area Document of Medicine III; Interministerial Ordinance 251 of 2012, based on Decree No. 7642 of 2011 of the Ministry of Science and Technology; CAPES Regiment. Results: The Brazilian Postgraduate system is divided in two different fields, according to its aspects: the "lato sensu" postgraduate, defined as all professional studies performed after the high school graduation; and the "stricto sensu" postgraduate that includes the master degree and the doctorate, both of them different from what is known as MSc or MS and PhD. The Brazilian doctorate is recognized as academic because its purposes include to improve the scientific and the teaching levels of university docents. The master degree has two different objectives one is to be academic and similar to the doctorate; the other is to upgrade professionals to a higher level than specialist or MBA and is denominated professional master degree. The master degrees and the doctorate are designated as courses and may be put together in a structure known as stricto sensu postgraduate program. The complexity of these courses and programs in all the areas of the superior human knowledge requires a large number of professional directly involved with this system and other professionals that attend them, called consultants and advisors. The consultants are counselors, and the advisors are assistants, both of them legally established with the incumbency to aid the postgraduate staff in all their duties. Conclusion: Nothing prevents a person from being a consultant on the situation and advisor on another, even in the same institution. Have knowledge about what being a consultant and advisor is required to exercise the function within the limits and dimension that the wingspan of the professional allows.

Objetivo: Revisar as normas, resoluções e documentos vigentes relativos ao tema consultoria e assessoria para melhor orientar as atuações de quem exerce esses papéis. Métodos: Foram consultados os seguintes documentos: Estatuto da CAPES, por meio do Decreto Nº 7.692, de 02 de março de 2012; Portaria nº 47 de 17/10/1995; Parecer 977 de 1965 de Newton Sucupira; Documento de Área da Medicina III; Portaria Interministerial 251 de 2012, com base no Decreto nº 7642 de 2011 do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia; e Regimento da CAPES. Resultados: O gerenciamento dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu requer estrutura multiprofissional diversificada em todos os seus níveis, constituída por corpo próprio da instituição e por componentes agregados, incluindo os consultores e assessores. O consultor é pessoa independente, sem vínculo com quem o convida e, nesse sentido, espera-se dele isenção na execução das tarefas solicitadas, nas quais se pressupõe domínio cultural, científico e humanístico. No Documento de Área da Medicina III, a consultoria é valorizada como atributo importante do Corpo Docente e está mencionada na Proposta dos Programas de Pós-graduação em seu item 2.1. Por outro lado, o assessor está vinculado ao solicitante em relação de dependência funcional. Dentro de sua área do conhecimento, o assessor é considerado adjunto do solicitante e pode substituí-lo ou representá-lo. No Documento de Área da Medicina III, o desempenho de assessoria pelo Corpo Docente está mencionado na Proposta dos Programas de Pós-graduação em seu item 5.2. Ter conhecimento sobre o que significa ser consultor e assessor é necessário para exercer a função dentro dos limites que lhe compete e na dimensão que a envergadura do profissional permite. Conclusão: Nada impede que uma pessoa seja consultora em situação e assessora em outra, até na mesma instituição. Ter conhecimento sobre o que significa ser consultor e assessor é necessário para poder exercer a função dentro dos limites que lhe compete e na dimensão que a envergadura do profissional permite.

Ampliación de las estrategias de consejería y prueba del VIH: desafíos técnicos y tensiones ético-políticas / Expansion of HIV counseling and testing strategies: technical challenges and ethical-political tensions

Los incentivos en el acceso universal a la terapia antirretroviral para el control del VIH-sida, estimularon la diversificación de los modelos de testeo del VIH, que se expresa en la coexistencia del Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) y Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC). Este artículo analiza los conceptos, los fundamentos y la aplicación de los modelos VCT y PITC con respecto a la consejería, la confidencialidad y el consentimiento informado en Brasil y en otros países, a partir de una revisión de la bibliografía en las bases Lilacs, Medline, Sociological Abstracts y Cochrane, publicada entre 2000 y 2013. Según los estudios, el PITC aumenta las tasas de testeo en relación con el VCT, pero reduce los derechos sexuales y reproductivos y la autonomía de los usuarios. Estos resultados señalan los desafíos técnicos y las tensiones éticas entre el paradigma de la excepcionalidad y la normalización del test. Se destaca la necesidad de conciliar el aumento en el acceso al examen con la capacidad local de cuidado integral a las personas que viven con VIH-sida y se recomienda ampliar los estudios interdisciplinares sobre los efectos sociales del VCT y PITC.

Incentives to provide universal access to antiretroviral therapy in order to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic also encouraged the diversification of HIV testing strategies, as demonstrated by the simultaneous existence of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC). This paper analyzes the concepts, principles and implementation of the VCT and PITC models regarding counseling, confidentiality and informed consent in Brazil and other countries, based on a literature review of works in the Lilacs, Medline, Sociological Abstracts and Cochrane databases published between 2000 and 2013. According to the literature, PITC increases rates of testing in comparison with VCT, but reduces sexual and reproductive rights and the autonomy of users. These findings suggest technical challenges and ethical tensions between the paradigm of exceptionalism and the normalization of HIV testing. The necessity to reconcile increased access to HIV tests with the local capacity to offer comprehensive care for people living with HIV/AIDS is highlighted. It is recommended that interdisciplinary studies about the social effects of VCT and PITC be amplified.

Small-Group Counseling in a Modified Tinnitus Retraining Therapy for Chronic Tinnitus

OBJECTIVES: The authors have treated chronic tinnitus patients using a combination of a simplified tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and medications, which we called modified TRT. In this clinical setting, we have attempted small-group counseling to find a time-effective equivalent of individual counseling. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of small-group counseling by comparing the treatment outcomes between individual and small-group counseling. METHODS: The patients who had distressing chronic tinnitus with normal hearing or mild hearing loss were included. The subjects were placed into the small-group (group 1:4) or the individual (group 1:1) counseling group, and underwent a modified TRT composed of a single session of directive counseling and ambient sound stimulation. In addition, alprazolam (0.25 mg) and ginkgo biloba extract (80 mg) were administered orally to the subjects for 3 months. The 3- and 6- month outcomes were assessed using the follow-up rates and tinnitus severity scores: awareness, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), loudness, annoyance, and effect on life. The treatment responses were classified as improvement, no changes, and worsening. RESULTS: Of the total 149 patients (77 in group 1:1; 72 in group 1:4), 104 patients completed the protocol at 3 months, and 55 patients at 6 months. The follow-up rates were similar in both groups. Over the period of 6 months, all scores declined significantly except the loudness score at 3 months in both groups. Treatment responses showed no between-group differences. The success rate based on THI was 70% in group 1:1, and 64% in group 1:4 at 6 months. CONCLUSION: The small-group counseling of our modified TRT was comparable to the individual counseling for tinnitus relief. We suggest that this protocol can be implemented effectively in any crowded otolaryngology clinics.

Aconselhamento em DST/Aids às gestantes que realizaram o teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto: os sentidos de uma prática / STD/Aids counseling for pregnant women who underwent the anti-HIV test on admission for delivery: the meanings of practice / Aconsejador en ETS/SIDA (Enfermedad Transmisible Sexualmente) para gestantes sometidas a pruebas anti-VIH durante la admisión para el parto: los sentidos de una práctica

Foram analisadas as práticas e os sentidos do aconselhamento para gestantes submetidas ao teste anti-HIV na admissão para o parto, e para profissionais de saúde que atuam na assistência à maternidade em Salvador, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em uma maternidade, com observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 puérperas sem diagnóstico prévio para o HIV e sete profissionais de saúde. Observou-se que o exame anti-HIV é realizado de forma compulsória, sem considerar a autonomia da gestante, e que o aconselhamento se limita a informar o diagnóstico e dar orientações no pós-teste somente àquelas cujos resultados foram positivos. Os sentidos que permeiam o exame, assim como o entendimento da experiência e os significados construídos pelas puérperas, sobretudo quando se descobrem positivas para o HIV, não são abordados pelos profissionais, que não se sentem capacitados para acolherem a subjetividade das pacientes.

The practices and meanings of counseling for pregnant women who underwent HIV testing on admission for delivery, and for healthcare professionals working in childbirth care in Salvador, Brazil, were analyzed. A qualitative study was conducted in a maternity hospital using participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 13 puerperae with no previous diagnosis of HIV and with seven healthcare professionals. It was observed that the anti-HIV test was done compulsorily, without taking into account the pregnant woman's autonomy. The counseling was limited to informing the diagnosis and giving guidance after the test, only to the HIV-positive women. The meanings that permeated the test and the comprehension of the experience and meanings constructed by the women, especially when they were discovered to be HIV-positive, were not addressed by the professionals, who did not feel qualified to deal with the patients' subjectivity.

Fueron analizadas las prácticas y los sentidos de aconsejador para gestantes sometidas a pruebas anti-VIH durante la admisión para el parto, y para profesionales de salud que trabajan en la asistencia en maternidad de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Fue realizado un estudio cualitativo en una maternidad mediante observación participante y entrevistas con 13 puérperas sin diagnostico previo de VIH y siete profesionales de salud. La prueba anti-VIH es realizada de forma obligatoria sin tomar en cuenta la autonomía de la gestante y que el aconsejador se limita a informar el diagnóstico y orientaciones posteriores a la prueba, sólo para mujeres cuyos resultados son positivos. Experiencias y significados construidos por las puérperas, principalmente cuando se descubren positivas para el VIH, no son abordados por los profesionales de salud, que no se sienten capacitados para lidiar con la subjetividad de las pacientes.

Aconselhamento em contracepção: grupo de capacitação de profissionais médicos do Programa de Saúde da Família / Recomendaciones en contraconcepcíon: grupo de capacitacíon de profesionales médicos del Programa de Salud de la Familia / Contraception counseling: training group for physicians within the Family Health Program

Analisam-se as potencialidades de uma intervenção em grupo com o propósito de capacitar médicos residentes do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) para aconselhamento em contracepção. Ancorados no pressuposto da incorporação da sexualidade nessa área, os autores trabalharam com estratégias que se destinam a sensibilizar os profissionais para ouvir as questões sexuais que estão subentendidas na orientação para a contracepção. Foi utilizada metodologia qualitativa. O corpus foi construído com base na técnica de observação participante e consistiu em relatos provenientes da transcrição das notas do diário de campo da coordenadora do grupo. Observou-se que a possibilidade de compartilhar saber, numa relação de horizontalidade, favoreceu a revisão de crenças e valores que sustentam a prática médica, ajudando profissionais a transcenderem uma visão tecnicista da orientação em contracepção.

The potential for a group intervention with the purpose of training medical residents within the family health program for contraception counseling is analyzed. The intervention is based on the assumption that sexuality needs to be incorporated within this field. Strategies aimed at raising health professionals' awareness of the need to listen to the sexual issues that are implicit in contraception counseling are discussed. Qualitative methodology was used, and the corpus was constructed based on the technique of participant observation. It consisted of reports coming from transcription of the group coordinator's field diary notes. It was seen that the opportunity to share knowledge in a horizontal relationship facilitated revision of the beliefs and values that support medical practice. Thus, this helped health professionals to surmount the technical view of contraception guidance.

Se analizan las potencialidades de una intervención en grupo con el propósito de capacitar a médicos residentes del Programa de Salud de la Familia (PSF) para recomendaciones en contraconcepción. Ancorados en el presupuesto de la incorporación de la sexualidad en esta área, los autores han trabajado con estrategias que se destinan a sensibilizar a los profesionales para tener en cuenta las cuestiones sexuales que están sobrentendidas en la orientación para la contraconcepción. Se utilizó metodología cualitativa. El corpus se construyó con base en la técnica de observación participante y consistió en relatos provenientes de la transcripción de las notas del diario de campo de la coordinadora del grupo. Se ha observado que la posibilidad, favoreció la revisión de creencias y valores que sustentan la práctica médica, ayudando a los profesionales a trascender una visión tecnicista de la orientación.

The Effectiveness of the Directive Counseling in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) was introduced as a new method for tinnitus management, and it is currently an efficacious therapy in use. In this article, we would like to show the effectiveness of directive counseling in TRT on tinnitus management. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 1, 100 patients who visited tinnitus clinic at the Severance Hospital from 1999 to 2002 were included in this study. Their characteristics and negative associations of tinnitus were investigated. Forty-six patients who were managed with directive counseling were evaluated with questionnaires about the psychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus and the subjective changes in tinnitus. RESULTS: Tinnitus was developed after stress (35.6%), fatigue (32.0%) and exposure to noise (21.4%), and it was negatively associated with hearing loss (51.8%), continuation of tinnitus (51.6%) and sleep disorder (17.5%). Factors such as awareness, loudness, annoyance, the effect on life tinnitus had were decreased after directive counseling. And the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) score was also significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: Directive counseling in TRT which includes explanation of neurophysiology of tinnitus should be tried preferentially before habituation occurs.