Postoperative chronic pain in arthroplasty papillon-lefèvre syndrome: 17-year dental follow-up: case report / Síndrome de papillon-lefèvre: seguimiento dental de 17 años: reporte de caso

Introduction: The present report describes the case of a 12-year-old patient with 17-year follow-up who was previously diagnosed with Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS), which is a rare autosomal recessive irregularity in the cathepsin C gene (CTSC) characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and premature loss of primary and permanent teeth. Case Report: A specific mutation in the c.203 T > G gene inducing loss of function leading to PLS was detected, as was a mutation in the HLA-DRB1*11 allele, which is associated with this syndrome. There is no consanguinity of the parents, and the siblings are entirely healthy. Early identification of the main characteristics of this syndrome is imperative. Accurate diagnosis by genetic analysis allows differential diagnoses and timely comprehensive dental treatment. Conclusions: Additionally, it allows consultation with a dermatologist to maintain or improve the quality of life of patients with this condition due to progressive worsening and severity of the main physical manifestations. Keywords: Papillon-Lefevre Disease; Keratoderma, Palmo-plantar; Cathepsin C; Periodontitis; Skin Diseases, Genetic; Case reports

Introducción: El presente reporte describe el caso de un paciente de 12 años de edad con 17 años de seguimiento a quien previamente se le diagnosticó Síndrome de Papillon-Lefèvre (PLS), el cual es una rara irregularidad autosómica recesiva en el gen de la catepsina C (CTSC) caracterizada por hiperqueratosis palmoplantar y pérdida prematura de dientes primarios y permanentes. Reporte de Caso: Se detectó una mutación específica en el gen c.203 T > G que induce pérdida de función que conduce a PLS, así como una mutación en el alelo HLA-DRB1*11, que se asocia a este síndrome. No presenta consanguinidad de los padres, padres y hermanos totalmente sanos. La identificación temprana de las principales características de este síndrome es imperativa. El diagnóstico certero por análisis genético permite diagnósticos diferenciales y tratamientos odontológicos integrales oportunos. Conclusiones: Adicionalmente, permite la consulta con un dermatólogo para mantener o mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con esta condición debido al progresivo empeoramiento y severidad de las principales manifestaciones físicas.

Bullous lesions following phototherapy in a newborn

ABSTRACT A male infant presented with progressive jaundice immediately after birth. Fecal acholia and choluria associated with extensive bullous skin lesions in his trunk, abdomen, and upper and lower limbs developed during phototherapy. Several diagnostic hypotheses were presented, including neonatal porphyria, hemochromatosis, Alagille syndrome, and neonatal lupus. A 24-hour urine sample for the dosage of urinary porphyrins was collected, showing high results (1823.6µg in 100mL). At 50 days of life, fluorescence spectroscopy using a Wood's lamp revealed simultaneous bright red fluorescence of urine-stained diapers and sample blood. A definitive diagnosis of congenital erythropoietic porphyria was made following identification of a mutation of the uroporphyrinogen synthetases III gene on genetic testing. The patient was subsequently maintained in a low light environment since then, resulting in improvement of the lesions. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is a disease of the group of porphyrias that presents shortly after birth with blistering occurring in regions exposed to the sun or other ultraviolet light. Atrophic scars, mutilated fingers, and bright red fluorescence of the urine and teeth may also be observed. There is no specific treatment, and prophylaxis comprising a total avoidance of sunlight is generally recommended. A high degree of suspicion is required for diagnosis. An early diagnosis can lead to less damage. Here, we present the case of a newborn with congenital erythropoietic porphyria diagnosed after presenting with bullous lesions secondary to phototherapy.

Treatment of some genodermatoses / 中华皮肤科杂志

Genodermatoses are a relatively independent type of skin diseases, with early onset, complex clinical manifestations and multiple system involvement. Current treatments of genodermatoses are still limited with poor therapeutic effect, and the quality of life of patients is greatly affected. This review summarizes prospective treatment methods of some hereditary skin diseases and related research progress, including innovative application of traditional medicines, biologics and small-molecule targeted drugs, stem cell therapy and gene editing, aiming to provide more reference for clinicians.

Mutation analysis of the KRT5 gene in a Chinese pedigree with Dowling-Degos disease / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate mutations in the KRT5 gene in a pedigree with Dowling-Degos disease.Methods:Clinical data were collected from the proband, and a survey was conducted in 12 members in 3 generations of the family. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the proband, 8 family members and 50 unrelated healthy individuals, genomic DNA was extracted for whole-exome sequencing, and sequencing results were compared with the published sequences of human KRT5, POFUT1 and POGLUT1 genes.Results:There were 3 patients in this family, including the proband, his father and deceased grandmother. The proband and his father clinically presented with reticular pigmentation in the skinfolds, especially the chest and abdomen skinfolds. A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.165T>A was identified in exon 1 of the KRT5 gene in the proband and his father, but not in other family members or healthy controls. No abnormality was found in the POFUT1 or POGLUT1 gene in any subjects.Conclusion:A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.165T>A was identified in the KRT5 gene, and may contribute to the clinical phenotype of the proband and his father with Dowling-Degos disease.

Ultrastructural aspects of the skin in lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe disease)

Abstract Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by hyaline deposits of PAS-positive material in tissues due to mutations in the ECM1 gene. This study evaluated the ultrastructure of the skin of a 6-year-old child affected by this condition. The light microscopy identified PAS-positive hyaline deposits, which were more intense in the papillary dermis. Scanning electron microscopy of the dermis showed a compact papillary dermis and fibrillar deposits in the middle dermis. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed the deposition of fibrillar material in the dermis, forming clusters adherent to elastic fibers, between the collagen bundles and the collagen fibers, and also filling up the cytoplasm of dermal fibroblasts.

A case of hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma with tendon contracture, myopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis caused by a mutation in the FAM111B gene / 中华皮肤科杂志

A 2-year- and 2-month-old girl developed recurrent eczema-like rashes 7 days after birth, followed by the occurrence of poikiloderma and hair loss. Cholestasis occurred at the age of 1 month and 10 days, which was improved but serum transaminase levels were elevated after 4 months. The patient usually presented with slight sweating, heat intolerance, and delayed gross motor development. Skin examination showed generalized mottled hypo- and hyper-pigmented patches, especially in the exposed areas, and sparse hair and eyebrows. Her parents had no similar clinical manifestations. Whole-exome sequencing showed a mutation c.1883G>A (p.Ser628Asn) in the FAM111B gene in the child, which was not found in her parents. According to the typical skin lesions, abnormal liver function and genetic testing results, this patient was diagnosed with hereditary fibrosing poikiloderma with tendon contracture, myopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis, and the mutation c.1883G>A in the FAM111B gene may be the cause of the patient′s clinical manifestations. The patient received hepatoprotective therapy, sun screen intervention, rehabilitation training, etc. After 10-month follow-up, the patient still presented with skin lesions and elevated transaminases, but without other discomforts.

Enfermedad celíaca y desarrollo de patologías secundarias / Celiac disease and the development of secondary disorders

La enfermedad celíaca es una patología autoinmune sistémica caracterizada por un estado inflamatorio crónico de la mucosa y submucosa intestinal, de origen multifactorial y detonada por factores ambientales como la ingesta de gluten en individuos genéticamente predispuestos a sensibilizarse a dicha proteína. La prevalencia de la enfermedad a nivel mundial se estima entre 1,1% y 1,7%, según datos de seroprevalencia. Sin embargo, se considera que existe una importante cantidad de individuos no diagnosticados, quienes podrían llegar a desarrollar una serie de complicaciones debido a que no reciben el manejo adecuado. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión comprende valorar algunas de las patologías secundarias más frecuentes asociadas a la enfermedad celíaca, evidenciando la afectación sistémica que puede presentar un individuo con esta enfermedad.

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune pathology characterized by a chronic inflammatory state of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, of multifactorial origin and triggered by environmental factors such as gluten intake in individuals genetically predisposed to become sensitized to such protein. The worldwide prevalence of the disease is estimated to be between 1.1% and 1.7%, based on seroprevalence data. However, it is considered that there are a significant number of undiagnosed individuals, who could develop a series of complications due to not receiving adequate management. For this reason, the objective of this review is to assess some of the most frequent secondary disorders associated with celiac disease, evidencing the systemic involvement that an individual with this disease can develop.

Pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia / 中华皮肤科杂志

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of non-cicatricial alopecia.Many researches have indicated that the pathogenesis of AGA involves genetic background,abnormal metabolism of sex hormones and follicle miniaturization,hair follicle microintlammation and environmental factors.Among them,genetic susceptibility is the most important factor for the individual difference of AGA,and follicle miniaturization induced by abnormal sex hormone metabolism and/or hair follicle microinflammation is the last step in the occurrence of AGA.

Vohwinkel syndrome: ichthyosiform variant in a family

Abstract: Vohwinkel syndrome belongs to the group of hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma, having an autosomal dominant inheritance. In this report, the authors present a case of a four-year-old boy with diffuse scaling over his entire body and transgredient palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with some fissured areas. Family evaluation revealed that his mother and other family members were affected. Based on his clinical findings and on family history, the diagnosis of the ichthyotic Vohwinkel syndrome subtype, characterized by generalized ichthyosis and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, was established.

Syndrome in Question

AbstractWaardenburg syndrome is an inherited disease characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentation changes and minor facial malformations. It has four clinical variants. We report the case of a girl who, like her mother, was affected by this syndrome. The diagnosis was made after detection and treatment of deafness.

Segmental Darier's disease: a presentation of difficult diagnosis

Darier's disease is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis. It has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 55,000 to 100,000 individuals, regardless of gender. It is characterized by multiple keratotic papules on the seborrheic areas of the trunk, scalp, forehead and flexures, and the clinical picture is worsened by heat, sun exposure, perspiration and mechanical trauma. Histopathology observed loss of epithelial adhesion and abnormal keratinization. About 10% of cases present in the localized form of the disease. We report a case of segmental Darier's Disease Type I and discuss the main characteristics of this condition.

Exuberant clinical picture of Buschke-Fischer-Brauer palmoplantar keratoderma in bedridden patient

Buschke-Fisher-Brauer keratoderma is a rare hereditary autosomal dominant disease of incomplete penetrance. Important differential diagnoses include other palmoplantar keratinization disorders, acquired or hereditary, which is done based on the histopathological findings. This diagnosis alerts especially about the possibility of associated neoplasms. Treatment involves topical keratolytic agents, usually with little efficacy, or with long-term systemic retinoids with follow-up of exuberant collateral effects.

Syndrome in Question

Hay-Wells syndrome or AEC (Ankyloblepharon, Ectodermal dysplasia and Cleft lip and palate syndrome) is a rare ectodermal disorder. The treatment is aimed to prevent clinical complications. We describe the case of a four-month old male patient with erosions on the scalp, trunk and arms, trachyonychia, deformity of the ears, micropenis, cleft palate, decreased eyebrow and eyelash hairs, in addition to antecedents of surgical correction of ankyloblepharon. The importance of the correct diagnosis is emphasized, besides the investigation of the associated diseases, treatment of complications and genetic counseling of the parents.

Syndrome In Question

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable penetrance and expression. It is characterized by a genetic predisposition to develop multiple adnexal neoplasias: cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and trichoblastomas. We describe a 54-year-old male patient with cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and trichoblastoma.

Case for diagnosis / Caso para diagnostico

Linear Darier is a rare variant of Darier's Disease. The keratotic papules follow Blaschko's lines, characterizing the cutaneous mosaicism. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who presented with small, linearly distributed, reddish-brown papules on the left mammary region, from the left flank to the hypogastrium and on the pretibial area of the left leg. Histologically, suprabasal acantholysis and dyskeratotic cells were seen, confirming the diagnosis.

Darier linear é uma variante rara da Doença de Darier. As pápulas ceratósicas se distribuem seguindo as linhas de Blaschko, caracterizando o mosaicismo do envolvimento cutâneo. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 42 anos que apresentava pápulas acastanhadas, distribuídas linearmente na região mamária esquerda, do flanco esquerdo ao hipogástrio e na região prétibial esquerda. Histologicamente, foram observadas acantólise suprabasal e células disceratósicas, confirmando a suposição diagnóstica.

Você conhece esta síndrome? / Do you know this syndrome?

A Síndrome de Bloch-Sulzberger (Incontinência Pigmentar) é uma genodermatose rara, que afeta, principalmente, o sexo feminino, pois costuma ser letal em pacientes do sexo masculino intraútero. Caracteriza-se, principalmente, pelas manifestações dermatológicas, podendo também apresentar anomalias dentárias, oftalmológicas e neurológicas. As lesões cutâneas apresentam 4 fases distintas: vesiculosa, verrucosa, pigmentar e atrófica; que podem seguir uma sequência irregular, havendo até sobreposição das mesmas.

Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti) is a rare genodermatosis that affects predominantly females, since it is generally lethal to male fetuses in utero. It is characterized principally by skin lesions, but may also involve dental, ophthalmological and neurological abnormalities. The skin lesions are present in four different phases: vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmented and atrophic/hypopigmented. Their sequence is irregular and overlapping of stages is common.

Manejo anestésico de paciente com síndrome de Cri Du Chat (miado do gato): relato de caso / Anesthetic management of a patient with Cri Du Chat syndrome: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome de Cri Du Chat é uma desordem cromossômica com características clínicas peculiares, incluindo anormalidades de vias aéreas, que exigem do anestesiologista cuidados especiais no manuseio desses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Apresentar um caso de anestesia ambulatorial em paciente com síndrome de Cri Du Chat e abordar os aspectos anestésicos relacionados com essa doença. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 14 anos, 25 kg, portador de síndrome de Cri Du Chat, estado físico ASA P2, admitido para realização de endoscopia digestiva alta e dilatação esofagiana. Quadro neurológico com retardo mental, alguns episódios de convulsões e hipertonia acentuada de membros. Exame das vias aéreas demonstrando mobilidade cervical limitada e distância tireomentoniana inferior a 6 cm. Paciente não atendia ao comando verbal, sendo difícil a avaliação completa das vias aéreas. Outros achados ao exame físico incluíram microcefalia, micrognatia, discreto estrabismo, hipertonia de membros em flexão e protrusão de língua. Administrados, por via venosa, 50 µg de citrato de fentanila, 1 mg de midazolam e 60 mg de propofol. Mantido em ventilação espontânea. Procedimento com duração de 5 minutos, realizado sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com síndrome de Cri Du Chat apresentam características clínicas de grande relevância no manejo anestésico, cabendo ao anestesiologista considerar com cautela as particularidades estruturais de cada paciente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cri Du Chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with peculiar clinical characteristics including airways abnormalities that require special care by anesthesiologists when handling those patients. OBJECTIVE: To present a case of outpatient anesthesia in a patient with Cri Du Chat syndrome and discuss the anesthetic aspects related to this disorder. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 14 years old, 25 kg, with Cri Du Chat syndrome, physical status ASA P2, was admitted for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophageal dilation. The patient had mental retardation, a few episodes of seizures, and marked hypertonia of the limbs. Airways exam showed limited cervical mobility and thyromental distance less than six centimeters. The patient was unable to comprehend verbal commands, making it difficult to undertake a complete assessment of the airways. Other findings on physical exam included microcephaly, micrognathism, subtle strabismus, limb hypertonia with flexion, and protrusion of the tip of the tongue. Intravenous fentanyl 50 µg, midazolam 1 mg, and propofol 60 mg were administered. The patient was maintained on spontaneous ventilation. The procedure lasted 5 minutes, without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Cri Du Chat syndrome have clinical characteristics that are very important for their anesthetic management, being the responsibility of the anesthesiologist to consider carefully the structural particularities of each patient.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El síndrome de Cri Du Chat es un desorden cromosómico con características clínicas peculiares, que incluye anormalidades en las vías aéreas, exigiendo de los anestesiólogos cuidados especiales en el manejo de esos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de anestesia ambulatorial en paciente con síndrome de Cri Du Chat y abordar los aspectos anestésicos relacionados con esa enfermedad. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo masculino, 14 años, 25 kg, portador de síndrome de Cri Du Chat, estado físico ASA P2, admitido para la realización de endoscopia digestiva alta y dilatación esofágica. Cuadro neurológico con retraso mental, algunos episodios de convulsiones e hipertonía acentuada de los miembros. El examen de las vías aéreas reveló movilidad cervical limitada y distancia tireomentoniana inferior a 6 cm. El paciente no respondía al comando verbal, siendo difícil la evaluación completa de las vías aéreas. Otros hallazgos en el examen físico incluyeron microcefalia, micrognatia, discreto estrabismo, hipertonía de los miembros en flexión y protrusión de la lengua. Fueron administrados por vía venosa, 50 µg de citrato de fentanila, 1 mg de midazolam y 60 mg de propofol. Se le mantuvo en ventilación espontánea. El procedimiento demoró 5 minutos y fue realizado sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con el síndrome de Cri Du Chat, presentan características clínicas de gran relevancia para el manejo anestésico, y el anestesiólogo tiene que considerar con cautela las particularidades estructurales de cada paciente.

Alergia ao látex em paciente com síndrome de Kabuki: relato de caso / Latex allergy in a patient with Kabuki syndrome: case report / Alergia al látex en paciente con síndrome de Kabuki: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O conhecimento do profissional de Anestesiologia sobre aspectos específicos de pacientes portadores de síndromes raras é uma necessidade crescente, já que cada vez mais esses pacientes são levados aos centros cirúrgicos. O objetivo é descrever um caso de alergia ao látex ocorrido em um desses pacientes com diagnóstico da Síndrome de Kabuki, cujos aspectos ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos, alertando os anestesiologistas quanto à possibilidade dessa associação. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 11 anos com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Kabuki foi admitida para exérese de lesões de partes moles. Apresentava histórico de reações alérgicas prévias após procedimentos cirúrgicos de pequeno porte. Com a necessidade da realização de um novo procedimento, após avaliação pré-anestésica, foi encaminhada a um alergologista, que a submeteu a testes cutâneos que confirmaram a hipótese de alergia ao látex. Foi levada mais uma vez ao centro cirúrgico para exérese das lesões, sob anestesia geral. Foram tomadas todas as precauções, com o objetivo de evitar novas manifestações clínicas. O procedimento transcorreu sem intercorrências e a paciente recebeu alta no mesmo dia, sem apresentar qualquer tipo de complicação, o que reforçou ainda mais o diagnóstico. CONCLUSÕES: A Síndrome de Kabuki parece ter um curso relativamente benigno em sua história natural. Entretanto, há muitos aspectos ainda a serem esclarecidos e, portanto, não se descarta a possibilidade da associação dessa patologia com outras condições que interessam ao anestesiologista. Essa descrição tem por objetivo alertar quanto ao risco da associação dessa síndrome com a alergia ao látex. Para tanto, deve-se incentivar, na avaliação pré-anestésica desses pacientes, a realização de uma anamnese bem feita, com a análise de outros fatores predisponentes que não a síndrome per se.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The knowledge of anesthesiologists of specific aspects of patients with rare syndromes is a growing need since those patients are increasingly taken to the operating room. The objective of this report was to describe a case of latex allergy in a patient with Kabuki Syndrome, whose aspects have not been completely explained, alerting anesthesiologists for the possibility of this association. CASE REPORT: This is an 11 years old patient with the diagnosis of Kabuki syndrome, admitted for removal of soft tissue lesions. She had a history of allergic reactions after small surgeries. Since she needed to undergo another procedure, after the pre-anesthetic evaluation the patient was referred to an allergist who confirmed, after skin tests, that the patient had latex allergy. She was taken to the operating room for removal of those lesions under general anesthesia. All precautions were taken to avoid new clinical manifestations. Intercurrences were not observed during the procedure and the patient was discharged on the same day without any complications, which reinforced the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Kabuki syndrome seems to have a relatively benign course. However, it has many aspects that remain to be cleared and, therefore, the possibility of its association with other condition that might be important for the anesthesiologist exists. The objective of this report was to alert for the risk of its association with latex allergy. For such, during the pre-anesthetic evaluation, a good anamnesis with analysis of predisposing factors other than the syndrome itself should be stimulated.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El conocimiento del profesional de Anestesiología sobre los aspectos específicos de pacientes portadores de síndromes raros, es una necesidad que ha venido creciendo, pues cada vez más, esos pacientes son derivados a los quirófanos. Nuestro objetivo es describir un caso de alergia al látex que ocurrió en uno de esos pacientes con diagnóstico del Síndrome de Kabuki, y cuyos aspectos todavía no fueron completamente aclarados, alertando a los anestesiólogos en cuanto a la posibilidad de esa asociación. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente de 11 años, con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Kabuki, que fue admitida para exéresis de lesiones de las partes blandas. Presentaba un historial de reacciones alérgicas previas posteriores a los procedimientos quirúrgicos de pequeño porte. Con la necesidad de realizar un nuevo procedimiento, y después de la evaluación preanestésica, la paciente fue derivada a un alergista que la sometió a pruebas cutáneas las cuales confirmaron la hipótesis de alergia al látex. Una vez más fue enviada al quirófano para exéresis de las lesiones bajo anestesia general. Fueron tomadas todas las precauciones con el objetivo de evitar nuevas manifestaciones clínicas. El procedimiento transcurrió sin intercurrencias y la paciente recibió alta el mismo día, sin que presentase ningún tipo de complicación, lo que reforzó mucho más el diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: El Síndrome de Kabuki parece tener un curso relativamente benigno en su historial natural. Sin embargo, existen muchos aspectos que todavía necesitan ser aclarados y por lo tanto, no descartamos la posibilidad de la asociación de esa patología con otras condiciones que son del interés del anestesiólogo. Esa descripción tiene el objetivo de alertar sobre el riesgo de la asociación de ese síndrome con la alergia al látex. Para tanto, debemos incentivar la evaluación preanestésica de esos pacientes, la realización de una anamnesis correcta y el análisis de otros factores ...

Incontinentia pigmenti: presentación neonatal: a propósito de un caso clínico / Incontinentia pigmenti: neonatal presentation: a purpose of clinical case

La incontinentia pigmenti (IP) también conocida como síndrome de Bloch-Sulzberger, es una genodermatosis infrecuente ligada al cromosoma X que afecta tejidos derivados del neuroectodermo: piel, faneras, ojos, sistema nervioso central y dientes. En la etapa neonatal se plantean diagnósticos diferenciales como el impétigo ampollar, herpes neonatal, citomegalovirus, mastocitosis, epidermólisis ampollar hereditaria. El diagnóstico temprano permite detectar las posibles patologías asociadas, que son determinantes para el pronóstico del paciente.

Incontinentia pigmenti, also known as Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, is a rare congenital X-linked genodermatosis with variable involvement of tissues derived from neuroectoderm and mesoderm skin, hair, nails, eyes and central nervous system. Differential diagnoses are manifested in the neonatal period, such as bullous impetigo, neonatal herpes, cytomegalovirus, mastocytosis and hereditary epidermolysis bullosa. Early diagnosis allows detection of associated diseases which determine the patients prognosis.