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ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence of suspected adverse events following immunization （AEFI） after changing the priority vaccination sites of the adsorbed acellular diphtherior-pertussis-tetanus vaccine （hereinafter referred to as DPT vaccine）， so as to provide scientific basis for mass vaccination. MethodsMonitoring data of AEFI for the DPT vaccine in Wujiang District from September 2020 to August 2022 were collected from China's disease prevention and control information system， and the vaccination information of DPT vaccine in all children's vaccination clinics in Wujiang District during the same period was selected. The incidence of AEFI for the DPT vaccine was analyzed and compared. ResultsThe reported incidence of AEFI was significantly lower in the buttocks than that in other sites （P<0.05）. The reported incidence of AEFI was significantly higher in booster immunization than that in basic immunization （P<0.05）. After inoculation at different sites， the main clinical symptoms of AEFI were local redness and swelling. There were significant differences in the incidence of local redness and swelling， local induration， pruritus and other symptoms （lethargy， abnormal crying， etc.） （P<0.05）. There were significant differences in the severity of local redness and swelling in different sites （P<0.05）. The degree of redness and swelling in the anterolateral thigh was lower than that in other sites （P<0.05）. The local strong reaction of swelling （>5.0 cm） in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm was significantly higher than that in the buttocks （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe DPT vaccine is safe in different parts of the body and is worth popularizing.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae is responsible for both endemic and epidemic diphtheria. The predisposing factor for this disease is the failure to immunize during childhood. Humans are the only hosts of the organism and is present in the upper respiratory tract. The organism is transmitted via airborne route and can cause respiratory obstruction and heart failure because of the exotoxin it produces. There is presently a resurgence of diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria. The Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC) was notified of suspected diphtheria outbreaks in Lagos and Kano States, Nigeria, in December 2022 and has been issuing monthly reports since that time. This review of the diphtheria outbreaks following online database searches on PubMed and Google Scholar as well as the NCDC/WHO websites and grey literatures, describes the current trend of the outbreaks globally, elucidated the different strains of Corynebacterium responsible for the outbreaks, identified the recent vaccine formulation developed to tackle the outbreaks, and provide information on vaccine delivery and efficacy studies in the country and globally.
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Humans , Actinomycetales , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine , Disease Outbreaks , Diphtheria , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
Se relata el nacimiento, auge y decadencia, de la producción de vacunas en el antiguo Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile, desde su fundación en 1929 hasta su fin en 1980, por boca de quien fuera por diecisiete años primero encargado de la fabricación de vacunas bacterianas y luego director de la institución. Las vicisitudes de la vacuna BCG, la introducción del toxoide tetánico, el fin de la vacuna antivariólica y el triunfo de vacuna antirrábica de Fuenzalida y Palacios, se narran a menudo con comentarios de quienes participaron en estos hechos.
The birth, rise and decline, of vaccine production at the Bacteriological Institute of Chile is recounted by mouth of who was for seventeen years first in charge of manufacturing and then director of the institution. The vicissitudes of the BCG vaccine, the introduction of tetanus toxoid, the end of smallpox vaccine, and the triumph of the rabies vaccine are often related with comments from those who participated in the events.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Bacteriology/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Vaccine Development/history , Smallpox Vaccine/history , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/history , Rabies Vaccines/history , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/history , Chile , Tuberculosis Vaccines/historyABSTRACT
Background: The present study was to find out the immunization status of children in the age group of 0-7 years from OPD and those admitted in hospital attached to Deccan College of Medical Sciences with respect to primary immunization (BCG,OPV/DPT 1, 2, 3, measles), 1st booster dosage of OPV, DPT and also primary doses of Hepatits-B vaccine and coverage of vitamin A with measles vaccine. The objectives of this research work were to study factors which influence the immunization status and to know reasons for partial and non-immunization and their follow up over 2 years. Also, to know proportion of vaccine preventable diseases in children under study group.Methods: An oral questionaire method was adopted for parent of children in the age group 0-7 years to assess their immunization status and social factors influencing immunization coverage. Systemic random sampling method was applied to select 200 chlildren i.e. every 5th child admitted in the age group of 0-7 years was taken for analysis.Results: The study showed that out of 200 children 115 were fully immunized, 78 were partially immunized and 7 were non- immunized, 66 children among male and 49 among females were fully immunized, & the study shows that males had better immunization than females.Conclusions: Out of total 200 cases 57.6% were fully immunized, 38 % were partially immunized while 3.5% were unimmunized. Immunization coverage was better in urban children than rural children.
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Objective: To delineate the clinical profile, complications, intensive care needs, andpredictors of mortality in children with critical pertussis. Methods: Retrospective analysis ofcase records of children in the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary-care hospital, with adiagnosis of critical pertussis over 3 years. Diagnostic criteria included CDC case definitionand confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), when available. Survivors and non-survivors were compared to identify predictors of mortality. Results: 36 records wereanalysed, most cases were infants (31, 86.1%). 10 (27.7%) were (below 6 weeks of age). Inthe rest, 16 (61.5%) were partially immunized or unimmunized against pertussis. Rapidbreathing (88.9%), paroxysmal cough (86.1%) and apnea (41.7%) were common presentingcomplaints. Hypoxemia (97.2%), hyperleukocytosis (61.1%) and encephalopathy (52.8%)were common complications. Intensive care needs were mechanical ventilation in 11(30.6%), vasoactive support in 7 (19.4%) and exchange transfusion in 3 (8.3%). Femalegender, apnea, hyperleukocytosis, encephalopathy, need for vasoactive support, andmechanical ventilation predicted mortality. Conclusion: Pertussis demands attention due toits varied presentation, increased complications and higher mortality.
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Aims: This study was made to evaluate the immune response to pertussis among children under five years old by measuring the level of circulating Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against pertussis toxin (IgG-PT) after immunization with the primary series of DPT (DPT1-3)and then determining the coverage rates of universal childhood vaccines.Study Design:Cross-sectional laboratory study.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, between June and October 2010.Methodology:A total of 345 children were randomly selected and investigated for universal childhood vaccination coverage rates; of these, 273 children who had received 3 full doses of DPT were studied for their pertussis immunological status. Blood samples were collected from the latter group and then tested for levels of IgG-PT by ELISA method. For assessment IgG-PT levels more than 24 units/ml were considered protected against pertussis. Data were analyzed according to Original Research Article gender and age groups. Results:The coverage rate of pertussis vaccine was 79.1%; only 71.4% of vaccinated children responded to the vaccinewith mean level of 33 U/ml. A statistically significant difference was observed with respect to sero-protective IgG-PT between males and females (63.8% and 84.8% respectively, with χ2=15, p=0.0001). Also, a statistically significant difference was observed with respect to sero-protective IgG-PT in different age groups, with older children (>48 months) having a higher rate of antibodies than younger (13-24 months) (90% and 59.1% respectively, with χ2=3.87, p=.04). Conclusion:We conclude that a considerable proportion of vaccinated children with a normal immune status were not serologically immune to pertussis. They remain to be reconsidered for either revaccination or booster doses due to lack of or inadequate response. Also, the rates of vaccine coverage for the main universal childhood vaccines are low.
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Though vaccines have been in use for over seventy years, we have been unable to eradicate or control pertussis. This disease is a worldwide problem, and recently has been occurring in outbreaks even in places with good immunization coverage. The debate about the use of acellular or whole cell vaccine has taken attention away from the other significant issues. The high rate of serious disease and death in young infants, and the repeated outbreaks of pertussis even in highly-vaccinated populations is a matter for grave concern. Finding strategies to protect the most vulnerable is a priority. Newer vaccines are under development, and will be welcome, but may be too expensive for mass use in resource-poor nations. It is important to adopt cost-effective strategies to deal with this disease.
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Objective To characterize CD4+CD8+double-positive T ( DPT) cells in PBMCs from patients with tuberculosis(TB).Methods PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood samples collected from patients with TB and healthy subjects.The subsets and percentages of CD4+T, CD8+T and DPT cells in PBMCs were determined by flow cytometry.Cell surface markers ( CD45RO, CCR7 and CD25 ) and intracellular cytokines ( IFN-γand TNF-α) were detected directly and after ESAT-6/PPD stimulation.Re-sults Patients with TB showed a significantly increased DPT cells as compared with the cured individuals and healthy subjects (P<0.005).The levels of DPT cells were gradually decreased down to normal upon the treatment of pharmacotherapy.DPT cells expressed higher levet of CD25 than CD4+T and CD8+T cells ( P<0.005 ) . DPT cells could express more IFN-γand TNF-αupon the stimulation of ESAT-6/PPD (P<0.005).The analysis of memory phenotype indicated that DPT cells were memory T cells.Conclusion DPT cells in peripheral blood of the patients with tuberculosis played a critical role in protective immunity against tuberculosis.The alterations of DPT cells in PBMCs during the period of pharmacotherapy might be a potential indicator for the prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Objective: To compare analgesic effect of direct breast feeding, 25% dextrose solution and placebo as we give 1st intramuscular whole cell DPT injection to 6week - 3month old infants. Design: Randomized, placebo controlled trial. Setting: Immunization clinic of Department of Pediatrics, LLRM Medical College. Participants: Infants coming for their 1st DPT vaccination were randomized in to three groups of 40 each. Outcome measures: The primary outcome variable was the duration of cry after vaccination. Secondary outcome variables were Modified Facial Coding Score (MFCS) and latency of onset of cry. Results: 120 babies were equally enrolled in breast feed group, 25% dextrose fed group and distilled water fed group. Median (interquartile range) of duration of cry was significantly lower in breast fed (33.5 (17-54) seconds) and 25% dextrose fed babies (47.5 (31-67.5) seconds) as compared to babies given distilled water (80.5 (33.5-119.5) seconds) (P<0.001). MFCS at 1 min and 3 min was significantly lower in direct breast fed and dextrose fed babies. Conclusions: Direct breastfeeding and 25% dextrose act as analgesic in young infants undergoing DPT vaccination in young infants less than 3 month of age.
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This paper investigates the factors associated with childhood immunization in Uganda. We used nationallyrepresentative data from Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) of 2006. Both bivariate and multivariate approaches were employed in the analysis. The bivariate approach involved generating average percentages of children who were immunized, with analysis of pertinent background characteristics. The multivariate approach involved employing maximum likelihood probit technique and generating marginal effects to ascertain the probability of being immunized, given the same background characteristics. It revealed that slightly over 50% of children in Uganda were fully immunized. Additionally, 89%, 24%, 52%, and 64% received BCG, DPT, polio and measles vaccines respectively. Factors which have a significant association with childhood immunization are: maternal education (especially at post-secondary level), exposure to media, maternal healthcare utilization, maternal age, occupation type, immunization plan, and regional and local peculiarities. Children whose mothers had post-secondary education were twice as likely to be fully immunized compared to their counterparts whose mothers had only primary education (p<0.01). Thus, gender parity in education enhancement efforts is crucial. There is also a need to increase media penetration, maternal healthcare utilization, and to ensure parity across localities and regions.
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PURPOSE: This study was aimed to determine the status and related factors of age-appropriate immunization among urban-rural children aged 24-35 months in a 2005 population-based survey in Nonsan, Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted household survey and provider check using questionnaire and checklist to obtain data on immunization status for children, aged 24-35 months. Age-appropriate immunization was defined as status of receiving the fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (4 DTP), 3 Polio, the first measles-mumps-rubella (1 MMR) doses, and the 4 : 3 : 1 series. RESULTS: Age-appropriate immunization rates were 51.7% for 4 DPT, 88.0% for 3 Polio, 87.9% for 1 MMR, and 50.3% for the 4 : 3 : 1 series. First-born children, lower perceived barrier scores, and higher perception of immunization data were significantly related to age-appropriate immunization. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that age-appropriate immunization rate could be improved by implementing reminder/recall service and providing the knowledge about immunization. Identification and consideration related factors would improve immunization rate and age-appropriate immunization.
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Child, Preschool , Humans , Data Collection , Immunization/statistics & numerical data , Immunization Schedule , Republic of Korea , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Urban Population/statistics & numerical dataSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Whooping Cough/diagnosis , Radiography, Thoracic , Whooping CoughABSTRACT
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la vacunación DPT dos semanas antes de la primera dosis de la administración de la vacuna PRP-T, sobre la respuesta de anticuerpos anti-PRP en lactantes vacunados a los 2, 4 y 6 meses de edad. Luego de la obtención del consentimiento informado escrito, 141 niños de 2 meses de edad fueron distribuidos al azar en uno de tres grupos, para ser vacunados a los 2, 4 y 6 meses de edad respectivamente. El Grupo A incluyó vacunados con DPT dos semanas previas a la primeras dosis de PRP-T; el Grupo B a aquellos vacunados con PRP-T y DPT simultáneamente, en sitios separados; y el Grupo C a los vacunados con PRP-T, dos semanas previas a la primera dosis de DPT. La segunda y la tercera dosis de ambas vacunas se administraron simultáneamente en los tres grupos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a los 2,4, 6 y 7 meses de vida. Los sueros fueron conservados a menos de 20º centígrados hasta su envío a la Universidad de Vanderbilt, donde fueron procesados en ciego y en paralelo por el método de ELISA. Los datos serológicos fueron transformados logarítmicamente para su análisis, reportándose su antilogaritmo. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba ANOVA, un valor p<0,05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. Los títulos de anticuerpos posteriores a la primera dosis en los grupos A, B y C fueron respectivamente de 6,3, 1,9 y 1,05 mcg/ml; para la segunda dosis se obtuvieron títulos de 14.6; 9,20 y 8,93 mcg/ml para cada grupo y para la tercera, los resultados fueron respectivamente de 25,68; 17,38 y 26,47 mcg/ml. El análisis de varianza demostró que después de la primera dosis el grupo A inmunizado previamente con DTP obtuvo títulos de anticuerpos significativamente más altos que los otros dos que dicha diferencia se mantuvo después de la segunda inyección, (p<0,0001 y 0,04 respectivamente) sin embargo no hubo significación estadística posterior a la aplicación de la tercera dosis (p=0,23).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Immunologic Factors/immunology , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage , Analysis of Variance , Infectious Disease Medicine , PediatricsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Tetanus toxoid specific IgG titers were measured in 76 cases on children ranging from neonates to 18 yr old adolescents according to the frequency of DPT vaccination. METHODS: The Enzyquick tetanus Kit was used to measure tetanus toxoid specific IgG titers by the ELISA method. RESULTS: 1) In infants less than 2 months-olg, the mean tetanus toxoid specific IgG titer was 1.07 IU/ml. 2) In infants ranging from 2 months to 12 months of age, the mean was 3.59 IU/ml in 11 infant with primary vaccination, and 2.05 IU/ml in 2 infants with out vaccination. 3) In children ranging from 1 year to 2 years of age, the mean was 3.60 IU/ml in 4 children with booster vaccination, and 1.43 IU/ml in 4 children without bosster vaccination. 4) In children ranging from 2yrs to 4 yrs of age, the mean was 2.60 IU/ml in 11 children with booster vaccination, and 1.03 IU/ml in 5 children without booster vaccination. 5) In children ranging from 4 years to 7 years of age, the mean was 3.64 IU/ml in 7 children with booster vaccination, and 0.76 IU/ml in 5 children without vaccination. 6) In children ranging from 7 years to 11 years of age, the mean was 1.19 IU/ml in 4 children with booster vaccination, 0.44 IU/ml in a ten years old gir 1 without booster vaccination, and 0.93 IU/ml in 3 children whose vaccination history was unknown. 7) In the 11 year old to 18 year old age group, The mean 1.23 IU/ml in 5 children with booster vaccination, and 0.84 IU/ml in 8 children whose vaccination history was unknown. CONCLUSIONS: The antibody titers for tetanus toxoid is adquate to protect tetanus infection, if DPT vaccination is performed as scheduled. But the antibody titers fell rapidly, when the booster vaccination was not performed after primary vaccination. In conclusion, the booster accination after primary vaccination is necessory for the prevention of tetanus infectioin.
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Adolescent , Child , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulins , Tetanus Toxoid , Tetanus , VaccinationABSTRACT
Se analizan los resultados obtenidos con la vacuna pertussis producida durante nueve anos en cultivo estacionario, utilizando las cepas 10536, 18334 y 18904 procedente de Michigan; y cinco anos en cultivo sumergido utilizando las cepas 509 y 134 procedentes de Holanda. Se logro un gran incremento de la produccion usando la fermentacion. La potencia de las vacunas fue determinada por el metodo de Kendrick (proteccion activa en el raton). El promedio de los resultados obtenidos fue de 13.75 UP/ml en cultivo estacionario y 10.51 UP/ml en cultivo por fermentacion.Aplicando la prueba de t se concluye que la diferencia de resultados es altamente significativa. Por otro lado y basandose en la dispersion de los resultados, puede afirmarse que con el metodo de fermentacion se obtiene menor variacion en la potencia de los lotes