Caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos: ¿Una problemática emergente? / Characterization of Gaming Disorder: An Emerging Problem? / Caracterização do transtorno pelos videojogos: um problema emergente?

Resumen Objetivo. Sistematizar la literatura actual disponible en torno a la caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos (VDJ), aportando a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto latinoamericano y su incidencia en la población infanto-juvenil. Método. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eje de búsqueda se consideraron las categorías: (a) uso de las TIC, (b) videojuegos, (c) adicción y (d) trastorno por videojuegos, de acuerdo con estudios publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar, teniendo como referencia el DSM-V y CIE-11. Resultados. Las manifestaciones clínicas descritas para su uso adictivo son aún heterogéneas. También, se pudo observar que, cuanto más temprano se empieza, mayor será la frecuencia de su uso en edades posteriores, lo que aumenta las conductas de riesgo en el futuro y su incidencia en el tiempo de ocio y la recreación cotidiana. Conclusión. Los efectos que puede generar el uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos en el desarrollo de las personas, se contrapone al uso de los VDJ en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos como en el plano educativo. Adicionalmente, se reafirma el desafío de construir saberes e investigaciones multidisciplinares en torno al uso problemático de estos dispositivos.

Abstract Objective. Systematize the current literature available on the characterization of video game disorder, in order to contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon in the Latin American context and its incidence in the child/youth population. Method. A systematic review and analysis of the literature was used. The following categories were considered lines of inquiry: (a) use of ICT, (b) video games, (c) addiction and (d) video game disorder, according to studies published in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases, having the DSM-V and ICD-11as references. Results. The clinical manifestations of its addictive use are still heterogeneous. Also, it was observed that the earlier it starts, the greater the frequency of its use in later ages, which increases risk behaviors in the future and its incidence in leisure time and daily recreation. Conclusion. The effects that the problematic use of technological devices can generate in the development of individuals are contrasted to the use of video games in the treatment of various disorders, such as in the educational field. Additionally, the challenge of building knowledge and multidisciplinary research around the problematic use of these devices is reaffirmed.

Resumo Escopo. Sistematizar a literatura atual disponível sobre a caracterização do transtorno pelos videojogos (VDJ), aportando à compreensão de este fenômeno no contexto latino-americano e sua incidência na população infanto-juvenil. Metodologia. Foi empregada uma revisão sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eixo de procura foram consideradas as categorias: a) uso das TIC, b) Videojogos, c) Vício e d) transtorno pelos videojogos, de acordo com estudos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google Scholar, tendo como referencia o DSM-V e C1E-11. Resultados. As manifestações clínicas descritas para o seu uso aditivo ainda são heterogéneas. Também, foi observado que, quanto mais cedo começar, maior será a frequência do seu uso em idades posteriores, o que aumenta as condutas de risco no futuro e sua incidência no tempo de ócio e a recreação cotidiana. Conclusão. Os efeitos que pode gerar o uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos no desenvolvimento das pessoas, está contraposto ao uso dos VDJ no tratamento dos diversos transtornos como no plano educativo. Além do mais, é reafirmado o desafio de construir saberes e pesquisas multidisciplinares sobre o uso problemático de estes dispositivos.

Freud, a construção da neurose obsessiva nos primeiros escritos e as diferenças em relação ao TOC / Freud, the construction of obsessional neurosis in the first writings and the differences in OCD

A neurose obsessiva é uma das estruturas clínicas evidenciadas por Freud em 1894, nas suas primeiras publicações, cujo foco predominante era a histeria. Com a proposta de rastrear as movimentações da construção do conceito de neurose obsessiva do período pré-psicanalítico até 1900, buscamos levantar as características dessa organização psíquica para diferenciá-la do Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo (TOC), que se encontra no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais, 5ª edição (DSM-V). Dessa maneira, nos arriscamos a ampliar e a refletir sobre novas possibilidades de intervenção para além da medicalização.(AU)

Obsessive neurosis is one of the clinical structures evidenced by Freud in 1894, in his first publications, whose predominant focus was hysteria. With the proposal to trace the movements of the construction of the concept of obsessive neurosis of the pre-psychoanalytic period until 1900, we sought to bring up the characteristics of this psychic organization in order to differentiate it from the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), which is found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V). In this way, we risk widening and reflecting on new intervention possibilities beyond medicalization.(AU)

La neurosis obsesiva es una de las estructuras clínicas evidenciadas por Freud en 1894, en sus primeras publicaciones, cuyo enfoque predominante era la histeria. Con la propuesta de rastrear los movimientos de la construcción del concepto de neurosis obsesiva del período pre-psicoanalítico hasta 1900, buscamos levantar las características de esa organización psíquica para diferenciarla del Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo (TOC), que se encuentra en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, 5ª edición (DSM-V). De esa manera, nos arriesgamos a ampliar y a reflexionar sobre nuevas posibilidades de intervención más allá de la medicalización.(AU)

Clinical profile of patients with alcohol use disorder

Introduction: Present study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of patients with alcohol use disorder and to study the associated derangements in their haematological and biochemical profile. Materials and methods: A hospital based observational study was conducted in medicine ward of a tertiary care Hospital during January 2016 to June 2017. Study subjects included 150 patients of alcohol use disorder admitted to general medicine ward during the study duration. A similar number of age matched controls were also included. Patients included in study were asked for detailed clinical history and history of alcohol consumption, type, quantity and its duration. Alcohol use disorder was diagnosed as per DSM V criteria. All the study subjects underwent following laboratory tests: complete blood profile, lipid profile and liver function tests. Results: Out of 150 patients, maximum patients were in the age group 41-60 (46.7%), 46% were in age group 25-40, and 7.3% were in age group 60-80. All patients were male and there was no woman. Most common diagnosis encountered in study patients was liver cirrhosis (38%) followed by anaemia (9.3%). On the basis of discriminant analysis TC, Apo B, and LDL/HDL-c among lipid measures and AST and GGT among liver enzymes emerged as the variables which can significantly discriminate between alcohol dependents and non-dependents. Conclusion: Heavy alcohol consumption for prolonged periods results in marked derangement of lipid profile and various biochemical and hematological parameters. Combination of more than one marker can be used in non-specialized settings in identifying alcohol-dependent and non-dependent subjects by using limited number of tests. Screening for alcohol use disorder should be done in all adult patients presenting to hospital, to detect alcohol use in its early stages so that interventions can be planned effectively.

Somatization disorder: Are we moving towards an over-generalized and over-inclusive diagnosis in DSM-V?

Introduction: The confusion around the diagnosis of ‘medically unexplained symptoms’ has lead to a paradigm shift in criteria for diagnosis of somatization disorder. Aims: 1. To compare the socio-demographic variables in patients of somatization disorder 2. To compare the levels of depressive and anxiety scores of patients of somatization disorder along with the severity of disorder. Material and Methods: Somatization patients visiting the psychiatry outdoor of TMMC & RC, were randomly selected and diagnosed as per DSM-IV TR. After obtaining informed consent and applying exclusion criteria, demographic and clinical details were obtained on a self designed Performa. The HAM-A scale and MADRS scale were applied to calculate anxiety and depression scores. Results: The prevalence of somatization disorder was 2.35% in men and 6.7% in women. Females were significantly higher in number. Headache was the chief complaint. The anxiety scores and MADRS scores were highest in patients complaining of chest pain. The HAM-A and MADRS scores increased significantly as number of complaints increased. Female patients and patients belonging to rural background had significantly higher number of complaints. Illiterate patients had a significantly higher duration of illness. Conclusion: Somatization disorder comprises unique group of patients with high co-morbidities and longer duration of illness. It is imperative to identify and clarify severity of this subgroup as treatment decisions need to be modified accordingly.

Esquizofrenia: da dementia praecox às considerações contemporâneas / Schizophrenia: from dementia praecox to the contemporary considerations / Esquizofrenia: da demencia precoz a las consideraciones contemporáneas

Como ponto de partida o presente artigo define a etimologia da palavra Dementia Praecox. Perpassa um pouco o nosso desejo histórico de explicar de onde viemos e para aonde vamos. Traz contribuições diversas sobre a Esquizofrenia, desde sua origem semântica até a visão "deste tipo de loucura" como sendo um campo heterogêneo. Considera bases de discussões atuais no campo dessa patologia bem como no dos demais Transtornos Psiquiátricos, valendo-se das contribuições da Psicanálise para elucidar uma forma tangível de compreender essa psicose.

As a starting point this paper defines the etymology of the word Dementia Praecox. Permeates a little of our historic desire to explain where we came from and where we're going. Brings several contributions in the Schizophrenia, from it's semantic origin to the view of "this kind of madness" as a heterogeneous field. Considers bases of current discussions in the field as well as in the pathology of other Psychiatric Disorders, drawing on the contributions of Psychoanalysis to elucidate a tangible way to understand this psychosis.

Como ponto de partida lo presente artigo define la etimologia da palavra Demencia Precoz. Perpassa um pouco nosso deseo histórico de explicar de dónde vienemos e pára donde vamos. Levanta contribuciónes diversas sobre la Esquizofrenia, desde su origen semántica hasta una visión "de este tipo de locura" como siendo un campo heterogéneo. Considera bases de discusiones actuales no campo de esa patología así como de los otros Trastornos Psiquiátricos, valiéndose de las contribuciónes de la Psicoanálisis para clarificar una manera tangible de comprender esa psicosis.

Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) revisión: ¿hacia dónde vamos ahora? / Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) review: where are we going?

El TDAH fue descrito hace casi 150 años, definido actualmente por el DSM-IV como un determinado grado de déficit de atención y/o hiperactividad-impulsividad que resulta desadaptativo en relación con el nivel de desarrollo del niño. Está asociado a gran discapacidad y alta comorbilidad psiquiátrica, por lo que se ha convertido en uno de los trastornos psiquiátricos infantiles más estudiados. En el presente artículo se revisa cómo ha ido evolucionando el concepto de TDAH desde una perspectiva histórica, evolucionista y neuropsiquiátrica, mencionando las principales hipótesis, estudios y aportes de la ciencia que han influido en su mejor comprensión. Se revisarán los temas más relevantes en relación al desarrollo del DSM-V y cómo éste debería replantearse de acuerdo a los nuevos hallazgos y a la literatura publicada a la fecha.

ADHD was first described almost 150 years ago, defined in the DSM-IV as a disruptive behavior disorder characterized by the presence of impairing behavior patterns that display abnormal levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It has been associated to important discapacity and psychiatric comorbidity, becoming one of the most studied child psychiatric disorders. We review how the concept of ADHD has evolved, from an historic, evolutionary and neuropsychiatric point of view, mentioning the mayor scientific hypothesis, studies and findings that have influenced its better understanding. In addition we review literature available about the most relevant item related to the development of DSM-V, and discuss about how the diagnosis should be reformulated according to these new findings and current available literature.

El DSM-V. Luces y sombras de un manual no publicado. Retos y expectativas para el futuro / DSM-V. Lights and shadows of an unpublished manual. Challenges and expectations for the future

Throughout its history, one of the most fascinating topics of psychiatry has been that of the causes and consequences of mental disorders. The desire to strengthen the reliability of diagnosis in this area has led to significant advances in two important fields: psychopathological description and the formulation of an integral diagnosis. Classifications allow the definition of categories and in the case of the two most read taxonomies in the field of mental health, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), these provide the most commonly used criteria for diagnosis. The revised fourth edition of the DSM is now insufficient to cover the ever greater clinical challenges and research. For over ten years, work has been carried out on the structure of DSM-V (the fifth edition), but despite the planning, organization, prediction, and the contributions of guest experts, it is feared that all the requirements of modern psychiatry will not be met. The first edition of DSM was published in the 1950s. It was based on the terminology developed by William Meninger. This version of the manual and the following, published several years later, reflected the psychodynamic psychiatry which prevailed at the time. The third edition was published in 1980 and its revised edition seven years later. The emphasis here was on descriptive and syndromatic considerations. The fourth edition appeared several years later. The most striking change in this edition was the inclusion of variables resulting from empirical studies. A later edition was published in the year 2000. The first attempts to put together DSM-V started in 1999. From 1999 until 2007 work was done on the planning of the investigation and technical documentation of DSM-V and the inclusion of the so called investigation schedules. The second phase of the project, known as «the refinement of the research program for DSM-V¼, was carried out between 2004 and 2007. A pilot test was undertaken between January and May 2010, among different segments of the population and different settings, to evaluate the revisions proposed by the working teams. Between March and April 2011, as a result of the field tests, the proposed criteria for diagnosis were reviewed. The dimensional measurements and the criteria for diagnosis will be reviewed again during the rest of 2011. The year 2012 will see the preparation of the final version of the text, and finally, in May 2013, DSM-V will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco, California. Several external and independent authors have offered numerous proposals on topics related to psychopathology in general to the working groups formed for the preparation of DSM-V. Only some of these are mentioned below. One of the first factors to be taken into consideration in the revision of the manual is the need to distinguish between empirical questions or approaches and those of a more conceptual or philosophical nature, which should, by no means, be excluded. Another point to be evaluated is the advisability of defining phases according to the development of the condition, which would ideally create a schema focused on prevention. One of the expectations of psychiatry is that eventually laboratory criteria of diagnosis could be established, which could be measurable and would lead to clear statistics of psychiatric pathologies. As far as somatomorphic disorders are concerned, many practitioners agree that the current terminology and the systems of classification are inaccurate. One proposal is that this category should be eliminated altogether and that diagnoses should be made using an additional multidimensional description. One of the most interesting features of DSM is that it has had to accommodate changes brought about by new technologies. These advances go hand in hand with a new series of pathologies which need to be classified, as is the addiction to Internet. Undoubtedly, one of the greatest dilemmas facing DSM is how to classify eating disorders, as many people feel that the rather simplistic distinction between nervous anorexia and bulimia is not altogether convincing. There are two interesting proposals to consider in DSM-V: one is known as night eater syndrome and obesity, as in this case there is a compulsive consumption of food and an inability to limit this intake, in spite of a desire to do so. With regard to the compulsive, obsessive disorder, most experts believe that it is necessary to see the disorder as a spectrum, but defining criteria. Undeniably, a grave current problem which makes no distinctions is suicide. Different researchers recommend that suicidal behavior be considered and documented as a separate diagnosis in a sixth axis of the multiaxis schema. Another important aspect concerns the giving of quality attention to patients. This has led to the proposal to expand DSM-V to include indicators for situations which could eventually be a cause for treatment. The proposal is to structure something different from what can be found in axis I V. In the case of paraphilias, it is deemed necessary that DSM-V should deal not only with the strictly descriptive aspect, but also with the semantic and linguistic. The importance of post-traumatic stress has been described, but there exists the doubt whether it is necessary to experience an adverse incident for this to be triggered. There has been a suggestion that the term «pre-traumatic¼ stress disorder be included in DSM-V to diagnose this condition. In the case of anxiety disorders, some authors advise the creation of a category known as «disorders caused by stress and fear¼, which would allow linking the diagnostic classification with etiology and thus define a «true¼ anxiety nosology. It would be advisable that the DSM-V included a category for «seasonal affective disorder¼ as such, and not simply as a variant in the «specification of the seasonal pattern¼ of depression. In the field of substance consumption, it has been argued that it is necessary to establish a classification which is not only categoric but also dimensional so as to improve its taxonomic usefulness. The organization of mental disorders in DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 (tenth edition) is complex and this has led to exploring the feasibility of developing a meta-structural system of classification based on risk and clinical factors. For disorders originated in infancy, childhood and adolescence, it has been suggested that the disorder known as «temperament disorder by disphoria¼ be included in the forthcoming taxonomy, as well as the use of the terms insensitive/emotionless for behavioral disorders, among others. In the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the current criteria are considered insufficient and it has been suggested that the starting age for this disorder be increased from 7 to 12 years of age. It is suggested that autism be considered autistic spectrum, thus eliminating the other disorders covered in this section, including Asperger syndrome. The question as to whether this taxonomic-diagnostic system, to be implemented world-wide, will be both valid and reliable enough to cover all variations and particular characteristics of different cultures, ethnic groups, social groups and geographical regions in Mexico is another matter of concern, due to the lack of tools available for daily clinical work, except for the International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization. There are, at present, a number of doubts and queries which will need to be laid open and evaluated in all seriousness in order to obtain concrete and integral answers, given that the manual will continue to be used for clinical purposes in different parts of the world. The challenge will be to find the best way to apply diagnostic criteria, avoiding omissions and oversimplifications and taking into account the cultural and social context worked in.

Un tema de gran interés a lo largo de la historia de la psiquiatría, ha sido el relacionado a los sistemas diagnósticos. El Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM por sus siglas en inglés) y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE), integran los criterios diagnósticos comúnmente utilizados en la práctica psiquiátrica. El DSM en su cuarta edición revisada, es ya insuficiente para el trabajo clínico actual, por lo que se ha estado trabajando en la configuración de lo que será el DSM-V (quinta edición); no obstante, aún y con toda la planeación, se teme que no se logren cubrir todas las necesidades de la psiquiatría moderna. La primera edición del DSM fue publicada en la década de 1950; esta versión del manual, y la subsiguiente, reflejaban la psiquiatría psicodinámica de esa época. En la década de 1980 se publicó la tercera edición y su versión revisada, en las que predominaban las consideraciones descriptivas y sindromáticas. Años después fue publicada la cuarta versión y una revisión posterior de este manual en el año 2000. Los primeros esfuerzos para iniciar el proceso de integración del DSM-V se iniciaron desde 1999. Desde ese año, hasta el 2007, se planificó la investigación y la documentación técnica por medio de un programa de investigación. Del año 2004 al 2007 se llevó a cabo la segunda fase del proyecto denominada «perfeccionamiento del programa de investigación para el DSM-V¼. De enero a mayo del 2010 se efectuó una prueba piloto con diferentes poblaciones y las revisiones propuestas por los grupos de trabajo. En el 2011 se revisarán los criterios diagnósticos propuestos y las medidas dimensionales. En el año 2012 se preparará el proyecto de texto final, y en mayo del 2013 se planea presentar el DSM-V en la Reunión Anual de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana, en San Francisco, California. Han sido numerosas las propuestas de autores externos e independientes para el desarrollo del DSM-V, como es el caso de la conveniencia de definir estadios de acuerdo a la progresión de la enfermedad o bien establecer criterios diagnósticos de laboratorio, e incluso favorecer una estadificación clara de las patologías psiquiátricas. En cuanto a los trastornos somatomorfos, muchos clínicos están de acuerdo en eliminar esta entidad y elaborar los diagnósticos con una descripción multidimensional adicional. Algunos expertos proponen integrar un diagnóstico denominado «adicción al Internet¼. Diferentes investigadores recomiendan que el comportamiento suicida sea considerado como un diagnóstico separado y documentado en un sexto eje del esquema multiaxial. Hay dos propuestas interesantes para el DSM-V, una es el síndrome del comedor nocturno y la otra la obesidad, al existir en estos casos un consumo compulsivo de alimentos y una dificultad para restringirlos, lo que podría tener implicaciones adictivas. En el caso de las parafilias se plantea la necesidad de que se trabaje en el aspecto descriptivo, semántico y lingüístico. Se ha descrito la importancia del estrés postraumático, pero se sugiere también un trastorno de estrés «pre-traumático¼ como diagnóstico en el DSM-V. En los trastornos de inicio en la infancia, niñez y adolescencia, se ha planteado incluir en la próxima taxonomía el denominado «trastorno por disregulación del temperamento con disforia¼. En lo referente al trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se considera que los criterios actuales son insuficientes, y se propone incrementar la edad de inicio del trastorno. Para el autismo se sugiere considerarlo como espectro autista, eliminando el trastorno de Asperger. Finalmente en opinión de los autores de este trabajo, existe por el momento una diversidad de cuestionamientos que deberá valorarse con seriedad, toda vez que el manual evidentemente seguirá siendo de uso clínico continuo en diferentes latitudes. El desafío será establecer la mejor forma de aplicar los criterios diagnósticos tomando en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se trabaja, lo que, por lo revisado, sigue siendo un punto pendiente para los encargados de revisar la próxima versión del manual.