"Mi viaje": Procesos de revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual en las familias / "My journey": Processes of disclosure and acceptance of the sexual orientation in families

Resumen Según el informe realizado por la Asociación Internacional de Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Trans e Intersex (ILGA) en el año 2017, menos del 25 % de los territorios del planeta reconocen a la población Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Transexuales e Intersexuales (LGBTI+) y, de igual forma, aún hay numerosos países, en su mayoría del continente africano, que penalizan, discriminan y rechazan la homosexualidad. Además, diferentes estudios han evidenciado que para muchas familias es difícil separarse de la tradición heteronormativa y aceptar la orientación sexual de un hijo gay o una hija lesbiana o bisexual. Esta investigación buscó comprender el proceso de revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual en 15 familias con integrantes gays, lesbianas y bisexuales en Cali-Colombia, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada y una línea de tiempo denominada Mi viaje en la que los participantes plasmaban sus narrativas en dibujos. En el presente estudio participaron 15 familias, las cuales estuvieron conformadas tanto por hijos/as entre los 19 y 26 años como por padres/cuidadores entre 41 y 64 años. A partir del análisis temático de las entrevistas realizadas de manera individual, se evidencia que los procesos de revelación de la orientación sexual se generan durante la adolescencia temprana, media y tardía, y la madre fue aquella integrante de la familia a quien le revelaron en un primer momento. Además, se presentan las formas a través de las cuales se dio la revelación, que fueron directas o indirectas y en algunos casos derivaron en secretos familiares. Se concluye que los procesos que atraviesan las familias frente a la revelación y aceptación de la orientación sexual de un hijo gay o una hija lesbiana o bisexual cuentan con fases dinámicas que pueden presentarse en distintos momentos y de diferentes formas, según las características particulares de cada familia y su contexto.

Abstract According to the report carried out by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) in 2017, less than 25 % of the territories of the planet recognize Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (the LGBTI + population) and, in the same way, there are still numerous countries, mostly from the African continent, who penalize, discriminate and reject homosexuality. In Colombia, between the years 2016, 2017 and until February 2018, 139 homicides of LGBTI+ people were reported. Additionally, in several of its cities, among which are Barranquilla, Medellín, Bogotá and Cali, there has been violence by the National Police against LGBTI+ people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. In this regard, 21 cases have been reported between 2008 and 2017, of which two were against gay men and three against lesbian women. In addition, in Valle del Cauca, 195 homicides were reported up to the year 2017 which were related to the sexual orientation and gender identity of the victims, specifically located in the city of Santiago de Cali, in which nine murders were reported, four of which were gay men, two lesbian women and three trans women (Colombia Diversa, 2018). Furthermore, different studies have shown that it is difficult for many families to separate from the heteronormative tradition and accept the sexual orientation of a gay son or a lesbian or bisexual daughter. This research sought to characterize the process of disclosure and acceptance of sexual orientation in 15 families with gay sons and lesbian and bisexual daughters in Cali-Colombia, using a semi-structured interview and a timeline called My Journey in which the participants reflected their narratives in drawings. The research was qualitative, with a narrative design by topics (Hernández, Fernández & Baptista, 2014). The results are articulated to the macro project called "Family dynamics in the process of disclosure and acceptance of the sexual orientation of gay sons and lesbian daughters in the city of Cali-Colombia" In the present study, 15 families participated, which were made up of both children and parents / caregivers. From the thematic analysis of the interviews carried out individually, the descriptions made by the families of the moment in which the sons and daughters revealed their sexual orientation are mentioned. This moment corresponds to early, middle and late adolescence, and the mother was the one to whom the sexual orientation was revealed at first. In addition, the forms through which the revelation was given are presented, which were direct or indirect and, in some cases, led to family secrets. It is concluded that the processes that families go through in the face of the disclosure and acceptance of the sexual orientation of a gay son or a lesbian or bisexual daughter have dynamic phases that can occur at different times and in different ways depending on the particular characteristics of each family and its context. It is recommended to promote associations of families and friends united in favor of gender diversity, in such a way that they are configured as elements for decision-making in public policies and actions, which generate care routes for other families that require guidance in any of the stages they are going through and that can provide social support to gay sons, lesbian daughters and their families. From the field of health professionals who accompany families in affirmative processes, it is necessary to strengthen training with a gender perspective and in future studies address the experiences of families with transgender members, taking into account their specific needs and from an intersectional perspective.

Application and analysis of radon-reduction methods in indoor radon pollution control / 中国辐射卫生

@#<b>Objective</b> To investigate the suitable methods for reducing the concentration levels of residential radon and its daughters. <b>Methods</b> Three rooms were selected and treated by natural ventilation, air purifier, and sealing/shielding, respectively. The EQF3120 device was used to measure the concentrations of radon and its daughters, and the alpha nuclear trail detector was used to measure indoor radon concentration. The three methods were compared in terms of radon reduction effect. <b>Results</b> After natural ventilation for 2-10 hours, the average reduction rates of the concentrations of radon and attached and unattached radon daughters in the room were 87.7%, 89.8%, and 93.7%, respectively; in the room with air purifier, the concentrations of radon and attached and unattached radon daughters were reduced by 46.3%, 94.5%, and 45.3%, respectively; after sealing and shielding, the concentration of radon was reduced by 74.9% after 1 month and 59.2% after 1 year. <b>Conclusion</b> All three methods have a marked effectin reducing the concentrations of indoor radon and its daughters, and natural ventilation is the most economical and effective method for reducing radon.

Fatores facilitadores e dificultadores reportados por filhas ao lidarem com a doença e o tratamento oncológico das mães / Facilitating and hindering factors reported by daughters when dealing with mothers' disease and cancer treatment

O câncer de mama é causa relevante de morbimortalidade feminina. Embora as repercussões na família sejam alvo de inúmeros estudos, os impactos psicológicos sobre as filhas permanecem pouco explorados. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores que facilitam ou dificultam o enfrentamento de filhas de mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama na situação de doença e tratamento oncológico de suas mães. Participaram 11 filhas de mulheres que cuidaram de suas mães adoecidas. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais, audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise temática indutiva. Foram identificados fatores facilitadores e dificultadores. Em relação aos primeiros, as filhas destacaram a fé inspirada por alguma força maior ou religião, o apoio recebido de familiares e a percepção da força e coragem materna na luta pela sobrevivência. Por outro lado, a falta de apoio por parte de alguns membros da família e dos serviços médicos e oncológicos fragilizou o processo de enfrentamento. Os resultados destacam a importância da oferta de apoio social e cuidado especializado às filhas cujas mães são acometidas por uma doença carregada de estigmas e preconceitos, e que ainda apresenta altas taxas de letalidade em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil.

Breast cancer is a relevant cause of female morbidity and mortality. Although the repercussions on the family are the subject of numerous studies, the psychological impacts on the daughters remain little explored. This study aimed to investigate the factors that facilitate or hinder the coping of daughters of women affected by breast cancer in the situation of disease and cancer treatment of their mothers. Participants included eleven daughters of women who took care of their sick mothers. Individual interviews were recorded, audio-recorded and transcribed in full. The reports were submitted to inductive thematic analysis. Facilitating and hindering factors were identified. Considering the facilitating factors, the daughters highlighted the faith inspired by some superior strength or religion, the support received from family members and the perception of the courage and strength of the mother who fights for survival. On the other hand, the lack of support from some family members and medical and cancer services weakened the coping process. The results highlight the importance of offering social support and specialized care to daughters whose mothers are afflicted with a disease laden with stigma and prejudice, and which still has high lethality rates in developing countries like Brazil.

Gender preference and its impact on families: a cross sectional study

Background: Despite tremendous economic progress made through liberalization and globalization, gender preference for children remains a major issue in any society throughout the globe. The aim of the study was to determine the gender preference for children and its impact on family among study population.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between October-2013 to December-2013 in the urban (Ratanpar) and rural (Khodu village) field practice area of C U Shah Medical College Surendranagar, Gujarat. Total 377 study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling. Data was collected using pre designed and pre tested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS.Results: Out of total study population, about 78.8% were completed their family and 21.2% had desire for child in near future. Those who had completed their family, nearly two third of them were blessed with both male and female child (62%). Among those who had desire for child (n=80), about two fifth (41.2%) wished to have male child. At parity one, 52% had desire for only male child as next child and also strong preference for male child was observed at parity two and above among those having only female children.Conclusions: Study revealed that most of the couples wish to have at least one son in the family hence perception of parents towards desired gender of child to be born must be gravitated in favor of daughters.

Study on the screening age of children with diagnosed cancer in either of the parents / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective@#To determine the screening and early detection reference age for individuals with family history of cancer in either one of the parents.@*Methods@#We examined the family history of 33 200 subjects who visited the Department of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between January 2008 and March 2018 for cancer screening and early detection. The age differences between the subjects in the research population were analyzed using an independent t-test. All statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).@*Results@#We documented 480 families in which fathers and one or more of their children were diagnosed with malignancies, attributing to 614 father-child pairs. We also documented 476 families with mothers and one or more of their children diagnosed with malignancies, attributing to 614 mother-child pairs. In total, we included 956 families in our study with a total of 505 sons and 723 daughters diagnosed with cancer during the study period. In the father-child group the average age at diagnosis for fathers, sons, and daughters were 66.6±10.8, 56.6±11.7, and 51.7±11.7 years, respectively. Sons and daughters were diagnosed with malignancy 10.0 and 14.9 years earlier than their fathers, respectively (P<0.001). Daughters developed malignancies approximately 5 years earlier than sons in the father-child group (P<0.001). In the mother-child group, the average age at diagnosis for mothers, sons, and daughters were 65.8±12.2, 57.8±12.2, and 52.3±12.4 years, respectively. Mothers were diagnosed with malignant disease 8 years later than their sons (P<0.001) and 13.5 years later than their daughters (P<0.001). Interestingly, daughters developed malignant diseases 5.5 years earlier than sons even in this group (P<0.001). Average age at diagnosis for subjects whose fathers and mothers developed malignancy before 50 years was 4.8 years and 4.4 years earlier than those whose fathers and mothers developed malignancy after 50 years old (P<0.05, P<0.001). Sons and daughters were diagnosed with lung cancer 9.3 and 12.6 years earlier than the fathers, and 10.2 and 13.6 years earlier than the mothers, respectively (P<0.001).The daughters in the mother-children group and the father-daughter group were diagnosed with breast cancer 10.5 and 11.1 years earlier than the mothers in the mother-child group (P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#Children develop malignancy earlier than their parents in families with cancer in parents and children. Hence, individuals with a family history of cancer in either of their parents should undergo interventions for cancer screening and early detection at a relatively earlier age compared to the initial screening age recommended by conventional screening guidelines for certain cancers.

"If I Only Touch Her Cloak": The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in New Orleans' Charity Hospital, 1834-1860 / 의사학

This study is about the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph in New Orleans' Charity Hospital during the years between 1834 and 1860. The Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph was founded in 1809 by Saint Elizabeth Ann Bailey Seton (first native-born North American canonized in 1975) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. Seton's Sisters of Charity was the first community for religious women to be established in the United States and was later incorporated with the French Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul in 1850. A call to work in New Orleans' Charity Hospital in the 1830s meant a significant achievement for the Sisters of Charity, since it was the second oldest continuously operating public hospitals in the United States until 2005, bearing the same name over the decades. In 1834, Sister Regina Smith and other sisters were officially called to Charity Hospital, in order to supersede the existing "nurses, attendants, and servants," and take a complete charge of the internal management of the Charity Hospital. The existing scholarship on the history of hospitals and Catholic nursing has not integrated the concrete stories of the Sisters of Charity into the broader histories of institutionalized medicine, gender, and religion. Along with a variety of primary sources, this study primarily relies on the Charity Hospital History Folder stored at the Daughters of Charity West Center Province Archives. Located in the "Queen city of the South," Charity Hospital was the center of the southern medical profession and the world's fair of people and diseases. Charity Hospital provided the sisters with a unique situation that religion and medicine became intertwined. The Sisters, as nurses, constructed a new atmosphere of caring for patients and even their families inside and outside the hospital, and built their own separate space within the hospital walls. As hospital managers, the Sisters of Charity were put in complete charge of the hospital, which was never seen in other hospitals. By wearing a distinctive religious garment, they eschewed female dependence and sexuality. As medical and religious attendants at the sick wards, the sisters played a vital role in preparing the patients for a "good death" as well as spiritual wellness. By waging their own war on the Protestant influences, the sisters did their best to build their own sacred place in caring for sick bodies and saving souls. Through the research on the Sisters of Charity at Charity Hospital, this study ultimately sheds light on the ways in which a nineteenth-century southern hospital functioned as a unique environment for the recovery of wellness of the body and soul, shaped and envisioned by the Catholic sister-nurses' gender and religious identities.

Reacciones maternas y percepción del impacto de esta maternidad en la vida de sus hijas adolescentes / Mother reactions and perception of the impact of this motherhood in the life’s daughters

Los padres son el grupo primario de referencia para la mayoría de las adolescentes y en especial son significativos para las adolescentes que sospechan o descubren que están embarazadas. La forma como responden o reaccionan los padres a esta situación es un tema que puede generarles mucho estrés. Por una parte las adolescentes están particularmente sensibles a la posibilidad de sanciones y por otra, están en una etapa del desarrollo en que ellas pueden anticipar estas sanciones. Además, la mayoría de las adolescentes que se embarazan viven con sus padres o madres y estos padres tienen poder económico, emocional y físico que pueden afectar el curso del embarazo de sus hijas. Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a las reacciones de madres de adolescentes embarazadas y el impacto que ellas perciben que tendrá esta maternidad en la vida de sus hijas. Material y Métodos: Se estudió 255 mujeres y sus hijas adolescentes embarazadas. A ambas se les aplicó un cuestionario previamente diseñado. Variables de las madres y de las hijas fueron seleccionadas para este estudio. Se realizó análisis uni y divariado. Se utilizo el software STATA. Resultados: Una de cada cuatro mujeres supo del embarazo porque vigilaba las reglas de sus hijas; dos tercios hubieran preferido que su hija no se embarazara hasta tener entre 20 a 22 años; previo al embarazo la mitad de las madres aspiraba a que su hija terminara la enseñanza media pero una de cada cuatro aspiraba a que ingresara a la universidad; llamó la atención el porcentaje de madres que no tenía aspiraciones académicas para la hija. Más de la mitad de las madres opinaron que el embarazo arruinó el futuro de su hija; dos tercios de ellas piensan que su hija no está preparada para ser madre a esta edad por lo que debe prepararse para asumir su maternidad. Más de la mitad de las madres reaccionaron con dolor y tristeza mientras que casi un tercio lo hizo con mucha rabia, ira y violencia...

Parents are the main group of reference for the majority of female adolescents that suspect or discover they are pregnant. The way in which the parents reply or react to this situation is an issue that can produce them a lot of stress. On the one hand, the female adolescents are particularly sensitive to the possibility of get sanctions, and, on the other hand, they are in a period of development in which they can expect these sanctions. In addition, most of the female adolescents who get pregnant live with their parents or mothers and these parents have spending power, emotional and physical power that can affect their daughters’ process of pregnancy. Objective: To analyze the factors associated to the reactions of pregnant adolescents’ mothers and the impact, they notice, this motherhood will have in their daughters’ lives. Material and Methods: There were studied 255 women and their adolescent pregnant daughters. It was applied a previously designed questionnaire to both of them. Variables of the mothers and daughters were chosen for this study. It was carried out an unit and bivariate analysis. It was used a STATA software. Results: one in four women knew about the pregnancy because they watched their daughters’ periods; two thirds would have preferred their daughters wouldn’t have got pregnant until they got from 20 to 22 years old; before the pregnancy, the half of mothers expected their daughter would have finished high school but one in four expected their daughter would have entered university; it called the attention the mothers’ percentage who didn’t have academic ambitions for their daughter. More than half of mothers expressed that pregnancy ruined their daughter’s future; two thirds of them think that their daughter is not prepared to be a mother at this age; therefore she must be prepared to accept her mother hood. More than half of the mothers reacted with pain and sadness...

Familia transnacional y remesas: padres y madres migrantes / A família transnacional e as remessas: pais e mães migrantes / Transnational families and remittances: migrant fathers and mothers

En este artículo presento los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender los cambios que se dan en las familias a partir de la emigración del padre o la madre y la recepción de remesas -sociales y familiares- por parte de los hijos y las hijas en la ciudad de Pereira, Colombia. La unidad de análisis fue la familia, entendida desde una perspectiva transnacional, en la que no sólo se incluye al padre o la madre migrante, sino también a los miembros que se quedan en el país de origen (hijos, hijas, tíos, tías y abuelas), quienes sostienen vínculos afectivos a través de la distancia y hacen parte de la red de apoyo, generando nuevas dinámicas familiares.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que visou compreender as trocas que acontecem nas famílias a partir da emigração do pai ou da mãe e a partir da recepção de remessas - sociais e familiares - por parte dos filhos e das filhas na cidade de Pereira, Colômbia. A unidade da analise foi a família, entendida como uma perspectiva transnacional, onde se inclui não somente o pai ou a mãe migrante, mas também os membros da família que ficam no país da origem (filhos, filhas, tios, tias e avós), que mantêm vínculos afetivos através da distância e participam da rede de apoio, gerando novas dinâmicas familiares.

This article presents the results of a research study that aimed at understanding the changes that take place in families as a result from the father or mother's emigration and from the reception of remittances -social and familial- by the sons or daughters living in the city of Pereira, Colombia. The unit of analysis was the family, understood from a transnational perspective, where not only the migrant father or mother is included, but also the family members remaining in the country of origin (sons, daughters, uncles, aunts and grandmothers), who maintain affective bonds through the distance and are part of the support network, thus generating new family dynamics.

Filhas que cuidam de pais/mães com provável/possível Doença de Alzheimer / Daughters who take care of fathers/mothers with probable/possible Alzheimer's Disease

Este estudo investigou 32 filhas cuidadoras de pais/mães com provável/possível doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivou avaliar as reações iniciais delas diante do diagnóstico; as concepções sobre as características pessoais dos portadores antes e após a DA; os principais motivos que levaram a cuidar de seus genitores e quais os sentimentos diante do papel exercido. Elaborou-se uma entrevista que foi gravada, transcrita e analisada segundo a técnica de Bardin (1977/2000). Constatou-se que elas apresentaram uma reação inicial desfavorável diante da doença. Os motivos mais apontados para exercerem o papel, foram os sentimentos de obrigação filial e gratidão. No geral, elas não se sentiam bem executando essa tarefa. Entrementes, benefícios foram apontados por algumas, tais como crescimento pessoal. Conclui-se que a atividade de cuidar é heterogênea, multifacetada e as avaliações subjetivas das entrevistadas eram influenciadas por crenças, regras familiares, relacionamento com o idoso e percepções acerca da velhice e do cuidado.

This study investigated 32 daughters who take care of fathers/mothers with probable/possible Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It focused on evaluating daughters initial reactions facing the diagnosis; their conceptions concerning the personal characteristics of the diseased before and after AD; the main reasons that brought them to be the caregivers, nurses, of their parents and what are the feelings towards the activity role. An interview was elaborated, then recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to Bardin's technique (1977/2000). It was verified that they presented an unfavorable first reaction facing the disease. The most appointed motivations were the feelings of obligation and gratitude. In general, they did not feel at easy executing this duty. Nevertheless benefits as self-growth were appointed by some. It is concluded that the activity of care giving is heterogenic, multiply faced and the subjective evaluations of the interviewed were influenced by religious beliefs, familiar rules, the relationship with the elderly and perceptions of old age and care giving.

The Lives of Daughters-in-Law Who Care for Parents with Dementia / 간호학회지

This study was done to investigate the lives of the daughters- in- law caring for parents with dementia and participate in their lives through having quality time with them. Data were collected by depth interviews and interpreted through the hermeneutic circle as follows. These daughters-in-law have conflict between social custom and subjective self. They had ambivalence toward their demented partents-in- law and were fighting a battle between rationality and emotions in their mind. These daughters-in law and mothers-in- law did not get along and the parents' dementia aggravated the relationships. They were alienated from their family by the parents with dementia. The indifference of their family especially their husbands, made these subjects live in misery. They cared for the demented mother-in-law with hatred. Even though they had this yoke, there daughters- in-law were not able to throw off the shackles of convention.