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Introduction: promoting scientifi c research is one of the main functions of universities. Medical schools should not be an exception; deans should also have appropriate research experience that allows them to have a different perspective on the importance of research in undergraduate medicine. Aim: to determine the medical school dean's scientific production of the main universities by continent. Methods: an observational, analytical, and transversal study. We identify the medical school dean's scientific production of the 20 universities with the best position from South America, Central America, North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, according to the Ranking Webometrics 2022, in the Scopus database. Results: 140 directors or deans of medicine were evaluated, of which 136 (97.1%) had published an article at least once in their life, 128 (91.4%) in the last fi ve years, 103 (73.6%) in the previous year, and 93 (66.4%) in the current year. The total number of published articles was 24.5 (Me=98), receiving a total of 1,251,766 citations (range 0 to 101,868), an Hindex 24 (range 0 to 140), and in collaboration with 154,711 coauthors. Conclusions: the medical school dean's scientific production from the main universities by continent was high, with notable differences between those who came from universities in Asia, North America, and Europe compared to Oceania, Africa, South America, and Central America
Introdução: promover a pesquisa científica é uma das principais funções das universidades. As escolas médicas não devem ser uma exceção. Os reitores também devem ter uma experiência de pesquisa adequada que lhes permita ter uma perspectiva diferente sobre a importância da pesquisa na graduação em medicina. Objetivo: determinar a produção científica dos reitores de medicina das principais universidades por continente. Métodos: estudo observacional, analítico e transversal. Identificamos a produção científica dos pró-reitores de medicina das 20 universidades com melhor posição da América do Sul, América Central, América do Norte, Europa, Ásia, África e Oceania, segundo o Ranking Webometrics 2022, na base Scopus. Resultados: foram avaliados 140 diretores ou reitores de medicina, dos quais 136 (97.1%) publicaram artigo pelo menos uma vez na vida, 128 (91.4%) nos últimos cinco anos, 103 (73.5%) no ano anterior, e 93 (66.4%) no ano corrente. O número total de artigos publicados foi de 24.5 (Me=98), recebendo um total de 1,251,766 citações (intervalo de 0 a 101.868), índice H = 24 (intervalo de 0 a 140) e em colaboração com 154,711 coautores. Conclusões: a produção científica dos reitores de medicina das principais universidades por continente foi alta, com diferenças notáveis entre aqueles que vieram de universidades da Ásia, América do Norte e Europa em comparação com Oceania, África, América do Sul e América Central
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Universities , Biomedical Research , Scientific and Technical Activities , Physician ExecutivesABSTRACT
Objectives: This study investigates the estimation of the fluoride concentration in drinking water in Rohtak district, Haryana, and quantifies its effect on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1262 school children in endemic fluoride areas of Haryana. Using simple random sampling, thirty villages from five blocks of Rohtak districts were selected, and children 6–12 years of age were examined. A questionnaire survey form was filled out to record the demographic details of the samples. Dental caries was recorded according to DMFT (D = Decayed, M = Missing due to caries only, F = Filled, T = Teeth)/deft index (d = decayed, e = extracted due to caries, f = filled, t = teeth). Assessment of Dental Fluorosis was done according to Dean's Fluorosis index, modified in 1942. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, and nonparametric tests were used to assess the significance. Results: The study participants included 615 males and 647 females among which Mean DMFT in the area of study ranged from 0.32 to 1.90. Mean deft in the area of study ranged from 0.34 to 1.91. The fluoride concentrations in groundwater are in the range of 0.532–8.802. Out of 1262 children examined, 655 (51.90%) children were having dental fluorosis. 607 (48.10%) of the subjects were free from fluorosis. 16.09%, 13.39%, 9.11%, and 8.16% and 5.15% were having questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, and severe form of fluorosis, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that in Rohtak district, the fluoride levels in drinking water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis are high, so requiring an urgent need to improve the quality of water and institute de-fluoridation of drinking water in affected areas to lower the burden of dental fluorosis in the community.
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La ingesta de flúor por períodos prolongados durante la formación del esmalte produce fluorósis dental. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar factores demográficos asociados a fluorósis dental en niños y adolescentes en el departamento de La Paz. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: el estudio es transversal analítico, los participantes fueron 1393 estudiantes que fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente para ello se tomaron en cuenta 36 unidades educativas de 7 regiones del departamento de La Paz. Se realizó un levantamiento epidemiológico aplicando el índice de Dean. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de fluorósis dental fue del 13,6% (188), los más afectados fueron los adolescentes con un 10,7% (149), el sexo femenino tenía una prevalencia de 7,4% (103). Un 8% (112) de fluorósis dental se observó en el área rural. Según severidad, con 8 % (113) fue fluorósis discutible, muy leve 4% (51), leve 1,3% (18), moderada 0,4% (5) y severa se observó en un estudiante. Se observa una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p=0,000) entre edad y fluorósis dental. CONCLUSION: la fluorósis dental se considera como un problema estético y el controlarlo es una medida preventiva muy buena.
The ingestion of fluoride for prolonged periods during enamel formation produces dental fluorosis OBJETIVE: the objective of this study was to determine demographic factors associated with dental fluorosis in children and adolescents in the La Paz department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the study is an analytical crosssectional study, the participants were 1393 students who were randomly selected from 36 educational units of 7 regions of the La Paz department. An epidemiological survey was carried out by applying the Dean index. RESULTS: the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 13.6% (188), the most affected were adolescents with 10.7% (149), and the female sex had a prevalence of 7.4% (103). Eight percent (112) of dental fluorosis was observed in rural areas. According to severity, with 8 % (113) was debatable fluorosis, very mild 4% (51), mild 1.3% (18), moderate 0.4% (5) and severe was observed in one student. A statistically significant association (p=0.000) was observed between age and dental fluorosis. CONCLUSION: dental fluorosis is considered an esthetic problem and controlling it is a very good preventive measure.
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Fluorosis, DentalABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Various indices are available to record different grade of severity of dental fluorosis. These indices have chances of inter- and intra- examiner variability. Therefore, study was conducted to compare three different indices for recording dental fluorosis to find out the best and most practical index of recording dental fluorosis for field studies in children living in a fluoride endemic area. Methods: The severity grades were recorded in 300 schoolchildren aged 12-15 yr having dental fluorosis of low, medium and high fluoride areas using three different indices, viz. Dean's fluorosis index (1942), tooth surface index for fluorosis (TSIF, 1984) and ICMR index (2013). Dean's index was used as gold standard. Results: The occurrence of moderate and severe cases was higher as per the Dean's index and of mild and severe cases was higher as per the TSIF and the ICMR index. The mean time required for recording dental fluorosis as per Dean's index and TSIF was similar and almost double (1.25�05 min) of that required for ICMR index (0.68�20 min). The intra-examiner variability was found to be least in the ICMR index compared to Dean's index and TSIF. Interpretation & conclusions: The ICMR index is a simple index with objective scores and takes less time in recording the dental fluorosis as compared to Dean's index and TSIF in field studies.
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A alveoloplastia intrasseptal, também chamada de Técnica de Dean, é uma técnica cirúrgica utilizada na correção dos rebordos alveolares na qual envolve a remoção do osso intrasseptal e o reposicionamento do osso cortical vestibular. Esta técnica é utilizada em áreas nas quais o rebordo é de contorno relativamente regular e altura adequada, porém apresenta uma depressão no fundo de vestíbulo, devido à configuração do rebordo ósseo. Este trabalho consiste no relato de caso clínico no qual a alveoloplastia pela técnica de Dean foi utilizada na resolução da condição clínica de uma paciente do sexo feminino, que ao exame clínico observou-se a presença de incisivos superiores vestibularizados, grande trespasse horizontal, falta de selamento labial, perfil facial convexo e uma perda óssea visível. O plano de tratamento estabelecido foi a confecção de prótese parcial removível provisória instalada imediatamente após a realização da Alveoloplastia intrasseptal. O resultado obtido foi satisfatório, permitindo uma harmonia estética facial e o selamento labial antes inexistente, o que aumentou a autoestima da paciente, permitindo que o tratamento reabilitador definitivo possa ser realizado com mais tranquilidade.
The intraseptal alveoloplasty, also called Dean Technique, is a surgical technique utilized for the correction of the alveolar ridges, which involves removing the intraseptal bone and repositioning the vestibular cortical bone. This technique is used in areas where the rim is relatively regular and adequate height, but has a depression in the bottom of the vestibule, due to the bone ridge configuration. This paper is a report of clinical case of a alveoloplasty using the Dean technique, witch the purpose was to solve the clinical condition of a female patient, that the clinical examination the presence of maxillary incisors proclined, large overjet, deficiency lip closure, convex facial profile and a visible bone loss was observed. The treatment plan was established fabrication of temporary removable partial denture installed immediately after completion of intraseptal Alveoloplasty. The result was satisfactory, allowing a facial aesthetic harmony and lip seal before nonexistent, which increased the self-esteem of the patient, allowing the definitive rehabilitative treatment can be carried out more smoothly.
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Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and its effect on blood pressure and body weight.Methods A total of 100 newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study from July 2013 to June 2015 in this hospital.They were divided into observation group and control group(n=50).The control group was treated with placebo on the basis of diet control and exercise.The observation group was treated with sitagliptin on the basis of diet control and exercise.Fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2 h postprandial blood glucose(2 h PG) and glycated albumin (GA) were measured before and after treatment,and the incidence rate of hypoglycemia,blood pressure,body weight and other adverse reactions were monitored.Results After treatment,two groups of patients,condition were significantly improved,FPG,2 h PG,GA changes in observation group were significantly better than that of control group,the difference were statistically significant(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in blood pressure,body weight and body mass index before and after treatment,and also between the two groups(P＞0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group and the control group were 10.0％ and 8.0％,The incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitor siglitazide in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is good,and it is very useful in the treatment of these patients.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect and analysis of Shah Glenn Dean combined with acarbose in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 60 cases of newly diagnosed elderly patients treated in our hospital during the period from January 2015 to January 2017 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is selected as the object of this study, they were randomly divided into control group and study group, 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with acarbose treatment, the study group was treated with Shah Glenn Dean combined acarbose treatment, treatment time was 3months, glycosylated hemoglobin, after two groups of patients were in different treatment of hypoglycemia were observed and compared the rate of change, body mass index and blood glucose level changes.Results The patients in the control group, the incidence of hypoglycemia was 23.33%, patients in the study group, the incidence of hypoglycemia was 6.67%, patients in the study group,the incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly lower than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant between the groups(P <0.05); glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the study group were significantly lower than that of the control group of two patients, the difference was statistically significant between the groups(P <0.05); the total cost of the patients in the treatment group compared with the control group had no significant difference, the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion Significant clinical therapeutic effect of saxagliptin combined with acarbose in the treatment of newly diagnosed elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, can make the patient's blood glucose levels were significantly lower,with high security, the incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly reduced, but also can reduce the weight of patients, the total cost in the course of treatment did not increase that will not cause economic burden on patients, it is worthy of clinical application.
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Objective To explore the effect of gliclazide and Sig Leo Dean on insulin treatment for poor glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods 80 cases of insulin treatment for poor glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in our hospital from March 2015 to January 2017 were randomly divided into two groups,with 40 cases in each group.The control group was treated with gliclazide The observation group was treated with Sig Leo Dean.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed and compared. Results 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels improved in the observation group was better than that of the control group, the body weight, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose of two groups were improved, and there were no significant difference between the two groups; The incidence rate of adverse reactions was 2.5% in the observation group, 10% in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Analysis of gliclazide and Sig Leo Dean on insulin treatment for poor glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus curative effect, Sig Leo Dean for the glycaemic improvement effect is higher, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, so more medication safety, it is worthy of clinical promotion Application.
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Background & objectives: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) formulated a Task Force on dental fluorosis and recommended the subgroup to develop a simplified index for identification and grading of dental fluorosis to be used by the health workers. This study was conducted to pre-test the ‘ICMR Index for Dental Fluorosis’ in the field to check its reliability and reproducibility. Methods: A total of 600 photographs were taken, 150 in each grade of fluorosis by screening 14-17 yr school children from eight schools of Hisar (Haryana) and South west Delhi. Eighty photographs were finalized (20 in each grade) before calibration to be used for training of field workers. Calibration exercise was conducted involving the five member survey team on 100 diagnosed cases of dental fluorosis. The members again screened 74 children with dental fluorosis in the field to categorize in to different grades of fluorosis for assessment of inter-examiner reliability. Results: The ICMR criteria showed more difference in agreement in very mild and mild categories during calibration. The inter-examiner reliability (κ) ranged from 0.59-1. The criteria was further modified and inter- examiner reliability (κ) found to be 0.83-0.98 which was almost perfect agreement. Interpretation & conclusions: The tool developed by the ICMR to assess dental fluorosis can be used in a field set up by non-dental personnel reliably with high degree of reproducibility.
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This paper selects the characteristics of hospital deans as a starting point to study the influence of private hospital competitiveness .According to the competitiveness of the private hospitals 100 list in Hong Kong , Eric Peter Hospital Management Research Center released in 2014 , regard the list derived competitiveness evaluation score as the independent variable , and according to the manual excerpt from hospital official website and publicly available information ,the Author has calculated the sample characteristics data of the list of 100 private hospitals and other con-trol variables .Research results demonstrate that private hospital deans 'age distribution structure is too large , and the average years of work in the health care practice is higher , with a higher proportion of senior professional titles and o-verseas study and work backgrounds .Through the establishment of multiple linear regression models for further study showed that the private hospital deans 'age , professional , technical titles and work experience has affected the com-petitiveness of the evaluation of the hospital .Therefore , this paper recommends that private hospitals should give full play to the advantages of expert dean and dean of the decision-making for core position should be clear , and the intro-duction and training of personnel presidency as a priority work .
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La fluoruración del agua potable comenzó a implementarse en Chile en la década de 1950 para prevenir el principal problema de salud oral en la población, la caries dental. Se ha aplicado sistemáticamente en el país, y en Temuco desde el año 2004. Sin embargo, la ingesta de fluoruros en periodos críticos del desarrollo dentario de manera excesiva produce fluorosis dental. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de la fluorosis dental en escolares de segundo básico que consumen agua potable fluorurada en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile y asociarla con la historia de caries. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y explicativo con un muestreo aleatorio estratificado de la población escolar de 7 años que cursaba segundo básico durante el año 2012 en colegios particulares, subvencionados y municipales de Temuco. Sobre una muestra de 317 niños, se determinó el índice Dean y la historia de caries. La prevalencia de fluorosis dental fue 53,31 por ciento (169 niños), y la severidad fue de tipo cuestionable, muy leve y leve en el 31,36 por ciento, 42,6 por ciento y 22,4 por ciento de los casos, respectivamente. El 3,5 por ciento fue moderado. No se observó asociación significativa entre fluorosis e historia de caries. En Temuco, la prevalencia de fluorosis dental en niños de 7 años es alta, con una severidad de tipo cuestionable, muy leve y leve en más del 50 por ciento de los casos. Luego de 8 años de implementar la fluoruración del agua potable, hubo una disminución del daño acumulado por caries, pero la fluorosis dental aumentó en la población.
Fluoridation of drinking water, began to be implemented in 1950's in Chile to prevent the main problem of oral health in the population, dental caries. It has been consistently applied in the country and Temuco city since 2004. However, intake of fluorides in critical periods of tooth development excessively produces dental fluorosis. The aim was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in elementary schoolchildren consuming fluoridated drinking water in the city of Temuco, Chile and its association with the history of dental caries. A descriptive and explanatory epidemiological study with a stratified random sample of 7-years schoolchildren of private, subsidized and municipal elementary schools in Temuco city was performed. On a sample of 317 children, Dean's index and history of caries was determined. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 53.31 percent (169 children), and severity rate was questionable, very mild and mild in 31.36 percent, 42.6 percent and 22.4 percent of cases, respectively. In 3.5 percent was moderate. No significant association between fluorosis and history of dental caries was observed. In Temuco, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in 7-years children is high, with severity of questionable, very mild and mild type in 50 percent of cases. After 8 years of implementing the fluoridation of drinking water, there was a decrease of dental caries damage but increased dental fluorosis in the population.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Drinking Water , Fluorosis, Dental/epidemiology , Analysis of Variance , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , DMF Index , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prevalence , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
ObjectiveThe research provided the constructive ideas for evaluation and training of deans of tertiary hospital by analyzing the leadership status quo through using the situational judgment test based on the leadership contingency theory.MethodsBased on the leadership contingency theory,we designed situational judgment test for the dean of tertiary hospital.There were 215 participants involved in the leadership evaluation. Results The coaching leadership style occupied the mainly leadership style of deans of tertiary hospital.In the management situation matched by the coaching leadership style,the leadership of the deans was significantly higher than other management situations.Conclusion The main conclusion included,firstly,the coaching leadership style was the mainly leadership style of deans of tertiary hospital.It was strongly correlated with the deans＇ background thatthey were mainly from clinical professionals.Secondly,the leadership of the deans was at middle level;therefore,it needed to increase the capacity building of deans through management training.
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Introducción y Objetivo: La caries dental y la fluorosis dental son problemas de Salud Pública que requieren sistemas de vigilancia y control en edades tempranas. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental en escolares de 12 años, y la historia de caries en escolares de 5 y 12 años en la Institución Educativa Luis Eduardo Díaz del área urbana del Municipio de Yondó (Antioquia) durante el año 2010. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal en una población de 62 escolares de 5 años y 145 de 12 años. Se realizó examen clínico y se estableció la experiencia de caries dental (índices ceo-d; 5 años, COP-D; 12 años) y la prevalencia de fluorosis dental (Índice de Dean). Se calcularon frecuencias, medianas y promedios por sexo en el caso de caries dental y prevalencia de fluorosis global y por grados de severidad. Cálculo de razones de prevalencia de fluorosis por sexo con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (RP, IC95%). Se analizaron las principales fuentes de agua del área de estudio. Resultados: El promedio ceo-d a los 5 años fue de 2,37 ±3,39, con experiencia de caries del 61%. A los 12 años se encontró un promedio COP-D de 0,73 ±1,28, y una experiencia de caries del 33,1%. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo. La prevalencia global de fluorosis fue de 97,9%, con mayor prevalencia en hombres, aunque sin diferencias significativas (RP 1,05, IC95% 0,98- 1,12). El análisis fisicoquímico no mostró niveles altos de concentración de flúor en agua. Conclusión: Se encontraron niveles altos de experiencia de caries dental a los 5 años y alta prevalencia de Fluorosis a los 12 años que exigen acciones de mejoramiento y estrategias en salud pública para esta población.
Introduction and Objetive: Dental caries and dental Fluorosis are public health problems, which require surveillance and control systems in primary ages. We aim to determine the prevalence of dental Fluorosis in school children age 12 and the caries experience of school children between 5 and 12 years old at the Institution Luis Eduardo Diaz, located in the urban area of the Municipality of Yondó (Antioquia, Colombia), during 2010. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 62 scholars of 5 years and 145 scholars of 12 years. Clinical examinations were carried out and the caries dental experience was established (DMFT and dmf indexes) and the prevalence of dental Fluorosis (Deans index). Prevalence, mean and median and for sex were estimated in case of dental caries and the global prevalence of Fluorosis and taking into account severity groups and sex. We calculate the prevalence ratio for sex and the 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). The main water sources of the study area were analyzed. Results: Mean dmf for 5 years was 2,37(±3,39) and the dental experience was 61%. At 12 years a DMTF mean was 0,73 (±1,28) and the dental experience was 33,1%. No statistical significance was found for sex. The global prevalence of Fluorosis was of 97,9%, the frequency was higher in males but the differences do not have statistical significance (RP 1z5, 95%CI 0,98- 1,12). The physicochemical analysis did not show high levels of fluoride concentrations in water. Conclusion: Higher levels of dental caries in case of scholars of 5 years dental Fluorosis for scholars of 12 years were found. Improvement actions and public health strategies are required for these populations.
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Dental Caries , Fluorine , Fluorosis, Dental , Prevalence , School DentistryABSTRACT
El habanero de procedencia obrera, Enrique Área Arrondo comenzó la actividad laboral como oficinista, mientras estudiaba bachillerato. En 1962, empezó a estudiar Medicina como becario. Realizó su post-graduado en Oriente-Norte; laboró algunos meses en el Hospital de Marcané y luego como Subdirector del Hospital Regional de Mayarí; Jefe de los Servicios Médicos de la Defensa Civil del municipio y Jefe del Estado Mayor de los Servicios Médicos del Regional Mayarí-Sagua-Moa. De 1972 a 1974, fue miembro de la delegación médica cubana en Argelia. En 1974, inició la residencia en Cirugía en el Hospital General Calixto García, donde se graduó de especialista de Primer Grado en Cirugía General, en 1977. Desde 1981 hasta 1984, permaneció en Moscú, donde hizo estudios de Candidatura en Microcirugía en trasplantes. En octubre de 1993, fue designado Decano provisional de la Facultad de Medicina General Calixto García y, al año siguiente, con carácter definitivo. Desde ese cargo, constituyó la primera cátedra de Bioética del país, en marzo de 1995. Diagnosticado con cáncer de pulmón el 17 de enero de 1996, en apenas 5 meses evolucionó hacia la muerte, ocurrida el 26 de junio del mismo año; dejaba la profunda huella de su ejemplo de médico, profesor y revolucionario(AU)
The Havanan from a working-class origin, Enrique Área Arrondo, started working as a clerk while he was studying High School. In 1962 he began to study medicine as a boarding student. His postgraduate work was carried out in the Northeastern region of Cuba. He worked for a few months at the hospital in Marcané, then as Vice Director of the regional Hospital in Mayarí, Head of the Municipal Civil Defense Medical Service and Head of the general staff of the regional medical services in Mayarí-Sagua-Moa. From 1972 to 1974 he was a member of the medical Cuban delegation in Algeria. In 1974 he began his residency in surgery at General Calixto García Hospital, graduating as a first degree General Surgeon in 1977. From 1981 to 1984 he stayed in Moscow where he specialized on Microsurgery in Transplants. In October, 1993 he was appointed as the provisional Dean of General Calixto García Medical Sciences School, and officially named the following year. From that position he created Cuba's first Bioethics professorship in March, 1995. Diagnosed with Lung Cancer, on January 17, 1996, in barely five months, he passed away on June 26, leaving a deep legacy as a doctor, professor and revolutionary(AU)
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Cuba , Education, Medical , PhysiciansABSTRACT
Opinion about the appropriate characters of a dean of the autonomous university, regarding the academic level, administrative ability and method of selection was elicited in a survey among selected academic staff of Mahidol University during June 15-30, 1998. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to all administrators (n=302) of the University and to a random sample of 471 from 2,360 academic staff who did not have administrative position. A total response rate of 46.1 percent was achieved. Sixty-two percent of the responders were administrators and 80 percent of them were older than 40 years of age. Our study revealed that no sexual preference for a dean in 93.6 percent. The dean should be at least 40 years old (61%) but the one who retired, were not suitable (54%). Seventy-seven percent agreed that the dean’s profession should be the same kind as of officials of that faculty and a talent outsider is still unacceptable (58%). Previous experience in university administrative ability before being chosen. Sixty-five percent preferred to have equal ability in administration and academic achievement though 31 percent preferred the former to the latter. Academic level of associate preferable or higher with master degree or higher of relevant profession to the Faculty is preferred in 63 and 85 percents respectively. Publication in a peer reviewed international journal is required in 59 percent with emphasis on citation in international journal in 47 percents. Election by faculty staff is preferable to selection by a search committee and the selected candidate must be accepted by more than 50 percent of the faculty staff. All members of the search committee should have good reputation and accountability. The opinion about the academic level of the dean by administrators who had academic level of lecturer and assistant professor was different from other groups. The former voted the academic rank of the dean to be any ranks from lecturer while the latter preferred associate professor and professor to other lower ranks.
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Objective:To compare the characteristics of Dean's index(DI) and tooth surface index of fluorosis(TSIF). Methods:416 inhabitants of 12, 15 and 35~44 years old were sampled randomly to receive epidemiological survey assessed by DI in fluorosis endemic areas of Xingtai City, Hebei Province. Then TSIF was used to investigate the 178 samples selected randomly from the 416 subjects. Two examiners(S/C) were trained by an experienced specialist of epidemiology(W) before investigation. SPSS 10.0 software and Excel database were used to analyze the data.Results:Weighted Kappa of theoretic calibration of DI and TSIF was ranging from 0.86 to 0.96. The results of TSIF were lower than DI in clinical calibration test. With the increase of the number of tooth surfaces concerned, strength of agreement declined, ranging from “very good” to “moderate”. Prevalence of fluorosis according to DI was lower than that accoding to TSIF.In 35-44 years old people difference of fluorosis prevalence calculating between DI and TSIF was almost 40%. The most probably reason for this phenomenon was that a person with “questionable” fluorosis wouldn't be calculated as a fluorosis patient. The proportion of “questionable” in 35-44 age group was the highest (40.3%). Conclusion:DI is suitable for large-scale epidemiology survey, and should be combined with community fluorosis index (CFI), while TSIF is suitable for esthetic study, especially for severe fluorosis patients.