The mediating effect of empathy between nursing students' personality traits and attitude towards death / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of empathy between personality traits and death attitude in nursing students.Methods:From April to May 2022, a total of 237 undergraduate nursing students were surveyed by general information questionnaire, big five inventory, Jefferson scale of empathy for nursing students, and death attitude profile-revised. Common method bias test, correlation analysis and descriptive analysis were conducted by SPSS 26.0 software.PROCESS macro program was used to test the mediating effect.Results:Agreeableness(32.78±4.92), empathy(110.03±16.83)were positively correlated with positive death attitude(57.95±12.35)( r=0.274, 0.571, both P<0.01), neuroticism(23.00±4.78)was positively correlated with negative death attitude(31.81±10.04)( r=0.199, P<0.01), empathy was negatively correlated with negative death attitude ( r=-0.226, P<0.01). Empathy partially mediated the relationship between neuroticism and negative death attitude, the mediating effect accounted for 16.08%(0.032/0.199) of the total effect, and empathy played a completely mediating role between the agreeableness and positive death attitude. Conclusion:The death attitude of undergraduate nursing students is mainly natural acceptance. Personality traits can directly affect death attitude and also indirectly affect death attitude through empathy.

Investigation and comparative study on death cognition and hospice care attitude of the graduate students of clinical medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate and analyze the status quo of death cognition and hospice care attitude of clinical medical graduate students, to compare the differences between the two groups, and to explore the correlation between death cognition and hospice care attitude, so as to provide the reference for the reform and construction of death cognition and hospice care education in medical colleges and universities in China.Methods:A survey was carried out on 496 doctoral and postgraduate students majoring in clinical medicine by using the "Questionnaire of General Sociology Survey", the Chinese version of the "Death Attitude Profile Revised Scale", and the Chinese version of the "Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B)" to investigate the death cognition and hospice care attitude of 496 doctoral and postgraduate students majoring in clinical medicine, and classified and compared the survey results of the two groups. The results of this study were statistically analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and other statistical methods. Results:A total of 469 valid questionnaires were recovered after excluding 27 unqualified questionnaires. Statistical analysis showed that the scores of each dimension in the death attitude description scale of doctoral students were ranked as follows: approach acceptance (4.28±0.53), neutral acceptance (3.99±0.41), death avoidance (2.74±0.63), fear of death (2.65±0.57) and escape acceptance (2.47±0.69) the scores of postgraduates were ranked as neutral acceptance (3.96±0.52), approach acceptance (2.84±0.61), fear of death (2.78±0.65), death escape (2.62±0.73), escape acceptance (2.39±0.77). At the same time, the scores of hospice care attitude in the doctoral group were higher than those in the master group [(110.63±8.96) vs. (106.78±6.52)], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). In addition, the scores of "fear of death" and the scores of hospice care attitudes were negatively correlated with the scores of doctoral and master students ( r=-0.25, r=-0.21), while the scores of hospice care attitudes were positively correlated with the scores of "neutral acceptance" in death cognition ( r=0.50, r=0.32). However, the hospice care attitude scores of doctoral students were negatively correlated with the "death avoidance" scores in death cognition ( r=-0.27). Conclusion:Doctoral and postgraduate students have a certain awareness of hospice care, while their death cognition and hospice care attitude still need to be improved and strengthened from sociology, psychology, ethics and other perspectives. The above will promote the harmony between doctors and patients while meeting the needs of an aging society in China.

A study on the relationship between nurses' death attitude, death competency and death education need in a tertiary care hospital / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the current situation of nurses′ death attitudes, death competency and death education need in tertiary care hospitals, and analyze their relationship and to provide suggestions and guidance for clinical death education.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey. From January to March 2022, a random sample of 1 902 nurses from five tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province Changsha City was selected as the study population. The general information questionnaire the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R), Coping with Death Scale (CDS) and Death Education Needs Scale were used to investigate the current situation of nurses′ death attitudes, death competency and death education needs in tertiary hospitals, and the correlations among them were analyzed.Results:The 1 837 valid questionnaires were finally collected. The total score of death attitude was (91.37 ± 11.26) points, the total score of death competency was (109.25 ± 21.67) points and the total score of death education needs was (214.13 ± 28.64) points. Natural acceptance was positively correlated with death education needs ( r=0.458, P<0.05), escape acceptance was positively correlated with death education needs ( r=0.312, P<0.05), convergent acceptance was positively correlated with death education needs ( r=0.347, P<0.05), death avoidance was negatively correlated with death education needs ( r=-0.291, P<0.05), and death competency was positively correlated with death education needs ( r=0.356, P<0.05). Conclusions:Nurses had some degree of positive death attitudes, moderate level of death competency and higher need for death education. The death education need was positively correlated with positive death attitudes and death competency. The death education should be strengthened to cultivate positive death attitudes and improve death competency to improve the quality of end-of-life care and the quality of patient death.

Actitudes hacia la muerte expresadas por jóvenes en contexto COVID-19 en la región de Tarapacá

Esta investigación analizó las actitudes hacia la muerte expresadas por un grupo de adultos jóvenes en contexto COVID-19. Los participantes fueron 10 jóvenes residentes en la región de Tarapacá (60% mujeres, 40% hombres) entre 18 a 29 años. La metodología tuvo un enfoque mixto de preponderancia cualitativa y diseño secuencial. En la primera etapa, se administró el Perfil Revisado de Actitudes hacia la muerte [PAM-R] para medir cinco actitudes: Miedo a la muerte; Evitación de la muerte; Aceptación de acercamiento; Aceptación de escape; y Aceptación neutral. Posteriormente, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas que profundizaron los resultados, mediante la exploración de las percepciones, emociones y pensamientos de los participantes durante la pandemia. Finalmente, se triangularon los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos para obtener una mayor validez. Los resultados señalan a estas actitudes como un fenómeno contextual, cuya expresión depende de diversos elementos personales y del entorno, siendo los más importantes los miedos asociados a familiares. En jóvenes, la muerte fue comprendida como una realidad lejana. Esto influyó en una alta neutralidad y bajo miedo a la muerte propia. El contexto COVID-19 actuó como un factor influyente en las actitudes, particularmente en el miedo al contagio o a la posibilidad de morir. Si bien los jóvenes reconocieron la peligrosidad del virus, sus necesidades emocionales-afectivas se vislumbraron como problemas más urgentes. Por lo tanto, los miedos en contexto COVID-19 no evitaron la exposición al contagio en compañía de amigos. Estas conductas fueron significadas como medidas de autocuidado psicológico, particularmente en jóvenes con Aceptación de Escape.

This research analyzed the attitudes towards death expressed by a group of young adults in a COVID-19 context. The participants were 10 young residents in the Tarapacá region (60% women, 40% men) between 18 and 29 years old. The methodology had a mixed approach of qualitative preponderance and sequential design. First, the Death Attitude Profile-Revised [DAP-R] was administered to measure five attitudes: Fear of Death, Death Avoidance, Approach Acceptance, Escape Acceptance, and Neutral Acceptance. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were applied that deepened the results, by exploring the perceptions, emotions and thoughts of the participants during the pandemic. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to obtain greater validity. The results point to these attitudes as a contextual phenomenon, the expression of which depends on various personal and environmental elements, the most important being the fears associated with family members. In young people, death was understood as a distant reality. This influenced a high neutrality and low fear of own death. The COVID-19 context acted as an influencing factor in attitudes, particularly in fear of contagion or the possibility of dying. Although the young people recognized the dangerousness of the virus, their emotional-affective needs were seen as more urgent problems. Therefore, fears in the COVID-19 context did not prevent exposure to contagion in the company of friends. These behaviors were signified as measures of psychological self-care, particularly in young people with Escape Acceptance.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as atitudes de um grupo de jovens adultos em relação a morte no contexto de COVID-19. Nela participaram 10 jovens que vivem na região de Tarapacá (60% mulheres, 40% homens) os quais tinham entre 18 e 29 anos. A metodologia da pesquisa teve uma abordagem mista de preponderância qualitativa e desenho de investigação sequencial. Na primeira etapa, foi administrado o Perfil Revisado de Atitudes em Relação a Morte [PAM-R] para medir cinco atitudes: Medo da morte; Evitar a morte; Aceitação de abordagem; Aceitação de fuga; e aceitação neutra. Posteriormente, foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas que aprofundaram os resultados, explorando as percepções, emoções e pensamentos dos participantes durante a pandemia. Por fim, os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram triangulados para obter maior validade. Os resultados apontam essas atitudes como um fenômeno contextual, cuja expressão depende de diversos elementos pessoais e do meio ambiente, sendo o mais importante deles, os medos associados aos parentes. Nos jovens, a morte era entendida como uma realidade distante. Isso influenciou uma alta neutralidade e pouco medo da propia morte. O contexto de COVID-19 atuou como um fator influente nas atitudes, particularmente no medo de contágio ou na possibilidade de morrer. Enquanto os jovens reconheciam o perigo do vírus, suas necessidades emotivas e afetivas eram vistas como problemas mais urgentes. Portanto, os temores no contexto de COVID-19 não impediram a exposição ao contágio na companhia de amigos. Esses comportamentos foram considerados como medidas de autocuidado psicológico, particularmente em jovens com Aceitação da Fuga da morte.

Actitudes hacia la muerte expresadas por jóvenes en contexto COVID-19 en la región de Tarapacá / The death attitudes expressed by young adults from Tarapacá region in COVID-19 context / Atitudes de jovens da região de Tarapacá em relação a morte no contexto de COVID-19

Resumen Esta investigación analizó las actitudes hacia la muerte expresadas por un grupo de adultos jóvenes en contexto COVID-19. Los participantes fueron 10 jóvenes residentes en la región de Tarapacá (60% mujeres, 40% hombres) entre 18 a 29 años. La metodología tuvo un enfoque mixto de preponderancia cualitativa y diseño secuencial. En la primera etapa, se administró el Perfil Revisado de Actitudes hacia la muerte [PAM-R] para medir cinco actitudes: Miedo a la muerte; Evitación de la muerte; Aceptación de acercamiento; Aceptación de escape; y Aceptación neutral. Posteriormente, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas que profundizaron los resultados, mediante la exploración de las percepciones, emociones y pensamientos de los participantes durante la pandemia. Finalmente, se triangularon los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos para obtener una mayor validez. Los resultados señalan a estas actitudes como un fenómeno contextual, cuya expresión depende de diversos elementos personales y del entorno, siendo los más importantes los miedos asociados a familiares. En jóvenes, la muerte fue comprendida como una realidad lejana. Esto influyó en una alta neutralidad y bajo miedo a la muerte propia. El contexto COVID-19 actuó como un factor influyente en las actitudes, particularmente en el miedo al contagio o a la posibilidad de morir. Si bien los jóvenes reconocieron la peligrosidad del virus, sus necesidades emocionales-afectivas se vislumbraron como problemas más urgentes. Por lo tanto, los miedos en contexto COVID-19 no evitaron la exposición al contagio en compañía de amigos. Estas conductas fueron significadas como medidas de autocuidado psicológico, particularmente en jóvenes con Aceptación de Escape.

Abstract This research analyzed the attitudes towards death expressed by a group of young adults in a COVID-19 context. The participants were 10 young residents in the Tarapacá region (60% women, 40% men) between 18 and 29 years old. The methodology had a mixed approach of qualitative preponderance and sequential design. First, the Death Attitude Profile-Revised [DAP-R] was administered to measure five attitudes: Fear of Death, Death Avoidance, Approach Acceptance, Escape Acceptance, and Neutral Acceptance. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were applied that deepened the results, by exploring the perceptions, emotions and thoughts of the participants during the pandemic. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to obtain greater validity. The results point to these attitudes as a contextual phenomenon, the expression of which depends on various personal and environmental elements, the most important being the fears associated with family members. In young people, death was understood as a distant reality. This influenced a high neutrality and low fear of own death. The COVID-19 context acted as an influencing factor in attitudes, particularly in fear of contagion or the possibility of dying. Although the young people recognized the dangerousness of the virus, their emotional-affective needs were seen as more urgent problems. Therefore, fears in the COVID-19 context did not prevent exposure to contagion in the company of friends. These behaviors were signified as measures of psychological self-care, particularly in young people with Escape Acceptance.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as atitudes de um grupo de jovens adultos em relação a morte no contexto de COVID-19. Nela participaram 10 jovens que vivem na região de Tarapacá (60% mulheres, 40% homens) os quais tinham entre 18 e 29 anos. A metodologia da pesquisa teve uma abordagem mista de preponderância qualitativa e desenho de investigação sequencial. Na primeira etapa, foi administrado o Perfil Revisado de Atitudes em Relação a Morte [PAM-R] para medir cinco atitudes: Medo da morte; Evitar a morte; Aceitação de abordagem; Aceitação de fuga; e aceitação neutra. Posteriormente, foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas que aprofundaram os resultados, explorando as percepções, emoções e pensamentos dos participantes durante a pandemia. Por fim, os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram triangulados para obter maior validade. Os resultados apontam essas atitudes como um fenômeno contextual, cuja expressão depende de diversos elementos pessoais e do meio ambiente, sendo o mais importante deles, os medos associados aos parentes. Nos jovens, a morte era entendida como uma realidade distante. Isso influenciou uma alta neutralidade e pouco medo da propia morte. O contexto de COVID-19 atuou como um fator influente nas atitudes, particularmente no medo de contágio ou na possibilidade de morrer. Enquanto os jovens reconheciam o perigo do vírus, suas necessidades emotivas e afetivas eram vistas como problemas mais urgentes. Portanto, os temores no contexto de COVID-19 não impediram a exposição ao contágio na companhia de amigos. Esses comportamentos foram considerados como medidas de autocuidado psicológico, particularmente em jovens com Aceitação da Fuga da morte.

Concepções sobre a morte e o morrer entre estudantes de psicologia / Conceptions about death and the dyng process among psychology students / Concepciones sobre la muete y morir entre estudientes de psicología

Ao longo da vida e do trabalho como psicólogos, o contato com a morte e o morrer sempre estará presente, em qualquer área de atuação. Desse modo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar qual a concepção sobre a morte e o morrer entre estudantes do quinto ano do curso de psicologia de uma universidade particular do interior paulista. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou a análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, para tratamento dos dados. Foram entrevistados 21 estudantes do quinto ano da graduação. Conclui-se que os estudantes compreendem a morte e o morrer de modo concreto e simbólico. Além disso, estabelecem relação entre a psicologia e a temática, considerando a importância dos estudantes e profissionais lidarem com seus próprios lutos para entrarem em contato, de modo genuíno, com o outro em sofrimento por perdas (AU).

Throughout life and work as psychologist, the contact with death is always present, in any field of work. Thus, this paper's goal is to analyze the conception about death and the dying process among fifth year students of a Psychology undergraduate course of a private university in the interior of the state of São Paulo. The study is about a field research with a qualitative approach and content analysis regarding the thematic modality was the technic used for the data treatment. Twenty-one fifth year students of a Psychology undergraduate course were interviewed. The conclusion was that students comprehend death and the dying process in a symbolic and concrete way. Besides that, they establish a relation between psychology and the thematic of death, regarding the importance of students and professionals to deal with their own grieving process to be genuinely in touch with others who are suffering for their losses (AU)

A lo largo de la vida y del trabajo como psicólogos, el contacto con la muerte y el morir siempre estará presente en cualquier área de actuación. De este modo, el siguiente artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar cuál es la concepción sobre la muerte y el morir entre los estudiantes del quinto año del curso de psicología de una universidad particular del interior paulista. Se trata de una investigación de campo, de abordaje cualitativo, que utilizó el análisis de contenido, modalidad temática, para el tratamiento de los datos. Se entrevistó a 21 estudiantes del quinto año de graduación. Se concluye que los estudiantes comprenden la muerte y el morir de modo concreto y simbólico. Además, establecen relación entre la psicología y la temática, considerando la importancia de los estudiantes y profesionales para tratar con sus propios lutos, para entrar en contacto de modo genuino con el otro en sufrimiento por pérdidas (AU).

O processo de morte e morrer de pessoas com câncer, em diferentes contextos, sob o olhar dos profissionais de saúde / The process of death and dying people with câncer, in different contexts, under the gaze of health professionals

INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de morte e morrer é mais do que um evento biológico; tem uma dimensão social, filosófica, antropológica, espiritual, religiosa, psicológica e pedagógica. A possibilidade de morte desperta sentimentos diversos, como incertezas, ansiedade, medos e angústias. Câncer e morte são termos comumente associados, mas ainda evitados na nossa sociedade e tratados com dificuldade pelas equipes de saúde. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar os modos de compreensão e manejo do processo de morte e morrer de pessoas com câncer por parte dos profissionais em diferentes contextos assistenciais de saúde onde atuam. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos (CAAE:51275915.7.0000.5393, nº do Parecer: 1.402.355). Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental para a caracterização dos contextos de saúde e foram entrevistados 9 profissionais que trabalham em diferentes contextos de saúde localizados num município do interior do Estado de São Paulo - três profissionais de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, três de um hospital público de média complexidade e três de um hospital público de elevada complexidade (que atuam em Unidade de Terapia intensiva e Enfermaria de Oncologia). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os dados coletados compuseram três categorias de análise: 1) a empatia e alteridade 2) conflitos éticos 3) dificuldade e estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise dos dados indicou que há diferenças nas vivências e formas de enfrentamento dos profissionais que atuam em equipamentos de saúde nos diferentes níveis de complexidade de atenção. Porém, há também aspectos em comum, como a percepção de que é muito difícil lidar com a demanda de pacientes oncológicos perto da morte, principalmente se forem crianças e jovens, de que falta capacitação e formação continuada para lidar com pacientes em cuidado paliativo, principalmente na atenção primária e nos cuidados de final de vida, e que é necessária a criação de espaços e/ou grupos de apoio para que os trabalhadores de saúde possam cuidar de si mesmos. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Conclui-se que há necessidade de novas investigações acerca dessa temática e de um real investimento, tanto institucional como de criação de políticas educativas e de saúde do trabalhador, para melhor acolher e capacitar os profissionais que cuidam de pessoas com câncer em cuidados paliativos

INTRODUCTION: The process of death and dying is more than a biological event; has a social dimension, philosophical, anthropological, spiritual, religious, psychological and pedagogical. The possibility of death awakens feelings, as uncertainty, anxiety, fears and anxieties. Cancer and death are terms commonly associated with, but still avoided in our society and treated with difficulty by health teams. Objective: to identify and analyse the ways of understanding and management of the process of death and dying of people with cancer by professionals in different contexts where health assistance Act. METHOD: An exploratory study with a qualitative approach, approved by the Committee of ethics in research with Human Beings (CAAE: 51275915.7.0000.5393, paragraph of the opinion: 1,402,355). A documentary search for the characterization of the contexts of health and 9 were interviewed professionals working in different health contexts located in a municipality in the State of São Paulo-three professionals of a basic health Unit, medium complexity hospital january 3 and january 3 high complexity public hospital (who work in intensive care and Oncology Ward). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: the collected data composed three categories of analysis: 1) empathy and otherness 2) ethical conflicts 3) difficulty and coping strategies. The analysis of the data indicated that there are differences in experiences and ways of coping of professionals working in health equipment in different levels of complexity. However, there are also commonalities, such as the perception that it is very difficult to cope with the demand of cancer patients close to death, especially if they are children and young people, who lack training and continuing education to deal with patients in palliative care, particularly in primary health care and end-of-life care, and the need for the creation of spaces and/or support groups so that health workers can take care of themselves. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It is concluded that there is a need for further research on this subject and a real investment, both institutional education policies and creation of workers ' health, to better accommodate and empower the professionals who care for people with cancer in palliative care

O processo de morte e morrer de pessoas com câncer, em diferentes contextos, sob o olhar dos profissionais de saúde / The process of death and dying people with câncer, in different contexts, under the gaze of health professionals

INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de morte e morrer é mais do que um evento biológico; tem uma dimensão social, filosófica, antropológica, espiritual, religiosa, psicológica e pedagógica. A possibilidade de morte desperta sentimentos diversos, como incertezas, ansiedade, medos e angústias. Câncer e morte são termos comumente associados, mas ainda evitados na nossa sociedade e tratados com dificuldade pelas equipes de saúde. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar os modos de compreensão e manejo do processo de morte e morrer de pessoas com câncer por parte dos profissionais em diferentes contextos assistenciais de saúde onde atuam. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos (CAAE:51275915.7.0000.5393, nº do Parecer: 1.402.355). Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental para a caracterização dos contextos de saúde e foram entrevistados 9 profissionais que trabalham em diferentes contextos de saúde localizados num município do interior do Estado de São Paulo - três profissionais de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, três de um hospital público de média complexidade e três de um hospital público de elevada complexidade (que atuam em Unidade de Terapia intensiva e Enfermaria de Oncologia). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os dados coletados compuseram três categorias de análise: 1) a empatia e alteridade 2) conflitos éticos 3) dificuldade e estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise dos dados indicou que há diferenças nas vivências e formas de enfrentamento dos profissionais que atuam em equipamentos de saúde nos diferentes níveis de complexidade de atenção. Porém, há também aspectos em comum, como a percepção de que é muito difícil lidar com a demanda de pacientes oncológicos perto da morte, principalmente se forem crianças e jovens, de que falta capacitação e formação continuada para lidar com pacientes em cuidado paliativo, principalmente na atenção primária e nos cuidados de final de vida, e que é necessária a criação de espaços e/ou grupos de apoio para que os trabalhadores de saúde possam cuidar de si mesmos. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Conclui-se que há necessidade de novas investigações acerca dessa temática e de um real investimento, tanto institucional como de criação de políticas educativas e de saúde do trabalhador, para melhor acolher e capacitar os profissionais que cuidam de pessoas com câncer em cuidados paliativos

INTRODUCTION: The process of death and dying is more than a biological event; has a social dimension, philosophical, anthropological, spiritual, religious, psychological and pedagogical. The possibility of death awakens feelings, as uncertainty, anxiety, fears and anxieties. Cancer and death are terms commonly associated with, but still avoided in our society and treated with difficulty by health teams. Objective: to identify and analyse the ways of understanding and management of the process of death and dying of people with cancer by professionals in different contexts where health assistance Act. METHOD: An exploratory study with a qualitative approach, approved by the Committee of ethics in research with Human Beings (CAAE: 51275915.7.0000.5393, paragraph of the opinion: 1,402,355). A documentary search for the characterization of the contexts of health and 9 were interviewed professionals working in different health contexts located in a municipality in the State of São Paulo-three professionals of a basic health Unit, medium complexity hospital january 3 and january 3 high complexity public hospital (who work in intensive care and Oncology Ward). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: the collected data composed three categories of analysis: 1) empathy and otherness 2) ethical conflicts 3) difficulty and coping strategies. The analysis of the data indicated that there are differences in experiences and ways of coping of professionals working in health equipment in different levels of complexity. However, there are also commonalities, such as the perception that it is very difficult to cope with the demand of cancer patients close to death, especially if they are children and young people, who lack training and continuing education to deal with patients in palliative care, particularly in primary health care and end-of-life care, and the need for the creation of spaces and/or support groups so that health workers can take care of themselves. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It is concluded that there is a need for further research on this subject and a real investment, both institutional education policies and creation of workers ' health, to better accommodate and empower the professionals who care for people with cancer in palliative care

Relationships between implicit and explicit attitude toward death in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the implicit attitude and explicit attitude toward death of college students,and the relationship between the two kinds of attitude.Methods:Totally 65 college studems participated in this study.The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT,including cognition,affection and behavior) was used to exam the implicit attitude toward death of undergraduate students.The Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R,including five dimensions,i.e.,fear of death,death avoidance,death acceptance,escape acceptance,and neutral acceptance) was used to measure the explicit attitude.Results:Data of the SC-IAT indicated that the differences between the mean reaction time of the incompatible task and compatible in all three dimensions and the total SC-IAT were significant (Ps ＜0.01),and both the D scores of the total SC-IAT and three dimensions were larger than zero.The mean score of neutral acceptance was the highest in the five factors of SC-IAT.Relationships between the implicit effect of SC-IAT and the Mean scores of the DAP-R's five factors were not significant(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:The implicit attitude toward death of college students is negative,the explicit attitude toward death of college students is neutral.The implicit and explicit attitude toward death of college students is incongruent,and they are relatively independent.

A correlation research among death attitude, self-esteem and locus of control character / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship of college students among death attitude,self-respect,and locus of control character.Methods Death attitude questionnaire,Rosenberger self-respect questionnaire and locus of control Inclination questionnaire were administered to 442 college students chosen by random sampling.Results ①Death attitudes order:death neutrality(3.78±0.62),death escape(2.90±0.77),terror of death(2.71±0.73),approach acceptance (2.49 ± 0.69) and escape acceptance (2.44 ± 0.84).② Different self-respect gradation students displayed significant difference on the terror of death,death neutrality,approach acceptance and escape acceptance (P＜0.05) ;and different character students displayed significant difference on the terror of death,death escape and escape acceptance(P＜0.05).③Self-respect had significant positive correlation with death neutrality (P＜0.01),while had negative correlation with terror of death,death escape,approach acceptance and escape acceptance (P＜0.01);and locus of control character had significant positive correlation with death fear and escape acceptance(P＜0.01).④Self-respect,locus of control character,health condition,discussions over death situation,and meaning of life have a degree of forecasting power over death attitude.Conclusion There is a close correlation among death attitude,self-respect,locus of control character.

Investigation and analysis of attitudes of nursing students in higher vocational towards death / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate and analyze the attitudes of higher vocational nursing students toward death and the related effect factors.Methods Totally 324 nursing students in a higher vocational school in Shaanxi province were investigated with death attitude profile-revised scale.Contents of investigation included physical and mental health status,family members' attitude towards death,family form and ranking,religion,presence of suicidal thoughts,exposure to mass media reports about death,reading books about death,death fear,death escape,natural acceptance,approach acceptance,avoidance acceptance,etc.SPSS 16.0 was used for data entry and statistic analysis,mean and standard deviation for statistical description,t test and variance analysis for statistical inference.Results ①Higher vocational nursing students got the highest average score (3.93 ± 0.55) in the dimension of natural acceptance.②In the dimension of avoidance acceptance,the scores of nursing students with excellent and good physical and mental health were significantly lower than those of students with general physical and mental health (F=4.80,P=0.009) ; the scores of nursing students in single parent family were significantly higher than those of students in other family forms (F=4.59,P=0.004) ; the scores of nursing students with suicidal thoughts were significantly higher than those of students without (t=-4.77,P=0.000).In the dimension of death avoidance,the scores of nursing students whose family discussed death openly were significantly lower than those of students whose family never done so (F=6.88,P=0.001).In the dimension of natural acceptance,the scores of nursing students with religious beliefs were significantly lower than those of students without (t=2.52,P=0.012) ; the scores of nursing students who gained information of death from mass media were significantly higher than those of nursing students who never done so.(t=-3.85,P=0.000),which was the same in the dimension of approach acceptance (t=-3.48,P=0.001).Conclusions The majority of higher vocational nursing students can naturally accept death reality.Attitude of higher vocational nursing students toward death are influenced by physical and mental health,discussing death in family,family form,religious belief,suicidal thought and news or report about death from the mass media.

A survey of the death attitude of pharmacy students finished clinical training using the Death Attitude Inventory

<b>Purpose</b>: Pharmacists should play a positive role in palliative care. The pharmacy curriculum should also contain content promoting an appropriate attitude toward death. Hence, this study aims to gather fundamental information that can be used to understand the various death attitudes held by pharmacy students. <b>Methods</b>: We targeted 159 sixth-year students of the School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, in 2011. They studied "Up-to-date-Palliative-Care" (an elective subject). To investigate their overall perception of death, we used the Death Attitude Inventory (DAI), developed by Hirai and others (2000), and investigated their views of death on the basis of seven factors. We also classified students on the basis of type of death they had experienced, that is, the death of a household, relative, friend, or pet. We compared the scores obtained for each factor and conducted a logistic regression analysis. <b>Results and Conclusion</b>: We analyzed the data from 120 students (valid response rate: 75.5%). Students who had experienced the death of friend, had significantly higher scores on "Life Purpose" and "Death Concern" (<i>p</i><0.05). Students who had experienced the death of household etc., statistical positive correlation with "Death Concern" and statistical negative correlation with "Death Anxiety" were recognized.

O enfrentamento da morte e do morrer na formação de acadêmicos de Medicina / Dealing with death and dying in undergraduate Medical training

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer como os acadêmicos de Medicina percebem que a graduação os prepara para o enfrentamento da morte, bem como compreender o que significa para estes alunos o enfrentamento da morte e do morrer em sua prática formativa. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Foram utilizadas, como técnica de coleta de dados, entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco estudantes de Medicina que já estão no internato, analisadas a partir da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados aqui apresentados se referem apenas a uma das categorias de análise criadas para o estudo - "sentir-se preparado frente à morte e ao morrer". Como principal conclusão deste estudo, em relação a esta categoria, podemos citar o sentimento de não preparação assinalado pelos acadêmicos entrevistados, sobretudo em função da necessária objetividade e do distanciamento "profissional" do paciente que está morrendo.

This study focuses on how medical students perceive the way that undergraduate medical education prepares them to deal with death, and to understand what it means to these students to deal with death and dying in their training. This was a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study. The data collection used semi-structured interviews with five medical students that were already in their internship (the final stage of undergraduate training in Brazil), analyzed on the basis of Bardin's content analysis technique. The findings presented here refer to only one of the analytical categories for the study - "feeling prepared in the face of death and dying". The study's principal finding in this category is a feeling of unpreparedness, highlighted by the interviewees, especially as a function of the necessary objectivity and "professional" distancing from the dying patient.

Validation of a Chinese version of Death Attitude Profile-Revised / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To develop a Chinese version of Death Attitude Proevaluate its reliability and validity by applying it in the Chinese Christians.Methods After undergoing forward and backward translation of the DAP-R by expert consultation and in-depth interview,150 Christians over 40 years old were recruited to complete the Chinese version of DAP-R,And then factor analysis,correlation analysis and reliability analysis were applied to establish the scale's construct validity and reliability.Results The final scale consisted of five dimensions with 25 items; the varimax rotation factor analysis of the scale identified seven principal factors and explained for 67.075% variances; the correlation coefficient between each item and its domain was 0.432～0.850; Cronbach's α coefficient of five domains were 0.585～0.853,the Cronbach's α and split-half coefficient for the whole scale were 0.840 and 0.843 respectively.Conclusions The Chinese version of DAP-R possesses acceptable validity and reliability in the setting of Christians,and more in-depth study on the scale needs to be done in a wider population.

Instituições de saúde e a morte: Do interdito à comunicação / Health institutions and death: From interdict to communication / Instituciones de salud y la muerte: De lo prohibido a la comunicación

Este artigo discute a comunicação sobre a morte em instituições de saúde, e foi baseado nos dados de uma pesquisa que teve os seguintes objetivos: verificar como é a comunicação sobre a morte em instituições de saúde e residenciais para idosos, as dificuldades que os profissionais de saúde que trabalham nessas instituições apresentam em relação à comunicação sobre a morte, analisar os filmes do projeto Falando de Morte como elementos facilitadores na comunicação sobre a morte e propor e analisar grupos de reflexão e discussão sobre o tema com profissionais de saúde nas instituições mencionadas. Utilizou-se a modalidade da pesquisa-ação. Em atividades didáticas e em grupos de reflexão, foram aplicados questionários que envolviam esse assunto nas instituições pesquisadas. Os dados mostraram que cabe ao médico, e não à equipe, falar sobre a morte com pacientes e familiares. Os médicos não se sentem preparados para abordar o tema da morte, que é visto como tarefa de ninguém, já que é função de profissionais de saúde manter a vida. Nas instituições para idosos, o tema é interdito. Os profissionais afirmam que não é sua função falar sobre a morte com idosos porque esse assunto causa sofrimento. Ter preparo para falar sobre morte ajudaria a compreender e a cuidar melhor dos idosos. Os filmes do projeto Falando de Morte foram analisados e considerados instrumentos facilitadores na preparação de profissionais de saúde no cuidado a pessoas que vivem situações de perdas e de morte....(AU)

This article discusses communication about death in health institutions based on a research that had the following objectives: verify how is the communication about death made in health institutions and long permanence institutions for old people, the difficulties the health professionals who work in these institutions have concerning the communication about death, analyze the films of the project Talking about Death as tools to facilitate the communication about death and propose and analyze discussion groups about the issue in these institutions. The modality of research-action was utilized. In didactic activities and in discussion groups questionnaires about death and health institutions were applied. Data showed that it is the physicians’ task to talk about death with patients and families, not the health team’s task. Physicians feel that they are not prepared to deal with the issue of death, that is considered nobody’s task, since it is expected of health professionals to save lives. In the institutions for aged persons death is an interdict subject. Professionals state that it is not their function to talk about death with the aged residents because it causes suffering. Being prepared to deal with death would help to understand and improve care to aged people. The films of the project Talking about Death were analyzed and considered facilitating tools in the preparation of health professionals who give care to people who undergo situations of loss and death....(AU)

Este artículo discute la comunicación acerca de la muerte en instituciones de salud, y se ha basado en los datos de una investigación que ha tenido los objetivos que se enumeran a continuación: verificar cómo es la comunicación acerca de la muerte en instituciones de salud y en hogares de ancianos; las dificultades que los profesionales de salud que trabajan en esas instituciones presentan en lo que tañe a la comunicación acerca de la muerte; analizar las películas del proyecto “Hablando de la Muerte” como elementos facilitadores en la comunicación acerca de la muerte; y proponer y analizar grupos de reflexión y discusión acerca del tema con profesionales de salud en las instituciones mencionadas. Se ha llevado a cabo la modalidad de la investigación-acción. En actividades didácticas y en grupos de reflexión, se han aplicado cuestionarios que mencionaban ese tema en las instituciones investigadas. Los datos han demostrado que le toca al médico, y no al equipo, hablar acerca de la muerte con pacientes y familiares. Los médicos no se sienten preparados para mencionar el tema de la muerte, que es visto como una tarea de nadie, ya que es función de los profesionales de salud mantener la vida. En los hogares de ancianos, ese tema es prohibido. Los profesionales han afirmado que no es su función hablar acerca de la muerte con ancianos porque ese tema provoca sufrimiento. Tener preparación para hablar acerca de la muerte ayudaría a comprender y a cuidar mejor los ancianos. Las películas del proyecto “Hablando de la Muerte” han sido analizadas y consideradas instrumentos facilitadores en la preparación de profesionales de salud en el cuidado a las personas que pasan por situaciones de pérdidas y de muerte....(AU)

A research about nursing student's attitude and caring intent toward death / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the attitude and caring intent toward death among nursing students,so as to provide information for nursing school to make a point of taking death education. Methods 225 samples of nursing students from three grades of Shanghai Jiaotong University were conducted questionnaire research. The Questionnaire included personal background, personal thanatopsis, students' attitude and caring intention to death. Results Students with high grade, practical experience in clinical settings, or with experience in death care showed a positive thanatopsis and high awareness while negative caring intention on death events. Against the backdrop of pre-school in rural areas showed more positive care intention. The death attitude of nursing students was also affected by their health status and other factors. Conclusions The death education should focus on the building of caring intention and caring behavior for nursing students.