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Background: The results of epidemiological studies help in developing protective and treatment plans for community members, and identifying the psychological support services that individuals need to reduce the negative effects of these stressful conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the effect of the outbreak of the deadly COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals. A survey descriptive design was used in this study to detect the level of psychological problems and to determine the differences in psychological problems due to nationality, age, sex, social status, learning level, and income. Method: A random sample consists of 5611(3423 Egyptians and 2188 Saudis) participants was chosen, their ages ranged between (16 to more than 50) year. The study sample was divided into sub-groups according to nationality, age, sex, social status, learning level, income level. The researchers in this study prepared psychological problems symptoms inventory that has been applied online to the sample. Results: The findings indicated that the increased prevalence of COVID -19 has a negative effect on the mental health of individuals, as the level of psychological problems were increased, and the results also found differences in the prevalence of psychological problems symptoms due to demographic variables. Conclusion: The study results emphasized the importance of prevention and treatment of psychological problems symptoms caused by the outbreak of the deadly COVID-19. As well as, these findings stressed on the role of counseling and therapy via the internet as well as, cross-cultural counseling and treatment.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, o conceito da prevenção quaternária adentra timidamente os níveis de atenção à saúde, no entanto, sofre expansão significativa no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Objetivo: Identificar por meio da sistematização de evidências científicas, as contribuições técnicas e socioculturais da prevenção quaternária no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de estudos presentes nas bases de dados científicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, biblioteca virtual da Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior e MEDLINE via PubMed com a utilização dos descritores "prevenção quaternária" e "atenção primária à saúde", em inglês e português. Resultados: O corpus de análise foi composto por 22 artigos, sendo que a produção científica sobre o tema se deu de forma mais intensa a partir do ano de 2015 e, em sua maioria, possuíam como abordagem metodológica ensaios teóricos. Dentre as contribuições técnicas destacaram-se a introdução do ensino da prevenção quaternária de modo continuado aos graduandos e profissionais; a construção de protocolos e documentos de amparo profissional; a utilização de modelos explicativos dinâmicos na socialização do quadro clínico; a conduta profissional com os usuários e as contribuições socioculturais envolvendo mudanças na percepção profissional e comunitária sobre o fenômeno saúde-doença, assim como o incentivo a práticas de desmedicalização sociocultural em relação à dor, incapacidade, desconforto, envelhecimento, nascimento e morte. Conclusão: Apesar do reconhecimento das potencialidades da prevenção quaternária, faz-se necessário fortalecer estratégias que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para fomentar e gerenciar alianças estratégicas com tomadores de decisão, profissionais de saúde e cidadãos, para fomentar a redução de diagnósticos e tratamentos excessivos, contribuindo com a qualidade do cuidado.
Introduction: In the context of the Unified Health System, the concept of quaternary prevention shyly enters the levels of health care, however, undergoes significant expansion in the scope of primary health care. Objective: To identify, through the systematization of scientific evidence, the technical and socio-cultural contributions of quaternary prevention within the scope of primary health care in Brazil. Methods: This is an integrative review of studies present in the scientific databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information of the Pan American Health Organization, virtual library of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission, and MEDLINE through PubMed using the descriptors "quaternary prevention" and "primary health care", in English and Portuguese. Results: The corpus of analysis consisted of 22 articles, and the scientific production on the topic took place more intensively from the year 2015 and, for the most part, had theoretical essays as methodological approach. Among the technical contributions, we highlight the introduction of teaching on quaternary prevention in a continuous way to undergraduates and professionals; the construction of protocols and documents of professional support; the use of dynamic explanatory models in the socialization of the clinical picture and professional conduct with users and socio-cultural contributions involve changes in the professional and community perception about the phenomenon of illness and health conception, as well as the incentive to practices of socio-cultural demedicalization in relation to pain, disability, discomfort, aging, birth, and death. Conclusion: Despite the recognition of the potential of quaternary prevention, it is necessary to strengthen strategies that enable the development of public policies to foster and manage strategic alliances with decision makers, health professionals and citizens, to promote the reduction of excessive diagnoses and treatments, contributing to the quality of care.
Introducción: En el contexto del Sistema Único de Salud, el concepto de prevención cuaternaria entra tímidamente en los niveles de atención de salud, sin embargo, experimenta una expansión significativa en el alcance de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar, a través de la sistematización de evidencia científica, las contribuciones técnicas y socioculturales de la prevención cuaternaria en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Métodos: Esta es una revisión integradora de estudios presentes en las bases de datos científicas de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en línea, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, biblioteca virtual de la Comisión de Mejoramiento del Personal de Educación Superior y MEDLINE a través de PubMed utilizando los descriptores de prevención cuaternaria y atención primaria de salud, en inglés y portugués. Resultados: El corpus de análisis estuvo conformado por 22 artículos, siendo la producción científica sobre el tema más intensiva desde 2015 y, en su mayor parte, tuvo ensayos teóricos como abordaje metodológico. Entre los aportes técnicos, destacamos la implantación de la docencia en prevención cuaternaria de forma continua a estudiantes de pregrado y profesionales; construcción de protocolos y documentos de apoyo profesional, uso de modelos explicativos dinámicos en la socialización del cuadro clínico y conducta profesional con los usuarios y los aportes socioculturales implican cambios en la percepción profesional y comunitaria sobre el fenómeno de la enfermedad y la concepción de la salud, así como el incentivo a prácticas de desmedicalización sociocultural en relación al dolor, discapacidad, malestar, envejecimiento, nacimiento y muerte. Conclusión: A pesar del reconocimiento del potencial de la prevención cuaternaria, es necesario fortalecer estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de políticas públicas para fomentar y gestionar alianzas estratégicas con los tomadores de decisiones, profesionales de la salud y ciudadanos, para promover la reducción de diagnósticos y tratamientos excesivos, contribuyendo a la calidad de la atención.
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Unified Health System , Family Practice , Medical Overuse , Quaternary PreventionABSTRACT
Se aborda la racionalidad limitada en el proceso de decisión como una de las principales características de los decisores y se examinan las particularidades que esta presenta y cómo incide en el comportamiento y estilos de decisión de estos. Se analizan, a su vez, los diferentes estadios emocionales que experimentan los decisores y se profundiza sobre las peculiaridades e importancia de la toma de decisiones individuales y grupales. Se valora el impacto que tiene la racionalidad limitada para la organización y las posibles estrategias para orientarse mejor ante esta realidad. Se utiliza el análisis documental para el desarrollo del estudio y se proponen acciones que pueden favorecer el proceso de toma de decisiones organizacionales a partir de un mejor uso y manejo de la información. Se valora que, aunque la racionalidad limitada es inevitable, las organizaciones pueden crear condiciones para que esta no afecte de forma considerable los procesos de decisión, mediante el uso de sistemas de información, de gestión de información, del conocimiento, de inteligencia organizacional, de sistemas de apoyo para la toma de decisiones y de adecuados recursos y procesos informacionales
Bounded rationality is approached as one of the main components of the decision making process. An examination is made of its distinguishing features and the way it affects the behavior and styles of decision makers. An analysis is also conducted of the various emotional stages experienced by decision makers, with emphasis on the specific characteristics and importance of individual and group decision making. An assessment is made of the impact of bounded rationality upon organizations, and the possible strategies to achieve better orientation in the face of such reality. The study was based on document analysis, and actions are proposed which may help improve organizational decision making by means of a better use and handling of information. It is shown that though bounded rationality is inevitable, organizations may create the conditions required to reduce its impact on decision making processes, through the use of information systems, information management, knowledge management, organizational intelligence, decision making support systems, and appropriate information resources and processes
Subject(s)
Efficiency, Organizational , Decision Making, OrganizationalABSTRACT
Se profundiza sobre los elementos teóricos asociados al proceso de toma de decisiones en las organizaciones, dígase su origen y evolución, así como su marcada importancia en los contextos organizacionales. De igual forma se abordan las principales características de este proceso, enfatizando en sus componentes: situación problémica, decidor, información y contexto. Se examina la racionalidad limitada como uno de sus elementos distintivos y se valora el carácter informacional de la toma de decisiones, validando posibles espacios de actuación, funciones y roles para los especialistas de información en el desarrollo del proceso de decisión.
Theoretical elements related to the origin, evolution and significance of decision-making as organizational process are examined. It is emphasized the essential characteristics of the problem situation, information and context components. Also, the bounded rationality is examined as one of its distinctive elements. The informational nature of the decision-making process is explained. Some considerations about information professional role and his contribution to this organizational process are exposed.