ABSTRACT
<b>Introduction: </b>The dream of mankind since immemorial times is opportunity to drinking water from the source of life, water that restores health. The healing waters, which include spring and mineral waters derived from groundwater and deepwater. Depending on the geological origin of water they contain different content of minerals including metals like vanadium. Data available from animal studies, cell culture, and few clinical observations suggest the benefit from vanadium supplementation in diabetes.<BR><b>Objectives: </b>Vanadium, depending on the consumed dose may be toxic or therapeutic. Unfortunately the WHO or other comparable authority did not rule definitively on this matter. Because of it, the aim of this study was, based on literature, to compare vanadium concentrations in some waters, particularly derived from the ground and deepground, <BR><b>Methods: </b>Literature review. Measurements of the concentration of vanadium in publications included in this review, in the tested water samples were performed with spectroscopic techniques<BR><b>Results: </b>The concentration of vanadium in mineral water and groundwater ranges from 0-138μg/l, this means that some water content was below the detection limit. The survey of the chemical composition of 571 European bottled mineral waters from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine shows that the concentration of vanadium was above the detection limit (1μg/l ) only in about 12% of the samples <sup>1)</sup>. while 132 samples of water from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, the US and Yugoslavia vanadium concentration contain within 0.0006-93.1μg/l <sup>2)</sup>. The content of vanadium shows a fairly close relationship with the geological structure of the region of origin. In volcanic regions concentration increases in relation to the water of the river as much as 100 fold. The vanadium content in groundwater in Spain in the areas of Grenada ranged from 10.8-13μg/l <sup>3)</sup>, in Italy in area of Etna 18-138 μg/l, Lake Bracciano 17-30μg/l and the Costello 1-82μg/l <sup>4)</sup>, whereas, at the Lake Biwa in Japan 0.26 μg/l mm and in rainwater in Kyoto 0.37 μg/l <sup>5)</sup>. <BR><b>Conclusions: </b>There is an urgent need to identify desirable and maximum permissible content of vanadium in the waters, especially in the waters used in medical hydrology. They can be useful here, observations of the state of health of the population living in regions with varying vanadium content.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The dream of mankind since immemorial times is opportunity to drinking water from the source of life, water that restores health. The healing waters, which include spring and mineral waters derived from groundwater and deepwater. Depending on the geological origin of water they contain different content of minerals including metals like vanadium. Data available from animal studies, cell culture, and few clinical observations suggest the benefit from vanadium supplementation in diabetes. Objectives: Vanadium, depending on the consumed dose may be toxic or therapeutic. Unfortunately the WHO or other comparable authority did not rule definitively on this matter. Because of it, the aim of this study was, based on literature, to compare vanadium concentrations in some waters, particularly derived from the ground and deepground, Methods: Literature review. Measurements of the concentration of vanadium in publications included in this review, in the tested water samples were performed with spectroscopic techniques Results: The concentration of vanadium in mineral water and groundwater ranges from 0-138μg/l, this means that some water content was below the detection limit. The survey of the chemical composition of 571 European bottled mineral waters from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine shows that the concentration of vanadium was above the detection limit (1μg/l ) only in about 12% of the samples 1). while 132 samples of water from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, the US and Yugoslavia vanadium concentration contain within 0.0006-93.1μg/l 2). The content of vanadium shows a fairly close relationship with the geological structure of the region of origin. In volcanic regions concentration increases in relation to the water of the river as much as 100 fold. The vanadium content in groundwater in Spain in the areas of Grenada ranged from 10.8-13μg/l 3), in Italy in area of Etna 18-138 μg/l, Lake Bracciano 17-30μg/l and the Costello 1-82μg/l 4), whereas, at the Lake Biwa in Japan 0.26 μg/l mm and in rainwater in Kyoto 0.37 μg/l 5). Conclusions: There is an urgent need to identify desirable and maximum permissible content of vanadium in the waters, especially in the waters used in medical hydrology. They can be useful here, observations of the state of health of the population living in regions with varying vanadium content.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias e o índice de esforço percebido (IEP) durante a corrida em piscina funda realizada em diferentes cadências (cad) e movimentos de membros superiores (MMS). A amostra foi composta por doze mulheres saudáveis (22,3±1 anos; 56,3±5,7 kg; 164,2±5,2 cm) que realizaram o procedimento experimental em três sessões. Na primeira sessão foram realizadas as medidas corporais e o teste de esforço máximo. Nas demais sessões foram realizados os testes submáximos aquáticos com as medidas de frequência cardíaca (FC), consumo de oxigênio (VO2), ventilação (VE), gasto energético (GE) e IEP. Cada sessão aquática (intervalo de 48 horas) foi randomicamente realizada em uma das diferentes cadências, 60 ou 80 bpm, com três testes randomizados de corrida em piscina funda (intervalo de 20 minutos), cada um realizado com um MMS específico: resistivo (RES), propulsivo (PRO) e neutro (NEU). Utilizou-se ANOVA de dois fatores, com p0,05 (SPSS v 11.0). Verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as cadências para todas as variáveis (FC, VO2, VE, GE e IEP: p<0,001), com os maiores valores para 80 bpm. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram observadas entre os MMS, com valores mais elevados para o movimento PRO (FC: p=0,031; VO2: p=0,009; VE: p=0,004; GE: p=0,017; SSE: p=0,004). Não houve interação entre cadência e MMS para nenhuma das variáveis. Logo, pode-se concluir que a utilização de diferentes MMS exerce influência nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e no IEP, assim como a utilização de diferentes ritmos de execução.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the cardiorespiratory responses and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during deep water running performed in different cadences (cad) and upper limbs movements (ULM). The sample comprised 12 healthy women (22.3±1 years; 56.3±5.7 kg; 164.2±5.2 cm) that performed the experimental procedure in three sessions. In the first session the corporal measures and maximal effort test were accomplished. In the other sessions aquatic submaximal tests were achieved with the measures of heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), energetic expenditure (EE) and RPE. Each aquatic session (interval of 48 hours) was randomly performed in one of the different cadences, 60 or 80 bpm, with three randomized tests in deep water running (interval of 20 minutes), each one performed with a specific ULM: resistant (RES), propulsive (PRO) and neutral (NEU). ANOVA two-way was used, with p<0.05 (SPSS v 11.0). It was verified statistically significant difference between the cadences for all variables (HR, VO2, VE, EE and RPE: p<0.001), with the highest values for 80 bpm. Statistically significant differences were observed among ULM, with the highest values for the PRO movement (HR: p=0.031; VO2: p=0.009; VE: p=0.004, EE: p=0.017 and RPE: p=0.004). There was not significant interaction between cadence and ULM for the analyzed variables. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of different ULM in deep water running exerts influence in the cardiorespiratory responses and RPE, as well as the use of different rhythms of execution.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Running/physiology , Oxygen Consumption , Physical Exertion , Swimming Pools , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos de exercícios físicos aquáticos e orientação nutricional sobre a composição corporal em crianças e adolescentes obesos. Foram estudados 30 obesos com índice de massa corporal (IMC) acima do percentil 95, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) proposto pela classificação de Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000), entre 10 e 16 anos, divididos em dois grupos:o primeiro grupo com iniciação e aprendizagem à natação (GNat, n=10) e o segundo com caminhada aquática em suspensão (Gcam =20). Na fase inicial e após 12 semanas, foram avaliados: peso, estatura, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), IMC-Escore Z, gordura relativa e absoluta, massa corporal magra relativa e absoluta. O programa consistiu de 12 encontros para a orientação nutricional (uma vez por semana) e 36 sessões de exercício físico (três vezes por semana). Utilizaram-se MANOVA e Teste Exato Fischer para a análise estatística, com nível de significância p<0,05. Após 12 semanas, o GCam apresentou redução significativa do IMC, IMC-Escore Z, gordura relativa e absoluta e aumento da massa corporal magrarelativa e absoluta. Quando comparados os grupos, houve diferenças significativas para o GCam quanto à redução da gordura corporal (p = 0,014) e aumento da massa magra (p= 0,006) em relação ao GNat. O programa de caminhada aquática em suspensão aliado a um programa nutricional, pode resultar em importantes modificações na composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes obesos pela característica cíclica da atividade em relação ao grupo de aprendizado de natação.
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aquatic exercise and nutritional guidance on the body composition of obese children and adolescents. Thirty obese children aged 10 to 16 years, with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile according to the classification proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000), were divided into two groups: the first group started learning to swim (GSwim, n = 10) and the second group underwent a deep water running program (GDeep, n = 20). Weight, height, BMI, BMI Z-scores, relative and absolute fat, and relative and absolute lean body mass were evaluated atbaseline and after 12 weeks. The program consisted of 12 meetings for nutritional guidance (once a week) and 36 sessions of exercise (three times per week). MANOVA and Fisher?s exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. After 12 weeks, GDeep showed a significant reduction in BMI, BMI Z-scores and relative and absolute fat, and an increase in relative and absolute lean body mass. Significant differences were observed between GDeep and GSwim in terms of the reduction in body fat (p = 0.014) and the increasein lean mass (p = 0.006). A program of deep water running together with nutritional guidance may promote significant changes in the body composition of obese children and adolescents due to the cyclic characteristic of this physical activity.
ABSTRACT
The ophiuroids collected during the Oceanographic Expedition PUCK (SONNE-156) in 2001, in the framework of the project "Interactions between productivity and environment along the Chilean continental shelf" were analyzed. Eight samples had ophiuroids; Fifteen species were distributed in the following families: Gorgonocephalidae (2), Asteronychidae (2), Ophiomyxidae (1), Ophiacanthidae (2), Ophiuridae (5), Amphiuridae (1), and Ophiolepididae (2). Four species were recorded for the first time from Chilean waters, i.e., Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, Astrodia tenuispina Verrill, Ophiolimna bairdi (Lyman), and Ophiocten amitinum Lyman, and three are new, i.e., Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) arntzi sp. nov., Amphiophiura gallardoi sp. nov., and Stegophiura wilhelmi sp. nov.
Se analizan los ofiuroídeos colectados durante la expedición oceanográfica PUCK (SONNE-156) en 2001, en el marco del proyecto "Interacciones entre la productividad y el ambiente a lo largo de la plataforma continental chilena". Ocho muestras con ofiuroídeos contenían un total de 15 especies: Gorgonocephalidae (2), Asteronychidae (2), Ophiomyxidae (1), Ophiacanthidae (2), Ophiuridae (5), Amphiuridae (1), y Ophiolepididae (2). Cuatro especies fueron registradas por primera vez en Chile, i.e., Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, Astrodia tenuispina Verrill, Ophiolimna bairdi (Lyman), y tres son nuevas especies, i.e., Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) arntzi sp. nov., Amphiophiura gallardoi sp. nov., and Stegophiura wilhelmi sp. nov.
ABSTRACT
The Brazilian endemic deep-water onefin skate (Gurgesiella dorsalifera) is a rare small species recently described in the 80's. No biological information is available on this species and its extremely restricted geographic distribution has been used to classify it as a vulnerable species under IUCN red list criteria. Twenty four specimens (115 to 207 mm disc width) were captured off southern Brazilian coast at the region of Cape Santa Marta Grande (State of Santa Catarina) by deep-water otter trawl (430-524 m). The analysis of stomach contents revealed an apparent opportunistic predation on juveniles of Urophycis brasiliensis (IRI = 6944), with an average total length of 21 mm, followed by mysidaceans (IRI = 2938), unidentified teleosts (IRI = 1969), the copepod Bradyidius plinioi (IRI = 393), and decapod crustaceans (IRI = 297). One mature female with 207 mm DW had two egg cases in its uteri.
A raia endêmica brasileira de profundidade Gurgesiella dorsalifera é uma espécie rara e de pequeno porte recentemente descrita nos anos 80. Não há informações disponíveis sobre a sua biologia e sua distribuição geográfica extremamente restrita tem sido utilizada para classificá-la como uma espécie vulnerável sob os critérios da Lista Vermelha da IUCN. Vinte e quatro espécimes (larguras de disco entre 115-207 mm) foram capturados na costa do sul do Brasil na região do Cabo de Santa Marta Grande (Estado de Santa Catarina) por arrasto de fundo de profundidade (430-524 m). A análise dos conteúdos estomacais revelou um aparente oportunismo predatório sobre juvenis de Urophycis brasiliensis (IRI = 6944) com comprimento total médio de 21 mm, seguido por crustáceos misidáceos (IRI = 2938), teleósteos não identificados (IRI = 1969), o copépode Bradyidius plinioi (IRI = 393) e crustáceos decápodes (IRI = 297). Uma fêmea adulta com 207 LD apresentava dois ovos, um em cada útero.
Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes , Gastrointestinal Contents , Reproduction , Skates, FishABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias durante a caminhada em meio aquático e em meio terrestre. As respostas foram apresentadas para a caminhada em piscina rasa e para a caminhada em piscina funda. Em relação à caminhada em piscina rasa, as respostas neuromusculares (sinal EMG) e cardiorrespiratórias (FC e VO2) são muito dependentes da velocidade do exercício. As respostas neuromusculares podem ser menores no meio aquático quando a velocidade da caminhada é menor nesse ambiente. Por outro lado, quando o exercício é realizado com velocidades similares, a atividade dos músculos propulsores pode ser superior durante a caminhada aquática. Da mesma forma, respostas cardiorrespiratórias maiores são registradas no exercício aquático quando velocidades similares de caminhada são utilizadas. Contudo, com velocidades menores, essas respostas são semelhantes ou menores que as encontradas em meio terrestre. No que diz respeito à caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas neuromusculares diferem daquelas encontradas durante a caminhada em meio terrestre devido à ausência das forças de reação com o solo. Essa característica possivelmente modifica os músculos envolvidos na produção de força propulsiva nesse exercício. Além do mais, durante a caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas cardiorrespiratórias parecem sempre mais baixas devido à grande redução no peso hidrostático e à menor atividade dos músculos posturais e pela utilização do cinturão flutuador nessa modalidade.
The purpose of this review was to analyze neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory responses during walking in water and on dry land. The responses were presented during walking in shallow and in deep water. During walking in shallow water, neuromuscular (EMG signal) and cardiorespiratory (HR and VO2) responses are very dependant on the exercise speed. Neuromuscular responses can be lower in aquatic environment when speed is lower. On other hand, when the exercise is performed in similar speeds, propulsive muscles activity can be higher walking in shallow water. Similary, higher cardiorespiratory responses are registered when similar speeds are used during the aquatic exercise. However, when it is performed at lower speeds, cardiorespiratory responses are similar or lower than the ones found on land. Concerning walking in deep water, neuromuscular responses are different from walking on land due to the absence of the ground reaction forces. This characteristic probably modifies the muscles involved in propulsive forces production during the exercise. Moreover, cardiorespiratory responses always seem to be lower than those during walking on land due to the effect of hidrostatic pressure as well as the lower posture muscles activity observed by the use of the floating belt in this modality.