ABSTRACT
Background: Various strategies have been made to make vaccines universally available including to most hard-to-reach and vulnerable population. However, change in coverage level never reached upto expected level in spite of giving so much effort by the Govt. of India and World bodies. Therefore, there is the need to look beyond. Hence, the process evaluation of Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was conducted to evaluate the process of UIP using selected variables. Methods: A cross-sectional observation was done during the period from May 2017 to April 2020 among the 14 health?care facilities and 36 selected session sites, and interview was done to 48 health?care providers working at different levels, located in Imphal East district of Manipur. Both checklist and pretested semi-structured questioners were used for collection of data. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, proportion, and percentage were used. Results: Ice-lined refrigerator and Deep-freezer were found to be present in working condition in 11 (100%) centers. The use of vaccine carrier was found in all 36 (100%) centers. Way of vaccine administration was found to be correct in 26 (72.2%) centers. Availability of up?to?date microplan was found in 18 (78.3%) centers. Conclusions: Barriers in the UIP were not uniform throughout the villages and districts. Hence, area?specific measures need to be taken up for overcoming the barriers and challenges.
ABSTRACT
Mycelial growth and survival ratio of ectomycorrhizal fungi were determined after storage at -70degrees C for 1, 3, or 6 mon. Seventeen of 23 ectomycorrhizal fungi did not survive after storage for more than 6 mon, whereas Cenococcum geophilum, Lepista nuda, and some species of Rhizopogon and Suillus did survive.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation , Fungi , RegenerationABSTRACT
Background: Cell culture is the most popular method of virus propagation because of its high sensitivity. However, the need of high cost liquid nitrogen for storage of cell lines is one of the main limiting factor for its widespread use in developing countries. Objective: The present study was therefore carried out to standardize the preservation of continuous cell lines at deep freezer (-85ºC) for 6 months. Methods: Fixed number of Vero and Hep2 cells were preserved at -85ºC deep freezer in separate vials and were revived at one month interval to check the growth pattern. Results: Both the cell lines could be revived with healthy cells and monolayer was formed within 7-10 days, after storage at -85ºC for 4 months. Conclusion: The present study highlights the utility of -85ºC deep freezer as an alternative to liquid N 2 for preservation of these cell lines at least up to four months.