El hambre oculta y la fibromialgia: Una revisión sistemática / The hidden hunger and fibromyalgia: A systematic review

RESUMEN Recientemente há sido discutida la posibilidad de una relación causal entre la fibromialgia (FM) y la deficiencia de micronutrientes, un tipo de deficiencia nutricional conocida como "hambre oculta". Sin embargo, los estudios son pocos y los resultados controversiales, lo que genera debates sobre la influencia real del "hambre oculta" en el proceso de la enfermedad en las personas con fibromialgia. En está revisión se presentan y discuten evidencias científicas relacionadas con la deficiencia de micronutrientes y FM, destacando los principales micronutrientes relacionados. El levantamiento de información fue realizado en los bases de datos de PubMed y Science Direct en estudios observacionales publicados entre los años 2000 y 2017. Fueron seleccionados 14 estudios, ocho dirigidos a la asociación de la deficiencia de vitamina D y la presencia de FM y seis enfocados en la asociación de la deficiencia de minerales con FM. Se sugiere una relación entre la deficiencia de vitamina D y el aumento de la sensibilidad al dolor en la FM. Aunque esa insuficiencia también está asociada a otras enfermedades muscoesqueléticas crónicas. Además, parece que la deficiencia mineral (p.ej.o., hierro, magnesio, zinc y calcio) también desempeña un papel importante en el inicio de la FM y sus principales síntomas.

ABSTRACT Recently the possibility of a causal link between fibromyalgia (FM) and micronutrient deficiency, a type of malnutrition known as "hidden hunger", has been suggested. However, the results are controversial, which raises questions and debates on the actual influence of "hidden hunger" on the development of FM. In this review, we present and discuss scientific evidence related to micronutrient deficiencies and FM, highlighting key micronutrients involved. We searched PubMed and Science Direct databases for all observational studies published between 2000 to March 2017. We selected fourteen observational studies, eight studies aimed at linking vitamin D deficiency to the presence of FM and six studies focused on the association of mineral deficiency with FM. The association between vitamin D deficiency and increased pain sensitivity in FM is suggested, although such insufficiency is also associated with other chronic musculoskeletal disorders. It appears that mineral deficiency (e.g., iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc and calcium) plays an important role in the onset of FM and its main symptoms.

Estado nutricional de micronutrientes de crianças segundo características pessoais e das creches / Nutritional status of micronutrients in children according to personal and daycare center characteristics

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar as diferenças no estado nutricional de micronutrientes de crianças segundo as características pessoais e das creches, além de testar o comportamento dessas diferenças de acordo com o crescimento linear. Estudo transversal com 271 crianças assistidas em creches. As concentrações médias (± EP) de hemoglobina, de zinco no soro e de retinol no soro foram de 11,79 g/dL (± 1,08), 81,58 µg/dL (± 16,56) e 1,68 μmol/L (± 0,45), respectivamente, valores inferiores nas crianças de 9-24 meses e naquelas que estudavam em salas de área inadequadas. Crianças com eosinofilia e em regime parcial apresentaram concentrações médias de hemoglobina e de zinco estatisticamente inferiores. O poliparasitismo esteve associado a baixas concentrações de hemoglobina e de retinol. De acordo com o crescimento linear, crianças com condições específicas (meninas, mais de 24 meses de idade, de zona urbana, não poliparasitadas) tiveram concentrações de zinco inferiores, quando diagnosticadas com déficit de estatura, em relação às eutróficas. Conclui-se que as crianças estudadas apresentaram diferenças no estado nutricional de micronutrientes influenciadas por processos parasitários e por problemas estruturais das creches. Além disso, estabeleceram diferenças relacionadas ao crescimento linear da criança.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the differences in the nutritional status of micronutrients in children according to personal and daycare center characteristics. Also, to test the behavior of these differences according to the linear growth. This cross-sectional study with 271 children assisted at daycare centers. The mean hemoglobin, serum zinc, and serum retinol concentrations (± EP) were 11.79 g/dL (± 1.08); 81.58 µg/dL (± 16.56) and 1.68 μmol/L (± 0.45), respectively, being lower in children aged 9-24 months and in those studying in classrooms with inadequate area. Children with eosinophilia and in part-time regimen had statistically lower hemoglobin and zinc concentrations. Poliparasitism was associated with lower hemoglobin and retinol concentrations. According to the linear growth, children with specific conditions (girls, over 24 months of age, residence in the urban area, with no poliparasitism) had lower zinc concentrations when diagnosed with stunting, compared to those with normal height. In conclusion, the children studied showed differences in the nutritional status of micronutrients influenced by parasitic processes and structural problems of kindergartens. Still, they settled differences related to child linear growth.

Prevención de la desnutrición de la madre y el niño: el componente de nutrición de la Iniciativa Salud Mesoamérica 2015 / Preventing maternal and child malnutrition: The nutrition component of the Mesoamerican Health Initiative 2015

Describir un plan maestro para el desarrollo de planes nacionales para prevenir la desnutrición materno-infantil en Mesoamérica en un plazo de cinco años. Para ello se elaboró un análisis sobre los principales problemas, políticas y programas de nutrición en Mesoamérica. A partir del análisis y de la revisión de la literatura sobre las mejores prácticas en el combate a la desnutrición, el Grupo Técnico de Nutrición desarrolló, discutió y validó el plan durante varias reuniones presenciales. Se desarrolló la teoría de cambio que identifica los problemas y barreras, las acciones propuestas, los cambios e impactos esperados. Se propone la implementación de paquetes de intervenciones para reducir la desnutrición y deficiencia de micronutrientes de utilidad para diversos contextos epidemiológicos. El plan maestro de nutrición constituye un insumo que puede facilitar la elaboración de propuestas de programas y políticas dirigidos a reducir la desnutrición y promover la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia.

To describe the regional master plan of nutrition to address maternal and child malnutrition in a 5- year period developed by the Nutrition Technical Group. The Nutrition Technical Group developed a situation analysis describing the main nutrition problems, policies and programs in Mesoamerica. The situation analysis and a literature review about effective interventions to address malnutrition were conducted to develop a nutrition master plan. The Nutrition Technical Group held various meetings to develop, discuss and validate the master plan. Theory of change identified problems and barriers, the actions to be developed, the changes and impacts expected. A package of interventions is proposed to reduce undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies useful under different epidemiological contexts. The nutrition master plan provides a guideline of best practices that can be used for evidence-informed decision making and the development of national policies and programs to reduce malnutrition.

Evaluación nutricional, deficiencia de micronutrientes y anemia en adolescentes femeninas de una zona urbana y una rural del estado Zulia, Venezuela / Nutritional evaluation, micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among female adolescents in an urban and a rural zone from Zulia state, Venezuela

Las adolescentes femeninas en edad fértil son un grupo susceptible a anemia y deficiencia de micronutrientes. Con el objeto de analizar el estado nutricional, antropométrico-dietético, la prevalencia de anemia, depleción de los depósitos de hierro (DFe) y Deficiencia de Vitamina A (DVA) en adolescentes femeninas no gestantes, de baja condición socioeconómica de una zona urbana y una rural del Estado Zulia-Venezuela, se estudiaron 78 adolescentes femeninas (15,9 ± 1,1 años), libres de infección e inflamación. Se les realizó una evaluación nutricional, antropométrica-dietética. Se consideró anemia=Hb<12,0 g/dL; DFe=ferritina<12 µg/L; DVA=retinol sérico<20 µg/dL; Riesgo de DVA (RDVA)=20-30 µg/dL. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SAS, expresados como Media ± Desviación Estándar, considerándose significativo p<0,05. El porcentaje de adecuación calórica y proteica se encontró por debajo de los requerimientos diarios. Las adolescentes rurales mostraron un disminución significativa de los valores promedio de peso (p=0,0024), talla (p=0,0027), IMC (p= 0,0487), Área Grasa (p=0,0183), VCM (0,0241), HCM (0,0488) y CCMH (0,0228), y la más alta prevalencia de anemia (66,67 por ciento), anemia+DFe (33,33 por ciento) y anemia + DFe + RDVA (5,56 por ciento) con respecto a las adolescentes urbanas (41,67 por ciento; 17,36 por ciento y 3,48 por ciento respectivamente). Se observó además, en las adolescentes rurales anémicas una disminución no significativa del porcentaje de adecuación del hierro. La alta demanda de hierro ocasionada por rápido crecimiento y pérdidas menstruales en adolescentes, asociada a la baja disponibilidad de alimentos ricos en hierro, y la baja adecuación de la ingesta de este micronutriente en adolescentes de la zona rural, determina que éste sea un grupo de alto riesgo para anemia y DFe, que requiere de estrategias de prevención, control y suplementación.

Female adolescents in reproductive age are a susceptible group to anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to know the nutritional, anthropometric and dietetic status, the prevalence of anemia, depletion of iron deposits (FeD) and Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in female adolescents. Seventy-eight not pregnant female adolescents (15.9 ± 1.1 years old), from an urban and a periurban zone of Maracaibo, and a rural zone near this city, without infectious and inflammatory processes, were analyzed. Anemia in adolescents was considered when Hb<120 g/L; FeD: ferritin<12 µg/L; VAD serum retinol<20 µg/dL; risk of VAD (RVAD) 20-30 µg/dL. The data were analyzed with the SAS program and expressed as Means ± Standard Deviations, statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. The percentage of caloric and protean adjustment in all groups was below the daily requirements. Adolescents from the rural zone showed significant lower values of weight (p=0.0024), height (p=0.0027), body mass index BMI (p= 0.0487), fatty area (p=0.0183), MCV (p=0.0241), MCH (p=0.0488), MHCC (p=0.0228), and the highest prevalence of anemia (66.67 percent), anemia+FeD (33.33 percent), and anemia+FeD+RVAD (5.56 percent), with respect to adolescents from the urban zone. Although, anemic adolescents from the rural zone showed a non significant decrease of the iron percentage adjustment. Iron requirements are increased during adolescence, reaching a maximum at the peak of growth and remaining almost as high in girls after menarche, to replace menstrual losses. The low iron status among adolescents from the rural zone determine that this is a high risk group to anemia and FeD and they require prevention, control and suplementation strategies.

Micronutrientes envolvidos no crescimento / Micronutrients involved in growth

Os hábitos alimentares infantis têm sofrido modificações drásticas nas ultimas décadas. A aversão a frutas, verduras, carnes e laticínios, juntamente à predileção por produtos artificiais e industrializados observada entre crianças, tem despertado preocupação entre os profissionais da saúde. Isso porque estudos têm demonstrado a influência negativa do consumo insuficiente de alguns nutrientes no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Cientes deste problema, desenvolvemos este artigo visando esclarecer algumas dúvidas quanto a função e importância de alguns micronutrientes como o zinco, ferro, vitamina A, ácido fólico, cálcio e vitamina D, bem como suas recomendações nutricionais, como auxilio a elaboração de tratamento e estratégias nutricionais que poderão garantir o crescimento e desenvolvimento normais entre as crianças

The infant habits have suffered drastic alterations in the last decades. The avoidance of fruits, vegetables, meat and milk products, with the preference to artificial and industrialized products observed among children have raised concerned among the health working groups. This is due to the studies that have demonstrated the negative influence of insufficient intake of some nutrients on infant growth and developing. Considering this problem, we wrote this article to clarify some doubts about the functions and importance of some micronutrients such as zinc, iron, vitamin A, folic acid, calcium and vitamin D, as well as nutritional recommendations, as a contribution to the elaboration of treatment and nutritional strategies that would ensure children growth and development