Idosos Domiciliados: Saúde Geral x Higiene Bucal / Elderly People Living at Home: General Health x Oral Hygiene

O Serviço Integrado da Assistência Domiciliar (SIAD) foi criado a fim de prestar atendimento integral domiciliar a idosos que apresentam incapacidade de se locomover para as unidades de atendimento de saúde da Marinha do Brasil (MB). Com a finalidade de avaliar o perfil de saúde geral e de higiene dental desses pacientes, foi realizado um estudo transversal, quantitativo e descritivo, no qual foram incluídos idosos com 60 anos ou mais, assistidos entre fevereiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2022. Pode-se observar que a maioria dos idosos eram longevos, com média de idade de 82,52 anos (±8,66), mulheres (63,52%) e possuíam dependência total para realizar atividades básicas de vida diária (88,9%). Conclui-se que a síndrome demencial foi o diagnóstico principal mais encontrado (44,3%), a maioria possuía comorbidade associada (71,9%), sendo a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (59,2%) e o Diabetes Mellitus (28,9%) as mais recorrentes. Foi encontrada uma elevada prevalência de idosos domiciliados com higiene bucal insatisfatória (34,7%) ou irregular (57,2%). No entanto, não houve associação entre higiene dental, comorbidades e grau de dependência. Assim sendo, é imprescindível que os idosos domiciliados recebam orientações e sejam submetidos a um acompanhamento rigoroso e constante, juntamente com seus cuidadores, a fim de promover a melhoria da higiene oral desses pacientes.

The Integrated Home Assistance Service (IHAS) was created to provide integral home care for elderly people who are unable to go to the health care units of the Brazilian Navy. A cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the general health and dental hygiene profile of these patients. The study included elderly people aged 60 years or older who were assisted between February 2017 and December 2022. Most of them were long-lived, with a mean age of 82.52 (±8.66) years, women (63.52%) and totally dependent on performing basic activities of daily living (88.9%). The most common diagnosis among them was dementia syndrome, accounting for 44.3% of cases. Additionally, a large portion of the elderly had associated comorbidities (71.9%), with Systemic Arterial Hypertension (59.2%) and Diabetes Mellitus (28.9%) as the most recurrent conditions. The study found a high prevalence of elderly with unsatisfactory (34.7%) or irregular (57.2%) oral hygiene. Nevertheless, there was no significant association between dental hygiene and comorbidities or the degree of dependence. Therefore, it is imperative that elderly people living at home receive guidance and undergo meticulous and ongoing monitoring, in conjunction with their caregivers to promote improvements in the oral hygiene of these patients.

Edentulism and number of medications are associated with nutritional status in older adults: a population-based cross-sectional study / Edentuslimo e número de medicações estão associados com estado nutricional em idosos: um estudo transversal de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the nutritional status and associated factors among older adults of a southern Brazilian city. Methods: A cross-sectional home-based study, with a probabilistic sample per cluster, was carried out with 282 older adults aged ≥60 years in the city of Veranópolis, Brazil. Through a structured questionnaire, socioeconomic, general and behavioral health aspects were assessed. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MAN®) instrument, categorizing the sample into eutrophic or nutritional risk (risk of malnutrition + malnourished). Oral health was assessed by counting teeth and the use of and need for dental prosthesis. Two independent multivariate models were constructed, using number of daily medication and polypharmacy (≥2 daily medications). Logistic regression was used to verify associations. Results: The prevalence of nutritional risk was 14.5% (N=41). In the final multivariate analysis, users of ≥6 daily medications demonstrated a greater odds ratio (OR) of being at nutritional risk when compared to those who did not use medication daily (OR: 12.16; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.47 - 100.82). Non-edentulous older adults had 67.7% (p = 0.006) lower OR for nutritional risk when compared to edentulous. Conclusion: The prevalence of nutritional risk was low among this sample, and it was associated with edentulism and number of daily medications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Esse estudo avaliou o estado nutricional e fatores associados em idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Um estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostragem probabilística por cluster, foi realizado com 282 idosos com idade ≥60 anos na cidade de Veranópolis, Brasil. Por meio de um questionário estruturado, aspectos socioeconômicos, comportamentais e de saúde geral foram aferidos. Estado nutricional foi verificado usando a Mini Avaliação Nutricional (MAN), categorizando a amostra em eutróficos e risco nutricional (risco de desnutrição + desnutridos). Saúde bucal foi verificada pela contagem dos dentes e uso e necessidade de prótese dentária. Dois modelos multivariados independentes foram construídos, utilizando o número de medicações diárias e polifarmácia (≥2 medicamentos por dia). Regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar as associações. Resultados: A prevalência de risco nutricional foi de 14,5% (N=41). Na análise multivariada final, usuários de ≥6 medicamentos por dia demonstraram uma maior razão de chance (RC) de terem risco nutricional quando comparados com aqueles que não utilizaram medicamento diariamente (RC: 12,164; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,468 - 100,821). Idosos não edêntulos tiveram 67,7% (p=0,006) menor RC para risco nutricional quando comparados com não edêntulos. Conclusão: A prevalência de risco nutricional foi baixa nessa amostral, ela foi associada com edentulismo e número diário de medicações.

Xerostomia and dysgeusia in the elderly: prevalence of and association with polypharmacy

Xerostomia is defined as the perception of dry mouth, and dysgeusia, as a change in taste. Both are common complaints in the elderly, especially among those making use of polypharmacy drug combinations. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of xerostomia and dysgeusia and to investigate their association with polypharmacy in the elderly. Methods: older people under follow-up at the Multidisciplinary Elderly Center of the University Hospital of Brasília were interviewed and asked about health problems, medications used, presence of xerostomia and dysgeusia. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of the symptoms surveyed. The chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between xerostomia and dysgeusia and polypharmacy. Secondary associations were performed using binomial logistic regression. Results: Ninety-six older people were evaluated and of these, 62.5% had xerostomia and 21.1%, had dysgeusia. The average number of medications used was 4±3 medications per individual. Polypharmacy was associated with xerostomia but not dysgeusia. It was possible to associate xerostomia with the use of antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion: Xerostomia was a frequent complaint among elderly people making use of polypharmacy, especially those using antihypertensives. Antihypertensives and antidepressants were used most drugs by the elderly and exhibited interactions with drugs most prescribed in Dentistry. Two contraindications were found between fluconazole and mirtazapine; and between erythromycin and simvastatin

Oral health care of homebound older adults: multidimensional theoretical model / Cuidado à saúde bucal de idosos domiciliados: modelo teórico multidimensional

OBJECTIVES: To understand the dimensions of oral health care of homebound older adults and to develop a preliminary theoretical model that explains how these dimensions are interrelated in the provision of care. METHODS: Cross-sectional, qualitative study, based on Grounded Theory. Participants were 37 intentionally selected older adults registered at a Primary Health Care center, Florianópolis (SC), Brazil. Data collection was conducted at home, following an interview script. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by constant comparison. Formulation of the model followed the Glaserian approach. RESULTS: The theoretical model presents the dimensions of oral health care of homebound older adults - who, why, when, how, and where oral health care is provided. Frailties were identified in all dimensions of oral health care, with emphasis on those related to older adults' living, health, and oral health conditions, compromising dental care provided at home, access to dental services, and presence of the dentist. In combination, these frailties constitute a rupture in the possibilities for oral health care. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for provision of oral health care to homebound older adults should be implemented in each of the dimensions to overcome the frailties identified and promote better oral health conditions and access to dental services. (AU)

OBJETIVOS: Compreender quais as dimensões presentes no cuidado à saúde bucal de idosos domiciliados e elaborar um modelo teórico preliminar que explique de que modo essas dimensões estão inter-relacionadas na produção do cuidado. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, qualitativo, com referencial da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Participaram 37 idosos, intencionalmente selecionados, cadastrados na Atenção Primária à Saúde, Florianópolis (SC). A coleta de dados foi realizada no domicílio, seguindo roteiro de entrevista. As falas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas por comparação constante. A elaboração do modelo seguiu a vertente glaseriana do método. RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se fragilidades no processo de cuidado em todos os elementos de caracterização (quem, porque, quando, como e onde), destacando-se as relacionadas ao próprio idoso, a sua condição de saúde bucal, ao cuidado realizado no domicílio, ao acesso aos serviços odontológicos e à participação do cirurgião-dentista. O somatório dessas fragilidades promove uma ruptura nas possibilidades de cuidado à saúde bucal nas múltiplas dimensões: individual, familiar, profissional e institucional. CONCLUSÕES: Estratégias de cuidado à saúde bucal prestado aos idosos em domicílio devem ser implementadas em cada uma das dimensões identificadas a fim de superar as fragilidades e promover melhores condições de saúde bucal e acesso aos serviços odontológicos. (AU)

Salud bucal en ancianos del Hogar Provincial de Sancti Spíritus / Oral health in the elderly of the Provincial Home of Sancti Spíritus

RESUMEN Fundamento: Las personas de edad avanzada requieren atención estomatológica ajustada a su salud bucal. Objetivo: Describir la salud bucal de los ancianos pertenecientes al Hogar Provincial de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el Hogar de ancianos provincial de Sancti Spíritus, entre diciembre de 2019 y agosto 2020. Se seleccionaron 72 ancianos, según criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico para estudiar las variables: Enfermedades bucales, factores de riesgo, higiene bucal, nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal y autopercepción de salud bucal. Resultados: En los ancianos predominó la enfermedad periodontal (29.4 %) y la disfunción masticatoria (28.6 %); los factores de riesgo que se observaron fueron la alimentación azucarada (12.8 %) y la diabetes mellitus (12.5 %), la higiene bucal deficiente (58.3 %), el nivel de conocimientos malo (51.4 %) y la autopercepción de salud bucal baja (54.2 %). Conclusiones: La salud bucal de los ancianos estudiados se caracterizó por presentar enfermedad periodontal y disfunción masticatoria en casi la tercera parte, con predominio de la alimentación azucarada y la diabetes mellitus como factores de riesgo y más de la mitad presentó higiene bucal deficiente, nivel de conocimientos malo y baja autopercepción de salud bucal.

ABSTRACT Background: Elderly people require dental care adjusted to their oral health. Objective: To describe the oral health of the elderly belonging to the Provincial Home of Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in the Provincial Nursing Home of Sancti Spíritus, between December 2019 and August 2020. 72 elderly were selected, according to inclusion criteria. Theoretical, empirical and statistical level methods were used to study the variables: oral diseases, risk factors, oral hygiene, level of knowledge about oral health and self-perception of oral health. Results: In the elderly, periodontal disease (29.4 %) and masticatory dysfunction (28.6 %) predominated; the risk factors that were observed were sugary diet (12.8 %) and diabetes mellitus (12.5 %), poor oral hygiene (58.3%), poor level of knowledge (51.4 %) and low self-perception of oral health (54.2 %). Conclusion: The oral health of the elderly studied was characterized by presenting periodontal disease and masticatory dysfunction in almost a third of them, with a predominance of sugary diets and diabetes mellitus as risk factors, and more than half presented poor oral hygiene, level of poor knowledge and low self-perception of oral health.

Caries radicular: actualización sobre una patología de creciente interés

La caries radicular es un proceso dinámico de destrucción localizada de las superficies radiculares, dependiente de biopelícula. Esta patología afecta principalmente a la población adulta mayor con superficies radiculares expuestas y altera su calidad de vida. Las vulnerabilidades y multimorbilidades, frecuentes en este grupo de edad, limitan el autocuidado oral y son criterios para considerar en la comprensión y manejo de la patología. El diagnóstico de las lesiones de caries radicular implica conocimiento de la estructura radicular sana, los factores indicadores o de riesgo, los mecanismos de desarrollo de las lesiones y los criterios para su detección y valoración. La elección correcta de opciones de manejo tanto del riesgo como de las lesiones de caries, enfocada en la preservación de la estructura, evidencia la comprensión de la caries radicular. La caries radicular plantea un desafío para la academia, los sistemas de salud, la práctica clínica dental y la población, debido a que sus indicadores están aumentando en relación con el envejecimiento poblacional y la mayor conservación de dientes naturales. El propósito de esta revisión de tema fue presentar el estado del entendimiento actual de caries radicular. Se incluyeron 81 artículos publicados entre 1971 y 2021, sobre embriogénesis de la raíz; prevalencia, etiopatogenia; características de las lesiones; diagnóstico y propuestas de manejo a nivel del riesgo individual y de las lesiones. Esta actualización es pertinente por el reto que conlleva la presencia cada vez mayor de esta patología, junto con sus consecuencias. El planteamiento de su estado del arte sugiere áreas de investigación.

Root caries is a dynamic process of localized destruction of the root surfaces, dependent on the biofilm. Its pathology mainly affects the elderly toothed population with exposed root surfaces and disrupts their quality of life. Vulnerabilities and multimorbidities, frequent in this age group, limit oral self-care and are criteria to be considered in understanding and managing the disease. The root caries lesions diagnosis implies knowledge about the healthy root structure, indicators or risk factors, caries lesions development mechanism, and the detection and assessment criteria. The correct selection of caries risk and management options preserving tooth structure shows the understanding of root caries. The root caries represents a challenge for academia, health systems, dental practice, and the population because its indicators are increasing related to aging population and greater conservation of natural teeth. This review aimed to present the state of the current understanding of root caries. Eighty-one papers published between 1971 and 2021 were included. This considered root embryogenesis; the current understanding of root caries, its prevalence and etiopathogenesis; characteristics of the lesions; diagnosis, and care proposals both at the individual risk level, and at the lesions level. This update is relevant due to the risk that the increasing presence of this pathology carries, together with its consequences. The statement of its state of the art suggests areas of research.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the timing of dental care in elderly peruvians / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el tiempo de la atención odontológica en adultos mayores peruanos

ABSTRACT In Peru, there is low dental service use among older adults, in addition to a social gradient for use. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered complex scenarios characterized by inadequate access to health services, with greater impact on vulnerable population groups such as the elderly. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the time since last dental care visit among elderly Peruvians. It was a cross-sectional study conducted on a population of 5247 respondents in 2019, and 5066 respondents in 2020. The study considered the answers of people who responded to the question on the last time they had received dental care, extracting a total 4045 subjects for 2019 and 3943 for 2020. The dependent variable was time since last dental care measured in years, while the variables on health, geographic and sociodemographic characteristics were grouped within three dimensions. A descriptive bivariate and multivariate analysis was applied by means of multiple linear regression to analyze the behavior of the variables. Time since the last dental care visit was 7.93 years (SD=8.03) in 2019 and 7.94 years (SD=7.28) in 2020. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was performed, where no variable in the 2019 model was significant; while for 2020, health, geographic, and sociodemographic characteristics variables were significant. In the analysis where the 'year' variable becomes independent, only model 4, which considers all variables, was valid (p=0.018). The variables 'area of residence' and 'wealth index' were also significant. To conclude, the 2020 pandemic year for COVID-19 had no impact on the time since last dental care visit among elderly Peruvians, though factors such as area of residence and wealth index were found to be associated with the time since last dental care visit.

RESUMEN En Perú, los adultos mayores presentan un bajo uso de los servicios odontológicos, además de percibirse una gradiente social para su utilización. Adicionalmente, la pandemia por COVID-19 desencadenó escenarios complejos, caracterizados por un inadecuado acceso a los servicios de salud, que afectó con mayor énfasis a grupos poblacionales vulnerables, como las personas en edades extremas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en el tiempo de atención odontológica en adultos mayores peruanos. Estudio transversal con población de 5247 encuestados para el 2019 y 5066 para el 2020. Se consideraron los registros de quienes respondieron a la pregunta sobre el tiempo desde su última atención odontológica, extrayéndose del 2019 un total de 4045 y para 2020, 3943 sujetos. La variable dependiente consistió en el tiempo desde la última atención odontológica medido en años; mientras que dentro de tres dimensiones, se agruparon a las variables sobre características de salud, geográficas y sociodemográficas. Se aplicó un análisis descriptivo, bivariado y multivariado, donde el tiempo desde la última atención odontológica en el año 2019 fue de 7.93 años (DE=8.03) y en el 2020 fue de 7.94 años (DE=7.28). Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple jerárquica, donde ninguna variable del modelo 2019 fue significativa; mientras que para 2020, las variables características de salud, geográficas y sociodemográficas si lo fueron. Al análisis, donde el año pasa a ser independiente, sólo el modelo 4, que considera todas las variables fue válido (p=0.018); asimismo, el área de residencia e índice de riqueza presentaron significancia estadística. Para concluir, en el año 2020 la pandemia por COVID-19 no impactó en el tiempo de atención odontológica en adultos mayores peruanos, sin embargo, factores como área de residencia e índice de riqueza si presentaron asociación con el tiempo desde la última atención.

Caracterización del estado de salud bucal de la población geriátrica / Characterization of oral health status in an older population

RESUMEN La vejez, si no es un divino tesoro, resulta un preciado don que en la actualidad disfrutan más de 600 millones de personas mayores de 60 años. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el estado de salud bucal de la población geriátrica correspondiente al consultorio 21-21 del municipio Santa Clara. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal en el consultorio 21-21 perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario «XX Aniversario» del municipio Santa Clara, entre enero 2017 - septiembre 2018. En la población de estudio predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad de 70-74 años. La enfermedad sistémica encontrada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertensión arterial y el principal problema bucal fue la dificultad masticatoria. El nivel de conocimiento de la población se clasificó como regular. Los ancianos presentaban gran variedad de enfermedades sistémicas y bucales, lo que se corresponde con el deterioro propio de la edad.

ABSTRACT Old age, if not a divine treasure, is a precious gift that is currently enjoyed by more than 600 million people over 60 years old. The objective of this research was to determine the oral health status in an older population belonging to the 21-21 doctor's office from Santa Clara municipality. A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in the 21-21 doctor's office belonging to "XX Aniversario" University Polyclinic from Santa Clara municipality, between January 2017 and September 2018. The study population was predominantly female and aged 70-74 years. Hypertension was the most common systemic disease found and masticatory difficulty was the main oral problem. The level of knowledge of the population was classified as fair. The elderly had a wide variety of systemic and oral diseases, which corresponds to age-related deterioration.

Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario de ansiedad y miedo dental IDAF -4C+ en adultos mayores / Validity and reliability of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) in Chilean older adults

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar la validez aparente, validez de constructo y confiabilidad del cuestionario IDAF-4C+ versión en español, en adultos mayores de dos servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado a 42 adultos mayores de dos servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana. La validez aparente se determinó mediante el juicio de expertos, la validez de constructo a través del análisis exploratorio confirmatorio, mientras que la confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna, exploratorio a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El juicio de expertos no realizó modificación al IDAF-4C+ versión en español. El análisis exploratorio confirmó la presencia de un solo factor, el cual explicó el 60,1% de la varianza, mientras que la confiabilidad arrojó un alfa de Cronbach de 0,901, considerado excelente. Conclusiones: El cuestionario IDAF-4C+ presentó una adecuada validez de contenido, validez aparente y una confiabilidad excelente. Se recomienda su uso para la medición de ansiedad dental en adultos mayores que acuden a los servicios de atención primaria evaluados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the face validity, construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the IDAF-4C + in older adults, patients in two primary health care from the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study, 42 older adults from two primary health care centres from the Metropolitan Region set up the sample. Face validity was determined by experts' judgment, construct validity was determined by a confirmatory factorial analysis and reliability was determined by internal consistency exploratory through Cronbach's alfa. Results: The experts did not modify the Spanish version of the IDAF-4C+. The factorial analysis confirmed the presence of only one factor which explains the 60,1% of the variance, and Cronbach's alfa resulted in 0,901, considered as excellent. Conclusions: The Spanish version of IDAF-4C+ is valid and reliable for the measurement of dental anxiety and fear and its use is recommended among older adults who visit primary health care centres in the Metropolitan Region.

Impacto de la rehabilitación protésica en la calidad de vida relacionada con salud bucal en adultos mayores / Impact of prosthetic rehabilitation on the life quality related to oral health in older adults

RESUMEN Fundamento: La rehabilitación con prótesis dental es una solución a la que acuden la gran mayoría de adultos mayores ante la pérdida dentaria, y sus implicaciones en el orden estético, funcional y psicológico. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la rehabilitación protésica en la calidad de vida relacionada con salud bucal en adultos mayores. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, realizado en el periodo enero 2017- diciembre 2019, con los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de prótesis de la Facultad de Estomatología (n=100), para recibir el tratamiento de rehabilitación protésica. Se aplicó el cuestionario Perfil de Impacto de Salud Oral, y se exploraron variables como la edad, el sexo y el motivo principal de consulta. Se aplicaron pruebas de significación estadística al comparar y correlacionar las variables del estudio. Resultados: en los ancianos rehabilitados con prótesis totales, el sexo femenino representó el 60 % y el 77 % solicitó atención por preocupación estética y funcional. La limitación funcional, el dolor y la incapacidad física fueron los problemas más frecuentes. En términos de impacto, 88 pacientes clasificaron como "no impacto", lo cual significó que la rehabilitación protésica tuvo una influencia positiva en la calidad de vida percibida. Conclusión: En la mayoría de los casos, la rehabilitación protésica tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal. En ningún caso se refirió minusvalía.

ABSTRACT Background: Rehabilitation with dental prostheses is a solution that the vast majority of older adults use when faced with tooth loss, and its implications in the aesthetic, functional and psychological order. Objective: to evaluate the impact of prosthetic rehabilitation on the life quality related to oral health in older adults. Methods: descriptive study, carried out from January 2017 to December 2019, with patients who attended the prosthesis consultation at the Faculty of Stomatology (N =100), to receive prosthetic rehabilitation treatment. The Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire was applied, and variables such as age, sex and the main reason for consultation were explored. Statistical significance tests were applied when comparing and correlating the study variables. Results: in the elderly rehabilitated with total prostheses, the female sex represented the 60% and the 77% requested attention due to aesthetic and functional concerns. Functional limitation, pain and physical disability were the most frequent problems. In terms of impact, 88 patients classified as "no impact", which meant that prosthetic rehabilitation had a positive influence on perceived life quality. Conclusion: In most cases, prosthetic rehabilitation had a positive impact on the life quality related to oral health. Disability was not referring in any case.

Utilização dos serviços odontológicos por idosos brasileiros: análise de classes latentes / Use of dental services by the Brazilian elderly: latent class analysis

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar os diferentes perfis de utilização de serviços odontológicos por idosos brasileiros e sua possível associação com fatores sociodemográficos, de comorbidades, de funcionalidade e autopercepção em saúde bucal. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, utilizando dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. A amostra foi composta de 2.969 idosos. A Análise de Classes Latentes foi utilizada para a construção da variável dependente "perfil de utilização dos serviços odontológicos". As variáveis independentes formaram três blocos: sociodemográfico; comorbidades; e funcionalidades e autopercepção em saúde bucal. O Teste de Rao-Scott e a Análise de Resíduos Padronizados testaram a associação. Para mensurar o efeito das covariáveis, foram estimadas as odds ratios por meio de modelo múltiplo hierarquizado de regressão logística multinomial. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Três classes latentes foram identificadas: perfil de desembolso direto, perfil de plano de saúde e perfil do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Idosos da cor branca apresentaram associação aos perfis desembolso direto e planos de saúde. O perfil plano de saúde esteve mais associado ao estado civil casado ou que moram com cônjuge. No modelo múltiplo, a baixa escolaridade apresentou associação ao perfil de usuários do SUS, e idosos com diagnóstico de câncer, ao perfil plano de saúde. Autoperceber a saúde bucal como ruim ou muito ruim aumentou a chance de pertencer ao perfil SUS. Conclusão: A Análise de Classes Latentes mostrou-se potente estratégia para compreensão sutil e detalhada do perfil da utilização de serviços odontológicos e sua relação com fatores associados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the different profiles of dental service use by the Brazilian elderly and their possible association with sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, functionality and self-perception of oral health. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study, using secondary data from the National Health Survey (PNS) of 2013. The sample size was 2,969 elderly individuals. Latent Class Analysis was used to construct the dependent variable "profile of dental service use" from questions related to this profile. The independent variables formed 3 blocks: sociodemographic; comorbidities; functionalities and self-perception of oral health. The Rao-Scott Test and Standardized Residue Analysis tested the association. To measure the effect of covariates, Odds Ratio was estimated using a multiple hierarchical model of multinomial logistic regression. Significance level was 5%. Results: Three latent classes were identified: Direct Disbursement Profile, Health Plan Profile and the Unified Health System (SUS) Profile. White elderly people were associated with the Direct Disbursement and Health Plans profile. The Health Plan profile was more associated with the married marital status or living with a spouse. In the multiple model, low schooling was associated with the profile of SUS users and elderly people diagnosed with cancer with the Health Plan profile. Self-perceiving oral health as bad or very bad increased the chances of belonging to the SUS profile. Conclusion: Latent Class Analysis proved to be a powerful strategy for a subtle and detailed understanding of the profile of dental service use and its relationship with associated factors.

Gerodontología: introducción de un nuevo término en la asignatura Atención integral a la familia II / Gerodontology: introduction of a new term in the subject "Comprehensive family care II"

RESUMEN Introducción: la asignatura Atención integral a la familia II, de la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba, no emplea el término «gerodontología¼, tal y como se utiliza en la literatura científica a nivel mundial; solo se utiliza el término odontogeriatría, que tiene diferente significación, puesto que el primero propicia un enfoque preventivo, acorde a las acciones de salud que debe realizar el estomatólogo. Objetivo: fundamentar la propuesta del empleo del término «gerodontología¼ en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Atención integral a la familia II, de la carrera de Estomatología, en Cuba. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, se utilizaron las bases de datos Ebsco, Pubmed y Scielo. Se revisó el Plan de Estudio y el Programa de la asignatura Atención integral a la familia II, y se identificó la omisión del término «gerodontología¼ en el subtema: «El paciente geriátrico¼. Conclusiones: la utilización del término «gerodontología¼, contextualizado en el currículo de estudio de la carrera de Estomatología en Cuba, no debe sustituir el concepto de odontogeriatría, pues el empleo de ambos términos es válido. Se fundamentó la importancia del término «gerodontología¼ en el subtema: «El paciente geriátrico¼, perteneciente a la asignatura Atención integral a la familia II, además de la utilización del concepto de odontogeriatría, por tener diferentes acepciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the subject "Comprehensive family care II" of the Dentistry career in Cuba does not use the term "Gerodontology", as used in scientific literature worldwide; this one only uses the term "Geriatric Dentistry" which has a different meaning since the first one has a preventive approach according to the health actions to be performed by the dentist. Objective: to base the proposal for the use of the term "Gerodontology" in the teaching-learning process of the subject "Comprehensive family care II" of the Dentistry career in Cuba. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out using Ebsco, Pubmed and SciELO databases. The Study Programme and the Program of the subject "Comprehensive family care II" were revised, and the omission of the term "Gerodontology" was identified in the subtopic: "The geriatric patient ". Conclusions: the use of the term "Gerodontology", contextualized in the study programme of the Dentistry career in Cuba, should not replace the concept of "Geriatric Dentistry", since the use of both terms is valid. The importance of the term "Gerodontology" was based on the subtopic: "The geriatric patient", belonging to the subject "Comprehensive family care II", in addition to the use of the concept "Geriatric Dentistry", since they have different meanings.

A postmodern perspective regarding older adults' oral health / Uma perspectiva pós-moderna sobre a saúde bucal de idosos

Abstract This article aims to comprehend meaning assigned to oral health, by means of older adults discourses, supported by a Social Constructionist perspective. This is a qualitative study with a descriptive and comprehensive design based on the Social Constructionism theoretical support conducted by means of interviews with 19 older adults. Data were analysed by means of a Discourse Analysis with identification of Interpretative Repertoires, which structured the meanings proposed to oral health. It were created repertories to disclosure possible meanings assigned to the oral health by older people as: having a clean mouth; having good comprehensive/general health; having a beautiful smile and oral health well-being condition; and suffering in the past and accepting pain. The meaning assigned to oral health by older people, in a social constructionist perspective, allow us to comprehend the subjectivity behind oral health of older people, which can guide health professionals' approaches to deal with it.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o significado da saúde bucal, por meio de discursos de idosos, com apoio da perspectiva teórica Construcionista Social. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com um desenho descritivo e compreensivista, baseado no referencial teórico do Construcionismo Social realizado por meio entrevistas com 19 idosos. Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma Análise de Discurso com identificação de Repertórios Interpretativos, que estruturou os significados atribuídos à saúde bucal. Foram criados repertórios para a compreensão de significados possíveis atribuídos à saúde bucal por pessoas idosas. Deste modo, saúde bucal é: ter uma boca limpa; ter boa saúde geral; ter um sorriso bonito e se sentir bem com a condição bucal; ter tido algum sofrimento no passado aceitando a dor. Os significados atribuídos à saúde bucal pelos idosos, numa perspectiva construcionista social, nos permite compreender a subjetividade por trás da saúde bucal das pessoas idosas na atualidade, o que pode orientar as abordagens dos profissionais de saúde para lidar com isso.

Concern with dental appearance and associated factors among the elderly of two southern Brazilian cities: a cross-sectional study

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of concern with dental appearance (DA) and associated factors among the elderly of two southern Brazilian cities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the cities of Cruz Alta and Veranópolis, Brazil. Oral health examination and a structured questionnaire were applied. Questions from the PCATool-SB Brasil tool and the Questionnaire about Teeth Appearance, both validated to Brazilian samples, were used. The collected independent variables were: sex, age, ethnicity, education level, marital status, retirement, health problem, use of medication, smoking exposure, alcohol exposure, access to the dentist, toothbrushing frequency, use of dental floss, edentulism, use of and need for dental prosthesis. Concern with DA was dichotomized into yes/no. Associations between dependent and independent variables were assessed by Chi-square or Mann-Whitney tests. Moreover, uni- and multivariate analyses were conducted by Poisson regression with robust variance. Level of significance was established as p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of concern with DA was 18.8% (n=107). The prevalence ratio (PR) of concern with DA decreased 5.8% for each year increase (PR:0.942; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]:0.911­0.973). Elderly without access to the dentist in the last 12 months presented 62.5% (p=0.006) higher PR of concern with DA when compared to those with access to dental care. Dentate elderly showed 219% higher PR for concern with DA (PR:2.197; 95%CI:1.364­3.539) in comparison to edentulous individuals. Conclusion: Prevalence of concern with DA was low and associated with demographics, access to dental care and edentulism

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index - GOHAI - Colombian version / Adaptación cultural y validación del Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index - GOHAI - versión Colombia

Abstract Objective: This study aims to carry out the cultural adaptation and the validation of the GOHAI scale for the Colombian population. Methods: Translation process, cultural adaptation, and content and face validity were carried out with a sample of 63 participants as a pretest. The validation counted with a sample of 7,200 subjects, divided into two groups: a work sample (WS) with 3,628 subjects and a confirmatory sample (CS) with 3,572 subjects. Construct, criterion validity and internal consistency were performed for both samples. Test-retest reliability was assessed with a sub-sample of 75 participants Results: The GOHAI showed an appropriate face and content validity, the pre-test revealed an understandable questionnaire, the scale showed a unidimensional factorial structure and a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.8. Convergent validity with a self-perception on general health scale pointed to a significant correlation (p= 0.0001), while discriminant validity showed significant differences regarding groups according to age group, skin color, educational level, socio-economic level, healthcare affiliation and self-perception about need of dental prostheses. Gender groups did not show significant differences among groups within either sample. The CS showed similar results, differences existed among factorial structures of 2 and 3 factors, and for discriminant validity, the CS showed statistically significant differences for the Area variable not in the WS. Kendall's test-retest analysis's correlation is 0.85 (p= 0.0000). Conclusions: The GOHAI scale is valid and reliable enough to be used as a measure of Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life in the Colombian elderly population, also could be applied for other Latin-American populations.

Resumen Objetivo: Adaptar culturalmente y validar la escala de autopercepción de salud bucal - Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) para la población mayor colombiana. Métodos: El proceso de traducción, adaptación cultural, contenido y validez aparente se llevaron a cabo en el pre-test con una muestra de 63 participantes. La validación contó con una muestra de 7,200 sujetos, divididos en dos grupos: una muestra de trabajo (WS) con 3,628 sujetos y una muestra confirmatoria (CS) con 3,572 sujetos. Se realizó validez de constructo, criterio y consistencia interna para ambas muestras. La confiabilidad test-re-test se evaluó con una submuestra de 75 participantes. Resultados: La escala GOHAI mostró condiciones adecuadas de apariencia y contenido, El pre-test mostro un cuestionario entendible y adecuado, la escala arrojo una estructura factorial única y una consistencia interna Alfa de Cronbach de 0,8. La validez convergente con la variable autopercepción en salud general mostró diferencia significativa entre grupos (p= 0.0001), la validez discriminante mostro diferencias significativas con las variables grupo de edad, color de piel, nivel educativo, estrato socio-económico, regímenes de salud y autopercepción de necesidad de prótesis dental; la variable Área mostró diferencia significativa en la MC, no en la muestra MT. El análisis test-retest mostro una correlación de Kendall de 0.85 (p= 0.0000). Conclusión: El instrumento GOHAI es válido y confiable y puede ser usado como una medida de Calidad de Vida relacionada con Salud Bucal en personas mayores en Colombia y puede ser aplicado en otras poblaciones de habla hispana de América Latina.

Saúde bucal de idosos com 80 anos ou mais: condição, autopercepção e utilização de serviços odontológicos / Oral health of the elderly with 80 years or more: condition, self-perception and use of dental services

Introdução: Idosos mais velhos têm saúde bucal precária, procuram pouco os serviços odontológicos e apresentam autopercepção sobre saúde bucal discordante das necessidades de tratamento. Objetivo: Comparar a condição e autopercepção de saúde bucal e padrão de utilização de serviços odontológicos de idosos com 80 anos ou mais de um município do sul brasileiro. Método: Estudo descritivo com 59 idosos, em 2011 e 2015, no município de Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina. Foram coletados dados demográficos, uso dos serviços, Oral Health Impact Profile - 14 item, hábitos e algumas condições bucais. Resultado: Em ambos os anos, constatou-se mais de 70% de idosos necessitando de prótese total superior, embora mais de 80% se apresentassem satisfeitos com dentes/próteses. Mais de 60% relataram que haviam consultado o dentista há mais de 3 anos. Houve aumento significativo da necessidade de prótese total inferior, boca seca, placa, desconforto para comer; diminuição de consulta odontológica de rotina e extração dentária. Conclusão: Embora tenha havido diminuição das extrações, no período, os idosos mantiveram necessidade de prótese e relataram problemas para comer. Tais resultados reafirmam a importância da inclusão do idoso com 80 anos ou mais na rede de serviços de saúde bucal.

Introduction: Older elderly people have poor oral health, not usually seek for dental services, and self-perceived oral health that is inconsistent with treatment needs. Objective: To compare the oral health condition, self-perception and use of dental services of elderly people with 80+ years of age in a southern Brazilian municipality. Method: Descriptive study with 59 elders, in 2011 and 2015, Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina. Demographic data, use of services, Oral Health Impact Profile - 14 item, habits and some oral conditions were investigated. Result: In both years, more than 70% required upper dentures, although more than 80% were satisfied with teeth/prosthesis. More than 60% reported last dental visit more than 3 years ago. It was observed a significative increasing in lower denture need, dry mouth, plaque and discomfort to eat; decreasing routine dental visits and tooth extraction. Conclusion: Although there was a decrease in extractions, the elderly had prosthetic need and reported problems with eating. These results reaffirm the importance of including the elderly with 80+ years in the oral health services network.

Educational program in oral health for caregivers on the oral hygiene of dependent elders / Programa educacional em saúde bucal para cuidadores sobre a higiene oral de idosos dependentes

Objective: Due increased number of elders living in long-term care institutions, actions designs to improve their oral health are essential. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational program for the caregivers through the assessment of the oral hygiene of institutionalized elders. Material and method: The education program consisted in lectures to caregivers about oral health that were performed once a month. The subjects were 40 functionally dependent institutionalized elders and 14 caregivers. Hygiene habits, plaque index, and tongue coating/discoloration of the elders were measured before the educational program (baseline- T0) and after 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 18 (T3) and 24 months (T4). Caregivers answered questions about their knowledge, doubts and implementation of dental care (T0 to T4). Result: After analyzing the data (Friedman, Chi-square and Spearman α = 0.05), a gradual improvement in the oral hygiene of the subjects was observed, with an increased frequency of brushing (p=0.0005), a change in the brush type (p=0.0065) and a reduction in the plaque index (p<0.05) and tongue coating (p<0.05). Caregivers showed a marked improvement in their dental care knowledge. Conclusion: It was concluded that the educational program for caregivers had a positive impact in the oral health of institutionalized elderly observed by the increased in the effectiveness of oral hygiene parameters such as plaque index and tongue coating, contributing to the knowledge gain in hygiene by caregivers.

Objetivo: Devido ao aumento do número de idosos que vivem em instituições de longa permanência são essenciais projetos de ações para melhorar a saúde bucal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa educacional para os cuidadores de idosos institucionalizados por meio da avaliação da higiene bucal. Material e método: O programa de educação consistiu em palestras para cuidadores sobre saúde bucal que foram realizadas uma vez por mês. Foram avaliados 40 idosos institucionalizados dependentes funcionalmente e 14 cuidadores. Os hábitos de higiene, o índice de placa e o revestimento/descoloração da língua dos idosos foram avaliados antes do programa educacional (T0) e após 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 18 (T3) e 24 meses (T4). Os cuidadores responderam perguntas sobre seus conhecimentos, suas dúvidas e sobre a implementação de cuidados bucais (T0 a T4). Resultado: Após análise dos dados (Friedman, Qui-quadrado e Spearman, α = 0,05), observou-se melhora gradual na higiene oral dos idosos, com maior freqüência de escovação (p = 0,0005), alteração do tipo de escova (p = 0,0065) e redução do índice de placa (p <0,05) e revestimento da língua (p <0,05). Os cuidadores mostraram uma melhoria acentuada no seu conhecimento sobre saúde bucal. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o programa educacional para cuidadores teve um impacto positivo na saúde bucal dos idosos institucionalizados observado pelo aumento na eficácia dos parâmetros de higiene bucal, como índice de placa e revestimento da língua, contribuindo para o ganho de conhecimento em higiene pelos cuidadores.

Maxillary full-arch fixed dental prosthesis of the elderly patient with worn dentition

Tooth wear, one of the physiological changes in the elderly patient's mouth, generally does not require treatment, but requires prosthodontic restoration when occlusal disharmony, poor masticatory function, pulp exposure occurs. One of the primary considerations in prosthodontic restoration for tooth wear is vertical dimension. It is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis and analysis, correct judgement of the interdental relationship for predictive treatment plan. A step-by-step approach considering dental care for aged is also required. In this case, a 93-year-old male patient presented with worn dentition and mobility of existing fixed dental prosthesis. After diagnosis and evaluation, maxillary rehabilitation without any change in the occlusal vertical dimension was performed and this shows satisfactory results both functionally and morphologically.

Condições de saúde bucal e capacidade funcional em idosos: um estudo longitudinal de base populacional / Oral health status and functional capacity in the elderly: a longitudinal population-based study

RESUMO: Introdução: O estudo das condições de saúde bucal em idosos, aliado à busca de uma associação com a sua capacidade funcional, representa um importante passo para auxiliar na compreensão dos fatores intervenientes no cuidado odontológico desses indivíduos. Objetivo: Esta nota metodológica descreveu as estratégias e os métodos adotados em um estudo longitudinal que busca a associação entre as condições de saúde bucal e a capacidade funcional em uma população de idosos do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. Aspectos metodológicos: A condição de saúde bucal dos idosos dessa coorte tem sido avaliada por meio de um exame epidemiológico intraoral que avalia o grau de ataque de cárie, a condição periodontal, o uso e necessidade de prótese e a presença de lesões. Além disso, coletam-se informações epidemiológicas a respeito da disfunção temporomandibular e xerostomia. A capacidade funcional é avaliada através do índice de Katz, e o estado cognitivo dos idosos é avaliado por meio do miniexame do estado mental. Principais achados: A primeira onda da coorte, realizada em 2010/11, avaliou 441 idosos no município de Macaíba (RN). Observou-se que o número de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (índice CPO-d) médio foi de 28,16 (± 5,82) e que o edentulismo esteve presente em 50,8% da amostra. Verificou-se também que 10,4% dos indivíduos da primeira onda eram dependentes em pelo menos umas das atividades de vida diária. Futuras perspectivas da coorte: A coleta de dados da segunda onda encontra-se em andamento, e espera-se que o grande número de informações coletadas e acompanhadas nessa coorte contribua para o planejamento de ações em saúde voltadas para essa parcela da população.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The study of oral health conditions and functional dependency in elderly people represents an important step toward the comprehension of the intervenient factors in the health care of this population. Purpose: This methodological note described strategies and methods adopted in a longitudinal study which has been analyzing the association of oral health conditions with functional dependence among the elderly population in a city located in the countryside of Northeastern Brazil. Methodological aspects: The assessment of the oral health conditions among the subjects is being carried out by an intraoral epidemiological examination, in which the number of decayed teeth, the periodontal condition, the use and need for dental prosthesis, and the presence of modification in soft tissues is being evaluated. Furthermore, an epidemiological condition of temporomandibular dysfunction and xerostomia are being observed. The functional capacity is being evaluated by the Katz index, and the elderly cognitive capacity is being assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination. Main findings: The first wave of this cohort, which was conducted in 2010 and 2011, evaluated 441 elderly in a city of the Northeastern Brazil. The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index was 28.16 (± 5.82), and 50.8% of the elderly were edentulous. Among the individuals from the first wave, 10.4% were dependent in at least one of the activities of daily living. Future prospects of cohort: The data collection of second wave is in progress and it is expected that the extensive information collected will contribute to the planning of health actions for this population.

Relação entre lesões em mucosa oral de idosos e exclusão socioespacial urbana em Piracicaba, SP: uma nova abordagem diagnóstica complementar em saúde bucal coletiva / Relationship between oral mucosal lesions in the elderly and urban sociospatial exclusion in Piracicaba, Brazil: a new complementary diagnostic approach in public health dentistry

Objetivo: analisar o padrão de distribuição espacial dos casos de lesões de mucosa oral (LMO) segundo a exclusão socioespacial em idosos residentes na área urbana de Piracicaba, SP. Métodos: amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 1.848 idosos avaliados em 30 bairros de Piracicaba, SP. A metodologia empregada nesta pesquisa baseia-se em estudo ecológico de análise espacial de casos de LMO avaliados durante a campanha de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce do câncer bucal realizada em 2012. A exclusão social foi medida por meio do Índice de Exclusão Social (IEX); foram analisadas a taxa média de prevalência anual e a intensidade e significância dos aglomerados segundo a exclusão socioespacial, utilizando-se o Índice Global de Moran e o Índice LISAMap. Resultados: a prevalência de LMO em idosos piracicabanos foi de 8,00% e a taxa de LMO média anual atingiu 1,20 casos/bairro, sendo que, os bairros Jardim Planalto (5,00) e Jardim São Francisco (9,00) registraram as maiores taxas; o Índice Global de Moran foi de -0,238, o que sugere a existência de correlação espacial inversa; houve formação de agrupamentos em bairros localizados nas regiões Central, Leste e Oeste. Conclusão: na área urbana de Piracicaba foi observada relação entre o padrão socioespacial da população e a prevalência de LMO no ano de 2012, com formação de agrupamentos onde devem ser priorizados esforços de políticas públicas de saúde bucal para idosos.(AU)

Aim: To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of cases of oral mucosa lesions (OML) according to the sociospatial exclusion of elderly residents in the urban area of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Methods: This study consisted of a convenience nonprobability sample with 1,848 elders evaluated in 30 Piracicaba neighborhoods. The methodology used in this research is based on the ecological study of spatial analyses of cases of OML evaluated during the campaign for the prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer conducted in 2012. Social exclusion was measured by the Social Exclusion Index (SEI). This study analyzed the average annual prevalence and the intensity and significance of urban agglomerations according to social exclusion, using Moran's Global Index and LISAMap. Results: The prevalence of OML in the elderly in Piracicaba was 8.00%, whereas the annual average for OML reached 1.20 cases/ neighborhood, given that the neighborhoods of Jardim Planalto (5.00) and Jardim Sao Francisco (9.00) registered the highest rates. Moran's Global Index was -0.238, suggesting the existence of an inverse spatial correlation. Clustering was also observed in neighborhoods located in the Central, East, and West regions of the city. Conclusion: In 2012, in the urban area of Piracicaba, a correlation was found between the sociospatial standard and the prevalence of OML, with the formation of clusters, which should be given priority by public policy efforts towards oral health for senior citizens.(AU)