Características clínico - epidemiológicas y necesidad de tratamiento de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales en un periodo de 2 años / Clinical and epidemiological features and dental care need of patients attended at Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales in a period of 2 years

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico - epidemiológicas y necesidad de tratamiento de los pacientes especiales que recibieron atención en el Servicio de Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia en el periodo de abril del 2016 a marzo de 2018. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron las variables procedencia, género, edad, diagnóstico sistémico y necesidad de tratamiento mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 1 735 historias clínicas que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El 87,9% de pacientes viven en Lima Metropolitana y el 63 % proviene de Lima norte. El 62,2% fue de género femenino y el 37,8% de género masculino. La edad promedio de atención fue de 52,97 ± 25,92 años y el 50,26% fueron mayores de 60 años. Se obtuvo una media de 1,97 ± 1,21 diagnósticos sistémicos, con mayor prevalencia de las enfermedades que afectan al aparato circulatorio (35,3%) y las enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas y nutricionales (26,4%). En cuanto a necesidad de tratamiento, destacaron la operatoria dental (75%), la rehabilitación oral (59,4%), y el tratamiento quirúrgico (36,7%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de la población especial atendida provino de la zona norte de Lima metropolitana, fue de género femenino y perteneció al grupo del adulto mayor. Además, las enfermedades más prevalentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (29,51%) y la diabetes mellitus (14,98%), necesitando principalmente tratamiento de operatoria dental y de rehabilitación oral.

SUMMARY Objective: Determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and need for dental care in the population of special patients that received attention in EPE - CEC - UPCH since April from 2016 to March 2018. Material and Methods: We analyze variables, such as the origin, gender, age, systemic diagnoses and need for treatment through descriptive statistics. Results: The sample were 1735 clinical files that met the inclusion criteria. The 87.9% live in Lima city and 63% in the northern zone, 62.2% were female and 37.8% male. The average age was 52.97 ± 25.92 years old, and 50.26% were older than 60 years. Special patient has 1.97 ± 1.21 systemic diagno-ses, with a higher prevalence of circulatory system diseases with 35.5% followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional diseases with 26.4%. Regarding the need for dental care, the main treatments were dental restorations (75%), oral rehabilitation (59.4%), and dental surgery (36.7%). Conclusions: Most part of the special population attended, came from the northern zone of Lima city, was female gender and belonged to the older adult group. In addition, the most prevalent diseases were arterial hypertension (29.51%) and diabetes mellitus (14.98%); and the main treatments were dental restorations and oral rehabilitation.

Oral management of patients with cancer / Manejo oral de pacientes con cáncer

Abstract The oral management of individuals affected by medical conditions, including those with a current cancer diagnosis, is often complex and as such should be provided by either experienced dentists or dental specialists (e.g. Special Needs Dentists) with adequate training and experience. Patients with cancer need early dental intervention as the cancer itself or its therapy may place them at increased risk of systemic and oral complications. In Colombia, Special Needs Dentistry (SND) has not been formally recognized as a specialty and does not form part of the current dental curricula suggesting a paucity of suitably qualified dentists to provide complex oral care for oncology patients. While it is accepted that general dentists will provide the bulk of care to these individuals, their knowledge base is unclear. This paper aims to improve the knowledge base around complex SND by addressing the oral complications faced by this patient cohort and how to prioritize treatment, together with proposing a simple protocol to streamline coordination of care between the dental, allied health and medical teams, that is, through a multidisciplinary approach. It is important to acknowledge that dentists have a role at all three levels of the multidisciplinary management of cancer patients: pre- treatment evaluation and preparation, oral care during treatment and post-treatment care.

Resumen El manejo oral de las personas afectadas por condiciones médicas, como el cáncer, a menudo es complejo y como tal debe ser proporcionado por dentistas experimentados o especialistas en áreas dentales (por ejemplo, dentistas que atienden necesidades especiales) que cuenten con la formación y la experiencia adecuadas. Los pacientes con cáncer necesitan una intervención dental temprana, ya que el cáncer en sí o su terapia pueden ponerlos en mayor riesgo de complicaciones sistémicas y orales. En Colombia, la Odontología de Necesidades Especiales (ONE) no ha sido reconocida formalmente como una especialidad y no forma parte de los planes de estudios de las escuelas de odontología, lo que indica que hay una escasez de dentistas adecuadamente calificados para proporcionar atención oral compleja para pacientes oncológicos. Si bien se considera que los dentistas generales pueden proporcionar la mayor parte de la atención a estas personas, su base de conocimiento no es clara. Este documento tiene como objetivo mejorar la base de conocimientos en torno a la ONE abordando las complicaciones orales a las que se enfrenta este grupo de pacientes y cómo priorizar el tratamiento, junto con la propuesta de un protocol simple para agilizar la coordinación de la atención entre los equipos médicos, dentales y personal de apoyo, es decir, a través de un enfoque multidisciplinario. Es importante anotar que los dentistas cumplen un papel en los tres niveles del manejo multidisciplinario de los pacientes con cáncer: evaluación y preparación previa al tratamiento, cuidado oral durante el tratamiento y atención postratamiento.

Perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand atendidos en el Área de Estomatología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with Hemophilia and von Willebrand treated in the Stomatology Area of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las alteraciones hereditarias de la hemostasia son patologías raras, dentro de estas se encuentran: Hemofilia A, Hemofilia B y von Willebrand. La hemofilia es un trastorno hereditario, ligado al cromosoma X, causado por ausencia o actividad reducida del factor VIII o IX. La enfermedad de von Willebrand es causada por la deficiencia del factor VIII. OBJETIVO. Determinar el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. La población de estudio fueron 133719 con una muestra de 144 pacientes, los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes de ambos sexos entre 2 a 88 años de edad, con diagnóstico de Hemofilia A, B, von Willebrand. Atendidos en la consulta externa del Área de Estomatología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, en el periodo 2015-2018. Datos obtenidos del sistema AS400, analizados en el programa International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Versión 22.0. RESULTADOS. El 77,0% (111; 144) perteneció al género masculino. El rango de edad fue entre 23 y 33 años con 24,0% (34; 144). Tuvieron Hemofilia A 62,0% (93; 144); Hemofilia B 6,0% (9; 144); von Willerbrand 28,0% (42; 144). El 50,0% (77; 144) recibieron tratamientos odontológicos; preventivos 15,0% (21; 144) y curativos 13,0% (18; 144); siendo la mayor patología caries dental. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand que permitió brindar un tratamiento integral, interdisciplinario y oportuno.

INTRODUCTION. Hereditary abnormalities of hemostasis are rare pathologies, within these are: Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B and von Willebrand. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, linked to the X chromosome, caused by absence or reduced activity of factor VIII or IX. Von Willebrand's disease is caused by factor VIII deficiency. OBJECTIVE. Determine the demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study population was 133719 with a sample of 144 patients, the inclusion criteria were: patients of both sexes between 2 and 88 years of age, with a diagnosis of Hemophilia A, B, von Willebrand. Attended in the external consultation of the Stomatology Area of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital, in the period 2015-2018. Data obtained from the AS400 system, analyzed in the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program, Version 22.0. RESULTS 77,0% (111; 144) belonged to the male gender. The age range was between 23 and 33 years with 24,0% (34; 144). They had hemophilia at 62,0% (93; 144); Hemophilia B 6,0% (9; 144); von Willerbrand 28,0% (42; 144). 50,0% (77; 144) received dental treatments; preventive 15,0% (21; 144) and curative 13,0% (18; 144); being the biggest dental caries pathology. CONCLUSION. The demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with Hemophilia and von Willebrand was determined, which allowed to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and timely treatment.

Hospital and oncological dental care: a series of cases / Assistência odontológica hospitalar e oncológica: uma série de casos

ABTRACT Hospital dental care is an educational and health care strategy whose purpose is to intervene, in a multidisciplinary way, in the health-disease process of vulnerable individuals, as unsatisfactory oral health is a risk factor for local and systemic infections. Patients in cancer treatment usually present oral manifestations because of the antineoplastic therapies to which they are submitted. Chemotherapy, radiation and cancer surgery, when the latter held in the head and neck region, have the potential to generate side effects in the oral cavity. These oral manifestations can be serious and interfere with the results of medical therapy, leading to important systemic complications, which can increase hospital stay, treatment costs, and affect the quality of life. In view of this reality, the incorporation of the dentist into the multiprofessional team in oncology is essential to guarantee the patient's integral care in all stages of therapy. This article then proposes to report a series of cases of patients attended at the Dentistry Service of the Oncology Center of the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital of the University of Pernambuco, that exemplify the dental surgeon performance in a hospital environment, participating as an active member of a multidisciplinary team in oncology.

RESUMO O atendimento odontológico hospitalar é uma estratégia educativa e assistencial que tem como objetivo intervir, de forma multidisciplinar, no processo saúde-doença de indivíduos vulneráveis, uma vez que a saúde bucal insatisfatória é um fator de risco para infecções locais e sistêmicas. Pacientes em tratamento oncológico geralmente apresentam manifestações orais por causa das terapias antineoplásicas às quais são submetidos. Quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia oncológica, quando realizadas na região da cabeça e pescoço, têm o potencial de gerar efeitos colaterais na cavidade bucal. Essas manifestações orais podem ser graves e interferir nos resultados da terapia medicamentosa, levando a importantes complicações sistêmicas, que podem aumentar a permanência hospitalar, os custos do tratamento e afetar a qualidade de vida. Diante dessa realidade, a incorporação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe multiprofissional em oncologia é fundamental para garantir a integralidade do cuidado em todas as etapas da terapia. Este artigo se propõe a relatar uma série de casos de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Odontologia do Centro de Oncologia do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz da Universidade de Pernambuco, que exemplificam possibilidades de atuação do cirurgião-dentista em ambiente hospitalar, participando como membro ativo de uma equipe multidisciplinar em oncologia.

The use of general anesthesia to facilitate dental treatment in adult patients with special needs

General anesthesia is commonly used to facilitate dental treatment in patients with anxiety or challenging behavior, many of whom are children or patients with special needs. When performing procedures under general anesthesia, dental surgeons must perform a thorough pre-operative assessment, as well as ensure that the patients are aware of the potential risks and that informed consent has been obtained. Such precautions ensure optimal patient management and reduce the frequency of morbidities associated with this form of sedation. Most guidelines address the management of pediatric patients under general anesthesia. However, little has been published regarding this method in patients with special needs. This article constitutes a review of the current literature regarding management of patients with special needs under general anesthesia.

Ética y bioseguridad en la atención estomatológica al paciente con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Ethics and Biosafety in Dental Care for Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Fundamento: la única forma de contraer el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana durante el tratamiento estomatológico es a través del contacto de la sangre de un paciente seropositivo con la piel o mucosa no intacta del profesional, lo cual demanda medidas de bioseguridad para reducir el riesgo de infección cruzada así como el cumplimiento de aspectos bioéticos a tener en cuenta en la asistencia a dichos pacientes. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimientos de estomatólogos sobre bioseguridad y el principio bioético de justicia en el tratamiento a pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 45 profesionales que laboraron en consultorios estomatológicos de tres parroquias en Caracas, Venezuela, durante enero a diciembre de 2010. Se analizó: conocimientos sobre bioseguridad (mecanismos de transmisión de la enfermedad, medidas de control, flujograma de esterilización, medidas ante un accidente de trabajo) y sobre el principio bioético justicia (momento y lugar de tratamiento, instrumental a utilizar, tiempo a dedicar al paciente). Resultados: se obtuvo como nivel de conocimiento sobre el principio bioético de justicia: bueno el 40 %, regular el 37,7 % y malo el 22,2 %. En relación con las medidas de bioseguridad: bueno el 26,6 %, regular el 24,4 % y malo el 48,8 %. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimientos sobre el principio bioético de justicia y sobre las medidas de bioseguridad para tratar a pacientes que viven con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana es insatisfactorio en más de la mitad de los estomatólogos encuestados.

Background: the only way of contracting human immunodeficiency virus during dental treatment is through contact with the blood of an HIV-positive patient with non-intact skin or mucosa of the professional. This requires biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of crossed infection and ensure compliance of bioethical aspects to be considered when treating these patients. Objective: To determine knowledge levels of dentists on biosafety and bioethical principle of justice in the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A cross sectional and descriptive study was conducted involving 45 professionals who worked in Stomatological clinics of three parishes in Caracas, Venezuela, from January to December 2010. The following were analyzed: knowledge on biosafety (mechanisms of disease transmission, control measures and flowchart sterilization measures before an accident) and the justice bioethical principle (time and place of treatment, instruments used and time to devote to patient). Results: The knowledge level according to the bioethical principle of justice was assessed: 40% for good, 37.7% for average and 22.2% for bad. For biosecurity measures it was obtained: 26.6% good, 24.4% average and 48.8% bad. Conclusions: knowledge level on the bioethical principle of justice and biosecurity measures to treat patients living with human immunodeficiency virus is unsatisfactory in more than half of the dentists surveyed.

Mucosite oral: perspectivas atuais na prevenção e tratamento / Oral mucositis: recent perspectives on prevention and treatment

A mucosite oral é resultante de toxicidade e um dos efeitos colaterais mais comuns da radioterapia e da quimioterapia, no tratamento oncológico e para o transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas. Clinicamente estas alterações se caracterizam por atrofia epitelial, edema, eritema e pelo aparecimento de ulcerações, que podem acometer toda a mucosa bucal, gerando dor e desconforto, prejudicando a fala, a deglutição e a alimentação. Além da importante sintomatologia, as ulcerações aumentam o risco de infecção local e sistêmica, comprometem a função oral e interferem no tratamento antineoplásico, podendo levar à sua interrupção. O diagnóstico, prevenção e estratégias terapêuticas de suporte à mucosite oral são de competência do cirurgião-dentista. Através de análise crítica da literatura, o presente trabalho busca apresentar a mucosite oral, sua etiopatogenia, características clínicas e tratamentos propostos nos dias atuais para a sua resolução ou controle, destacando a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista no manejo desta entidade.

Oral mucositis is a result of toxicity and one of the most common side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment and in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinically these changes are characterized by epithelial atrophy, edema, erythema and the appearance of ulcerations that can affect the entire oral mucosa, causing pain and discomfort, impairing speech, and swallowing food. In addition to the major symptoms, the ulcers increase the risk of local and systemic infection, compromising function and interfering with oral antineoplastic treatment and may lead to it being discontinued. The diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic strategies in providing support in cases of oral mucositis are the dentist's responsibility. Through critical analysis of literature, the aim of this article is to present oral mucositis, its pathogenesis, clinical features and treatments offered today to address or control the condition, highlighting the importance of dentist's role in its management.

Correspondencia entre la formación académica del estomatólogo relacionado con pacientes especiales y la práctica estomatológica integral

Se realiza una actualización bibliográfica sobre la atención a pacientes especiales (aquel que presenta signos y síntomas que lo alejan de la normalidad, sea de orden mental o sensorial, así como de comportamiento). Se observó que en España y otros países de Europa las instituciones académicas poseen programas de estudios universitarios de pre y posgrado, donde se adquieren conocimientos y habilidades para la atención de pacientes especiales. Se clasifican los pacientes en 4 grupos, según las afecciones que presentan: grupo I, pacientes con enfermedades crónicas degenerativas, como diabéticos, cardiópatas, nefrópatas, discrasias sanguíneas, epilépticos y otros; grupo II, pacientes con enfermedades que provocan déficit motor, donde se incluyen pacientes parapléjicos, cuadripléjicos, hemipléjicos y otros; grupo III, pacientes con enfermedades que provocan déficit sensorial como ciegos, sordos, sordomudos y otros; grupo IV, pacientes con retraso mental según clasificación de fronterizos, ligeros, moderados, severos y profundos. Se describen las características de las enfermedades bucales en pacientes especiales. Se concluye que en el futuro, para realizar tratamientos bucales en este tipo de pacientes, se requerirá de personal especializado y con medios adecuados. Habrá que capacitar y formar a los profesionales de la estomatología para poder responder a esta demanda y se deben realizar estudios epidemiológicos con enfoque de riesgos y atención clínica con enfoque de familia, de tal forma que se involucre, se comprometa y se responsabilice con la atención a este tipo de persona, para los que resulta fundamental el apoyo de la familia.

A bibliographical updating on care to special patients (that patient presenting signs and symptoms that are far from being within the normal mental, sensorial or behavorial limits) is made. It was observed that in Spain and other European countries the academic institutions have pre-graduate, graduate and post-graduate courses where knowledge and abilities are acquired to give attention to these special patients. The patients are classified in 4 groups, according to their affections: group 1, patients with chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetics, cardiopaths, nephropaths, blood dyscrasias, epileptics and others; group II, patients with diseases that cause motor deficit, where paraplegics, quadriplegics, hemiplegics and other patients are included; group III, patients with diseases that produce sensorial deficit, such as the blind, the deaf, the deaf-mute and others; group IV, patients with mental retardation according to the classification of mild, moderate, severe and deep mentally retarded. The characteristics of the oral diseases in special patients are described. It is concluded that in the future specialized personnel with adequate tools will be required for the oral treatments of this type of patients. Stomatological professionals will have to be trained to meet this demand. Epidemiological studies with risk approach should be conducted and clinical care should take the family into consideration, so that the stomatologists feel themselves committed and responsible for the attention to this type of person, for whom family support is essential.