Estomatología 2020, un congreso en tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19 / Dentistry 2020, a congress in the time of COVID-19

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 introdujo un cambio en la realización del Congreso Internacional en conmemoración el 120 aniversario de la fundación de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, efectuándose de manera virtual en noviembre del 2020. Objetivo: Caracterizar el Congreso Internacional de carácter virtual Estomatología 2020, realizado en tiempos de COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, con la aplicación del método histórico-lógico y el de revisión documental, utilizándose los reportes estadísticos finales que brindó el sitio del cónclave. Resultados: En la página del congreso se inscribieron 970 usuarios, de ellos, 899 cubanos y 71 de otros países; todas las provincias estuvieron representadas. El 81 por ciento de los usuarios fueron profesionales y el 16,8 por ciento, estudiantes. Fueron aprobados y publicados 391 trabajos, para un 82,8 por ciento, 373 trabajos eran de autores cubanos y 18 de autores extranjeros. El 18 por ciento de los trabajos correspondieron a estomatología general integral en la atención primaria de salud, seguida de ortodoncia (14,3 por ciento). Se realizaron 2405 comentarios en total, el 92,3 por ciento de los trabajos publicados recibieron comentarios, figuran en las Actas del Congreso 354 trabajos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los usuarios inscritos fueron cubanos, del sexo femenino y profesionales. Todas las provincias tuvieron representación. La mayoría de los trabajos recibidos reunieron los requisitos para ser publicados y, prácticamente, la quinta parte correspondió a la estomatología general integral en la atención primaria de salud. Fue destacada para participación de estudiantes(AU)

Introduction : Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the International Congress programmed to mark the 120th anniversary of the Dental School of Havana had to change its format and was held virtually in November 2020. Objective: Characterize the virtual International Congress Dentistry 2020, held in the time of COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted based on the final statistical reports provided by the Congress website and applying historical-logical and document review methods. Results: A total 970 users were registered in the Congress page. Of these, 899 were Cuban and 71 were foreign. All the provinces were represented. 81 percent of the users were professionals and 16.8 percent were students. 391 papers were accepted and published, for 82.8 percent; 373 papers were written by Cuban authors and 18 by foreign authors. 18 percent of the papers dealt with general comprehensive dentistry in primary health care, followed by orthodontics (14.3 percent). 2 405 comments were made, with 92.3 percent of the published papers receiving comments. 354 papers were recorded in the Congress Proceedings. Conclusions: Most of the users registered were Cuban, female and professionals. All the provinces were represented. Most of the papers received met the publication requirements and almost one fifth dealt with general comprehensive dentistry in primary health care. Students had an outstanding participation(AU)

Ajustes Curriculares de las Escuelas de Odontología Chilenas en Periodo de Pandemia COVID-19

RESUMEN: Dada la expansión de la pandemia por COVID-19, se han implementado diversas medidas restrictivas, las cuales han afectado todos los ámbitos, incluido el educacional. A nivel internacional, las universidades han realizado diversos ajustes a sus programas curriculares para adaptarse a esta situación, siendo la carrera de Odontología particularmente afectada a causa de los cierres de clínicas y retraso en la adquisición de competencias clínicas. El objetivo del estudio es describir los principales ajustes curriculares de las carreras de Odontología de universidades chilenas, realizadas en periodo de pandemia en el año 2020, recopiladas a través de una encuesta. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, a través de una encuesta enviada a todos los representantes de las escuelas de Odontología de universidades chilenas. Se recopiló información sobre el contexto sanitario local, accesibilidad a las clínicas odontológicas, disponibilidad de tratamientos, vía de enseñanza, apoyo al bienestar mental e implicaciones futuras en la educación dental. De las 27 escuelas de Odontología nacionales, se obtuvieron 23 respuestas. Un 57% de las escuelas tuvo limitaciones en el acceso y en el tipo de tratamientos odontológicos realizados en sus centros clínicos. Todas las escuelas implementaron una modalidad online para reemplazar las actividades lectivas presenciales y un 42 % realizó actividades clínicas presenciales durante el año 2020. Todas las evaluaciones teóricas fueron realizadas de forma online, y un 82 % de las evaluaciones de competencias clínicas se retrasaron para ser realizadas posteriormente. Debido a las medidas restrictivas de la pandemia, las clases presenciales, evaluaciones teóricas y algunas actividades prácticas se realizaron en modalidad online. Dependiendo del contexto comunal y políticas internas universitarias, algunas escuelas de odontología pudieron realizar actividades prácticas presenciales. El plan de estudios académico en las escuelas de odontología se ha visto afectado de diferentes maneras como resultado de la pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several disruptions in medical education worldwide. Universities made curricular adjustments in order to adapt to this situation. Dentistry has been particularly affected by the lockdown measures resulting in the closure of dental clinics and the disruption of face to face personal training of students. The objective of this study was to describe the main curriculum adjustments made by the dental schools in Chile during 2020. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out which included representatives from all Dental Schools in Chilean Universities. The survey requested information related to local sanitary situations, accessibility to dental clinics, availability of treatments, teaching modality, support for mental well-being and future implications of dental education. Of 27 dental schools a total of 23 responses were received. It was found that 57 % of schools had limited access to dental clinics. All schools had implemented online modality to replace face-to-face theoretical training, 42 % were able to conduct clinical activities during 2020 and 82 % of clinical competency assessments were postponed. Due to the restrictive measures of the pandemic, the face-to-face classes, theoretical evaluations and some practical activities were performed online. Depending on the communal context, dental schools were able to execute practical activities. The academic curriculum in dental schools has been severely affected in different ways as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Perfil e percepção dos profissionais egressos de um curso de Odontologia / Profile and perception of graduated professionals from a dentistry course / Perfil y percepción de profesionales graduados de un curso de Odontologia

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil e a percepção dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas formados na UEFS no período de 2013.1 a 2018.1 Método: Estudo de corte transversal de caráter descritivo, realizado por meio de um questionário com informações sobre dados pessoais, perfil socioeconômico e demográfico, campo de atuação e formação acadêmica. Resultados: Observou-se que a maioria dos egressos é do sexo feminino, na faixa etária de 22 a 26 anos e trabalha no setor privado. A maior parte cursou ou está cursando a pós-graduação devido à necessidade de aprimorar conhecimento, exigência do mercado de trabalho, seguir carreira acadêmica ou metas financeiras. Notou-se que serviço privado foi o principal local de atuação, seguido de serviço público ou mais de um local. Conclusão: Os profissionais entrevistados se mostraram satisfeitos ou muito satisfeitos sobre a maioria das variáveis relacionadas às atividades ambulatoriais, processo ensinoaprendizagem, atividades de estágio e corpo docente

Objective: To evaluate the profile and perception of Dental Surgeons trained at UEFS in the period 2013.1 to 2018.1 Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study, through a questionnaire containing information about personal data, socioeconomic and demographic profile, field of activity and academic background. Results: It was observed that the majority of graduates are female, aged between 22 and 26 years old and work in the private sector. Most have attended or are attending postgraduate courses due to the need to improve knowledge, demand in the labor market, pursue an academic career or financial goals. It was noted that private service was the main place of operation, followed by public service or more than one place. Conclusions: The professionals interviewed were satisfied / very satisfied about most variables related to outpatient activities, teaching-learning process, internship activity and teachers.

Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil y percepción de los Dentistas formados en UEFS en el periodo 2013.1 a 2018.1. Método: Estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal descriptivo, logrado a través de un cuestionario con informaciones sobre datos personales, perfil socioeconómico y demográfico, campo de actividad profesional y formación académica. Resultados: Se observó que la mayoría de los egresados son mujeres, tienen entre 22 y 26 años y trabajan en el sector privado. La mayoría ha cursado o está cursando estudios de posgrado por la necesidad de mejorar el conocimiento, la demanda en el mercado laboral, perseguir una carrera académica u objetivos económicos. Se señaló que el servicio privado era el principal lugar de operación, seguido del servicio público o más de un lugar. Conclusión: Los profesionales entrevistados se mostraron satisfechos o muy satisfechos con la mayoría de variables relacionadas con las actividades ambulatorias, el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, las pasantía y el cuerpo docente.

Agreement between 2 raters' evaluations of a traditional prosthodontic practical exam integrated with directly observed procedural skills in Egypt / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the agreement between 2 raters in evaluations of students on a prosthodontic clinical practical exam integrated with directly observed procedural skills (DOPS). METHODS: A sample of 76 students was monitored by 2 raters to evaluate the process and the final registered maxillomandibular relation for a completely edentulous patient at Mansoura Dental School, Egypt on a practical exam of bachelor’s students from May 15 to June 28, 2017. Each registered relation was evaluated from a total of 60 marks subdivided into 3 score categories: occlusal plane orientation (OPO), vertical dimension registration (VDR), and centric relation registration (CRR). The marks for each category included an assessment of DOPS. The marks of OPO and VDR for both raters were compared using the graph method to measure reliability through Bland and Altman analysis. The reliability of the CRR marks was evaluated by the Krippendorff alpha ratio. RESULTS: The results revealed highly similar marks between raters for OPO (mean= 18.1 for both raters), with close limits of agreement (0.73 and −0.78). For VDR, the mean marks were close (mean= 17.4 and 17.1 for examiners 1 and 2, respectively), with close limits of agreement (2.7 and −2.2). There was a strong correlation (Krippendorff alpha ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.99) between the raters in the evaluation of CRR. CONCLUSION: The 2 raters' evaluation of a clinical traditional practical exam integrated with DOPS showed no significant differences in the evaluations of candidates at the end of a clinical prosthodontic course. The limits of agreement between raters could be optimized by excluding subjective evaluation parameters and complicated cases from the examination procedure.

Non-clinical Expectations of Patients in an Oral Healthcare Setup: A Qualitative Research.

Aims: Patients’ expectations are essential part of healthcare delivery system. This would definitely relate to patient satisfaction and consequently would provide a guideline for promotion of community health level. This study illustrates the non-clinical expectations of patients referred to a dental school clinic. Study Design: This is a Qualitative study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was performed in dental school of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, for a period of three months from May to July 2015. Methodology: In this qualitative study, seventeen patients aged 18 years and older were interviewed. These patients were selected by convenient sampling method from a dental school in Tehran, Iran. The data was gathered based upon semi-structured, face-to-face, and an in-depth interview. The transcribed interview texts were analyzed according to the principals of qualitative content analysis. Results: The responses were interpreted into two main themes: “met” and “unmet” expectations. “Met expectations” included four subthemes consisting “students and staff behaviors”, “infection control”, “fees”, and “trust” in dental school clinics. “Unmet expectations” included seven subthemes consisting “length of reception process”, “waiting time”, “accessibility”, “explanation about treatment procedures”, “facilities and equipment”, “working hours of the clinic” and “insurance coverage”. Conclusion: The results highlight that there are many concerns to the eyes of healthcare receivers which should be regarded by healthcare providers and administrators. Meeting these expectations would consequently improve the oral health level of a related community.

Teachers’ view about barriers in implementing oral health education for school children: a qualitative study / As visões dos professores sobre as barreiras para a implementação da educação em saúde bucal para escolares:um estudo qualitativo

Objective: To explore the barriers encountered by primary school teachers in implementing oral health education in their settings. Material and Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was answered by a sample of 89 primary schoolteachers aged 18 to 65 years, working in primary public schools in Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil. The data were quantitatively analyzed by means of Discourse of Collective Subject (DCS), which is based on a theoretical framework of Social Representations Theory. Results: The majority of teachers said they were teaching their students some oral health content. However, they reported difficulties in teaching oral health content in school, such as: the lack of material and/or appropriate activities to teach the subject of oral health properly; children do not receive oral health education at home and/or they are not encouraged by their families; students do not place any value on oral health and/or do not follow guidance provided. Teachers also expressed the need for partnerships with dental schools to help them implementing oral health projects in primary schools. Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for health and educational sectors to support primary school teachers in the implementation and maintenance of oral health education programs in schools...

Objetivo: Explorar as barreiras encontradas por professores do ensino fundamental para implementarem a educação em saúde bucal em seus ambientes de trabalho. Material e Métodos: Um questionário semiestruturado foi respondido por uma amostra de 89 professores do ensino fundamental, com idades entre 18 a 65 anos, que trabalhavam em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental do município de Indaiatuba, SP, Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DCS), que apresenta como base teórica a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: A maioria dos professores afirmou que ensinavam a seus alunos algum conteúdo de saúde bucal. No entanto, relataram dificuldades para a realização desta tarefa, tais como: a falta de material e / ou atividades apropriadas disponíveis para ensinar conteúdos de saúde bucal de forma adequada; as crianças não recebem educação em saúde bucal em casa e / ou não são incentivadas por suas famílias; as crianças não atribuem qualquer valor a saúde bucal e/ou não seguem as orientações disponibilizadas. Os professores também expressaram a necessidade de parcerias com faculdades de odontologia, a fim de ajudá-los a implementar projetos de saúde bucal nas escolas de ensino fundamental. Conclusão: Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade dos setores da saúde e educação oferecerem suporte para que os professores do ensino fundamental possam implementar e manter programas de educação em saúde bucal nas escolas...

Transfer Students' Personality Types and Their Academic Performance in a Graduate-Entry Dental School / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The study was designed to identify how different types of transfer student personality would be constituted in Seoul National University School of Dentistry (SNU SD) and delve into what personal types were often observed more competent in academic performance. METHODS: Among 40 students who transferred to SNU SD in 2004, 15 students voluntarily participated in completing the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI; GS form); then, it was tested whether or not their MBTI types would be dependent upon their final grades. In addition, another 32 out of the 50 students who were enrolled through a traditional pre-den system served as a control group. RESULTS: It was mainly found that ISTJ type was the most typical one for those transfer dental students as well as for other native dental students who excelled in their academic performance. The noticeable majority of transfer students were Introverted (67%), Sensing (80%), Thinking (86%), and Judging (80%), with S-J pattern being statistically significant. CONCLUSION: SNU SD has been in a rebuilding process in terms of student/outcome centered dental education to have it up to the global standards. For this reason, it is ultimately a crucial part of that process to understand what personality types of the dental students with different backgrounds in major are observed and thus recognize how to support their learning according to different patterns of individual personality.

Similarity and differences of dental education between China and USA by taking school or dental medicine in Harvard university as an example / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Dental educations in China and USA have different histories and systems even if they are similar in some respects.In this paper,by taking school of dental medicine in Harvard university as an example,dental educations in China and USA were compared with each other concerning the enrollment requirement,school system,course arrangement,teaching methods,clinical practice,elc.Based on the comparison,advices on how to improve and reform our dental education system were provided by learning from the advantages of dental education in USA.

Noise Exposure Assessment in a Dental School

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Dental School of Prince of Songkla University to ascertain noise exposure of dentists, dental assistants, and laboratory technicians. A noise spectral analysis was taken to illustrate the spectra of dental devices. METHODS: A noise evaluation was performed to measure the noise level at dental clinics and one dental laboratory from May to December 2010. Noise spectral data of dental devices were taken during dental practices at the dental services clinic and at the dental laboratory. A noise dosimeter was set following the Occupational Safety and Health Administration criteria and then attached to the subjects' collar to record personal noise dose exposure during working periods. RESULTS: The peaks of the noise spectrum of dental instruments were at 1,000, 4,000, and 8,000 Hz which depended on the type of instrument. The differences in working areas and job positions had an influence on the level of noise exposure (p < 0.01). Noise measurement in the personal hearing zone found that the laboratory technicians were exposed to the highest impulsive noise levels (137.1 dBC). The dentists and dental assistants who worked at a pedodontic clinic had the highest percent noise dose (4.60 +/- 3.59%). In the working areas, the 8-hour time-weighted average of noise levels ranged between 49.7-58.1 dBA while the noisiest working area was the dental laboratory. CONCLUSION: Dental personnel are exposed to noise intensities lower than occupational exposure limits. Therefore, these dental personnel may not experience a noise-induced hearing loss.

Attitudes and behavior of dental students concerning infection control rules: a study with a10-year interval

The study compared the attitudes and behavior of 4th-year dental students regarding infection control rules in 1995 and 2005. Self-administrated questionnaires were applied to 592 students at 5 different dental schools in 1995 (n=350) and in 2005 (n=242). The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis of data. Significance level was set at p<0.05. The response rate was 90.3 percent in 1995 and 81.0 percent in 2005. There was no improvement in the use of rubber gloves (p=0.316), face masks (p=0.572) or gowns (p=0.862) between 1995 and 2005. There was a lesser frequency of the use of protective eyewear in 2005 (p<0.001). No student used the individual protection equipment correctly. There was a decrease in the sterilization of burs in 2005 when compared to 1995 (p<0.001). No student could describe the correct use of the autoclave. Disinfection and use of a dental chair barrier were done correctly by a minority of students in 1995 (2.8 percent) and 2005 (6.1 percent) (p=0.069). Most students correctly discarded perforating/cutting instruments in both years (p=0.749). The attitudes and behavior of dental students concerning infection control are worrisome. There was no improvement and, for some parameters, there was a worsening in the procedures over the time period evaluated.

Este estudo comparou as atitudes e comportamento de estudantes de odontologia do quarto ano em relação às medidas de controle de infecção em 1995 e 2005. Questionários foram aplicados a 592 estudantes em cinco diferentes faculdades de odontologia em 1995 (n=350) e 2005 (n=242). Testes de qui-quadrado e testes exatos de Fisher foram utilizados. O nível de significância estatística utilizado foi p<0,05. As taxas de respostas foram iguais a 90,3 por cento em 1995 e 81,0 por cento em 2005. Não houve melhora no uso de luvas (p=0,316), máscaras (p=0,572) ou gorros (p=0,862) entre 1995 e 2005. Houve uma diminuição na frequência do uso de óculos de proteção em 2005 (p<0,001). Nenhum estudante utilizou o equipamento de proteção individual corretamente. Houve uma diminuição no relato de esterilização de brocas em 2005 comparado com 1995 (p<0,001). Nenhum estudante foi capaz de descrever o uso correto da autoclave. Desinfecção e uso de barreira na cadeira odontológica foi corretamente realizado por uma minoria de estudantes em 1995 (2,8 por cento) e 2005 (6,1 por cento) (p=0,069). A maioria dos estudantes descartava corretamente os instrumentais pérfuro-cortantes em ambos os anos (p=0,749). As atitudes e comportamentos desses estudantes de odontologia em relação ao controle de infecção são preocupantes. Não houve melhora, e para alguns parâmetros, houve uma piora na realização desses procedimentos no período avaliado.

Histórico del proceso de creación de la Escuela de Odontología de la Universidad del Valle: primera acción investigativa de base: estudio de recursos Odontológicos en el Área sur-occidental de Colombia / Historical review of the process of creation of the Dental School of the Universidad del Valle: first base action of investigation: study of dentistry resources in the southwestern area of Colombia

Se presenta el resultado de la única Investigación Epidemiológica Cuantitativo–Cualitativa Regional e Interinstitucional que se ha realizado en América Latina como base para la fundación de una Facultad de Odontología. En 1.969, por acción integrada de la Sección de Odontología Sanitaria del Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y de Salud Publica de la Universidad del Valle y del Programa de Especialización en Odontología Sanitaria y de Salud Pública de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Antioquia, con la Asesoría de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud “OPS”, se llevó a cabo una investigación de campo en Odontología cuyos métodos y resultados generales, algunos de cuyos hallazgos se presentan en este manuscrito, se utilizaron como fundamento para la toma de decisiones curriculares por parte del Comité Universitario Pro Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad del Valle, “CUPFO” y por el Consejo Directivo de la Universidad para aprobar, en Junio de 1.970, la creación del Departamento de Estomatología de la División de Salud (por la Reforma Administrativa llevada a cabo en 1.968, las Facultades de disciplinas afines se agruparon en unos nuevos entes administrativos: las Divisiones. Dentro de estas, las antiguas y las nuevas Facultades pasaron a ser Departamentos) en la mencionada Alma Mater. La investigación incluyó algunos aspectos que no fueron tomados en cuenta en el Estudio de Recursos Humanos para la Salud que formó parte de la Encuesta Nacional de Morbilidad realizada en 1.965, aspectos que si se incluyeron en el Estudio de Recursos Odontológicos llevado a cabo por el Instituto Nacional para Programas Especiales de Salud, del cual el autor de la Reseña que aquí se presenta fue Asesor - Consultor y Odontólogo de trabajo de Campo en las Unidades de Cali, Santa Rosa de Cabal y Quibdó.

Results of the unique Epidemiological Quantitative - Qualitative Regional and Interinstitutional Research performed at Latin America as essential base to found a new Dental School are presented trough this paper. In 1969 by a cooperative work between the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia and the Antioquia University Public Health and Sanitarian Dentistry Program, on the advice of the Pan American Health Dental Health (PAHO) it was carried out a field research to establish the dental health practice conditions and the data obtained were used as a baseline of curricular determination by the Pro Dental Scholl Committee at the Universidad del Valle “CUPFO”. The study took on accountsome aspects that have been neglected on the National Health Human Resources Research as part of the National Morbidity Research Study realized on 1965 but included in the Dental Health Resources Research performed by the National Special Health Resources Institute. It is necessary to clarify that the author of the present paper participated as a special member of the advisors committee and as field dentist of the Dental Health Resources Research realized by theNational Special Health Resources Institute in 1.965.

Organização curricular, evasão e repetência no curso de odontologia: um estudo longitudinal / Curriculum organization elopement and failure in a dentistry school: a longitudinal study

A evasão escolar origina problemas em qualquer etapa do ensino, principalmente em escolas públicas, pois as vagas ociosas acarretam prejuízo a toda sociedade. Neste estudo retrospectivo objetivou-se analisar o índice de evasão de acadêmicos que ingressaram entre 1992 e 1999 na Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (UNESP) e o índice de repetência por disciplina entre 1992 e 2002, por meio de documentos - como listas de matrícula e boletins de notas dos acadêmicos - disponíveis no setor de graduação da Instituição. Os resultados são expressos em valores absolutos e relativos valendo-se da análise estatística descritiva. Constatou-se que, de um total de 640 acadêmicos que ingressaram entre 1992 e 1999, o índice médio de evasão foi de 2,19% (14), concentrado na primeira e na segunda série do curso, 50 e 42,86% do total respectivamente. Nas 30.904 matrículas em todas as disciplinas do curso entre 1992 e 2002, o índice de repetência em, pelo menos, uma delas foi de 1,68% (518), também concentrado na primeira e na segunda série, 39,18 e 43,46% do total, respectivamente. O índice de evasão encontrado pode ser considerado baixo quando comparado ao de outras áreas do conhecimento, conforme relatado em literatura; no entanto, essa taxa poderia ainda ser diminuída com a reorganização curricular, que viesse a adotar um modelo que integrasse as disciplinas básicas e clínicas logo no início do curso, além de um atendimento especial aos alunos das primeiras séries, no sentido de fixação ao ideário vocacional .

School elopement causes problems in any phase of teaching, mainly in public schools, as idle vacancies bring about impairment to all the society. In this retrospective study, the purpose was to evaluate the elopement rate of undergraduates that entered the School of Dentistry at Araçatuba's São Paulo State (UNESP) between 1992 and 1999, and the failure rate per school subject matter between 1992 and 2002 through documents - such as enrollment lists and students' reports - available at the institutions' graduation sector. The results are shown in absolute and relative values by using descriptive statistic analysis. It was possible to notice that out of the 640 undergraduates that entered college between 1992 and 1999, the average elopement rate was 2.19% (14), concentrated on the freshman and sophomore years, 50 and 42.86% of the total, respectively. As for the 30,904 registrations in all subject matters of the course between 1992 and 2002, the failure rate was, at least in one of them, 1.68% (518), also concentrated on the freshman and sophomore years, 39.18 and 43.46% of the total, respectively. The elopement rate found can be considered low when it is compared to other areas of knowledge, according to literature reports; nevertheless, this rate could still be diminished by establishing a curriculum reorganization, adopting a model that integrates basic and clinical subject matters right from the beginning of the course, and also further special service to freshmen in order to inculcate the vocational ideal .

Course of Infection Control in College Education:Necessities for Its Setting-up / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE Infection control(IC) is one of the most important issues involved in the administration of modern hospitals in the world.The aim of this survey is to analyze the necessities to set up some courses on IC for undergraduates during their 5-year studying.METHODS In this study,71 academic staffs in Guanghua School of Stomatology and 74 fourth and fifth year undergraduates were surveyed by questionnaires about the necessities and knowledge of IC.RESULTS The finding showed that both academic staffs and students did not have well-educated knowledge of infection control,and they all agreed with an importance of IC course in college education system.CONCLUSIONS Setting-up an infection control course may be essential as an elemental education course in college.