Competencias especializadas de intervención en desadaptación social adolescente / Specialized competencies to intervention with adolescent social maladjustment

Resumen Los comportamientos antisociales que persisten durante la adolescencia, pueden implicar para el individuo un progresivo proceso de desadaptación social, por el cual los adolescentes van progresivamente alejándose de las normas de sus contextos sociales. La intervención educativa y psicosocial en desadaptación social adolescente requiere de una alta especialización, sin embargo, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos y educadores señalan no contar con competencias claras para hacer eficaces sus intervenciones. Mediante un diseño de casos y controles, se buscó identificar las competencias especializadas a las que debiese responder un programa de formación para la intervención en desadaptación social adolescente. Se entrevistó a ocho profesionales del ámbito psico-socio-educativo que participaron de un proceso de formación especializada (casos) y ocho profesionales sin la formación (controles). Emergieron siete macrocompetencias, validadas ante grupo de expertos: (a) Desarrollar un marco integral, informado y coherente sobre el proceso de inadaptación social de los adolescentes y su contexto de enfoque; (b) Diseñar y desarrollar un proceso de evaluación del / la adolescente de atención; (c) Intervenir con el adolescente; (d) Evidencia de comportamiento ético en la intervención; (e) Desarrollar el autoconocimiento constante del interviniente; (f) Promover y desarrollar una relación de ayuda con el adolescente, y (g) Exhibir comportamientos y habilidades que favorecen el trabajo en equipo. Quienes tienen formación destacan las competencias relacionadas a los conocimientos, una mirada prospectiva y el saber hacer, mientras que quienes no han recibido formación destacan el saber ser. Se discute respecto a la necesidad de enfatizar el saber ser en los procesos de formación.

Abstract Antisocial behaviors that persist during adolescence may imply a progressive social imbalance for the individual. Educational and psychosocial intervention in these adolescents requires a high specialization, since when the violation of the law is presented as a persistent pattern of behavior it would be associated with a disadvantaged family, school and social environment where the adolescent experiences difficulties in solving basic needs and seeks alternative ways of coping with life events, adapting to particular contexts, which can often be more reinforcing, ignoring the general social context. This persistent group presents a lot of heterogeneity both in psychological aspects and in criminal behavior, observing different criminal trajectories that require different types of intervention, which further complicates the work of the intervention teams. The trajectories observed in men and of increasing complexity would be: (a) determined by contextual risk factors; (b) adolescents with stories of violation of rights and abandonments; (c) adolescents with traumatic situations in their lives, disruptive behaviors and disorganized functioning; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts with stories of rape in them, leading them to an antisocial functioning focused on their personal well-being; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts, seeking to validate themselves socially, strengthening their personal identity through countercultural behaviors (Alarcón, et al., 2012). Through a case control design, we seek to identify the specialized skills to which a training program for intervention in adolescent social maladjustment must respond. Eight professionals who participated in a specialized training process (cases) and eight professionals without training (controls) were interviewed. From the content analysis, seven macro competences were validated before a group of experts: (a) Develop a comprehensive, informed and coherent framework on the process of social maladjustment of adolescents and their context of focus; (b) Design and develop an evaluation process of the adolescent of attention; (c) Intervene with the adolescent; (d) Evidence of ethical behavior in the intervention; (e) Develop the constant self-knowledge of the intervener; (f) Promote and develop a helping relationship with the adolescent, and (g) Exhibiting behaviors and skills that promote teamwork. The results confirm specialized competences that emphasize a differentiated vision of the adolescent and the work team as a source of validation in decision making. Similarly, those with training highlight skills related to knowledge, a prospective perspective and know-how; while those who have not received training highlight the attitudes associated with knowing how to be. The need to evaluate the specialization of professional teams that intervene with adolescents who violate the law is discussed, facilitating the development of knowledge, abilities and skills, without neglecting the development of reflective attitudes in the training processes of each professional and within the teams, to promote continuous improvement. As limitations of this study, it is considered that the participants were officials who participated in a training process (cases) and other officials from institutions with similar demographic characteristics but without systematic training (controls); This involved accessing professionals between the ages of 30 and 45, not being able to know the perspective of those under 30 or over 45, or service personnel who share daily with adolescents, being able to link up and influence their changes. As challenges for future research, it is necessary to have indicators to verify competence and observe it with respect to its adjustment with the distinctive characteristics of adolescents. Along with this, the need to observe in greater detail the possibilities of educational and psychosocial intervention in family, school and community contexts that are estimated to involve eventual crisis scenarios for adolescents at the time of reintegration is observed. The above to effectively promote interventions that allow adolescents to exercise their role as citizens.

Amadeus: A Psicologia da Inveja e sua função no processo criativo: um estudo da Psicologia Simbólica / The psychology of envy and its role in the creative process: a study of symbolic psychology / La psicología de la envidia y su función en el proceso creativo: un estudio de la psicología simbólica

O autor analisa a peça de teatro "Amadeus" e estuda a função da inveja na relação de Mozart e Salieri. Caracteriza a inveja como uma função estruturante normal da maior importância no desenvolvimento da consciência. Chama atenção para a dificuldade de se compreender este fato devido às nossas concepções psicológicas se acharem ainda dominadas pela obra repressora-puritana da Inquisição. Afirma que na apresentação da peça a patologia mental de Mozart é ainda maior que a de Salieri. Relaciona a inveja patológica de Mozart com um complexo paterno negativo e a de Salieri com a prostituição de sua Anima. Explica a deterioração progressiva das personalidades de Mozart e Salieri: ao não assumirem sua inveja normal, esta se tornou cada vez mais sombria e patológica, ultrapassando o dinamismo neurótico e atingindo o psicótico. Descreve a função estruturante normal do ciúme para melhor discriminar a inveja e exemplificar o ciúme patológico com a peça Otelo, de Shakespeare. Finalmente, diferencia a função estruturante normal do ciúme e da inveja nos ciclos arquetípicos matriarcal, patriarcal, de alteridade e cósmico. ■

The author describes envy as a normal structuring function in the development of personality. Envy constellates symbols for development and helps to discriminate the Ego from the Other (the I from not I) in the construction of identity. When envy is not given proper attention it becomes part of the Shadow, which may lead to neurotic and even psychotic behavior. An example is given in the relationship between Mozart and Salieri such as it was represented in Peter Shaffer's play "Amadeus". Envy constellated the symbol of Mozart in the development of Salieri's personality as an expression of his betrayed creativity. Since early youth, social ambition had led Salieri to create for fame instead of for his own Self. The betrayal of the Anima formed a powerful symbol of prostituted creativity in his pathological Shadow, which was constellated through envy when he met Mozart. Unable to attend his envy creatively by confronting his Shadow, Salieri acted out his envy destructively by destroying Mozart, his own Anima and himself. Envy constellated the negative father complex in Mozart's personality when he met Salieri. The prodigious child soon surpassed his father. Lack of appropriate protection, affection and loving guidance developed a negative father complex in Mozart's personality. This prevented social adaptation due to a compulsive aggression toward authority figures expressed through defensive irony, ridicule and overall irreverent behavior. Marriage and fatherhood activated the father role and strongly intensified these defenses. As an Italian musician successfully serving the Viennese monarchy, Salieri stood for an extraordinary example of social adaptation and success. Envy constellated the negative father complex through the symbol of social unadaptation present in Mozart's Shadow. By defensively humiliating Salieri through his creativity, Mozart greatly intensified Salieri's defenses against his own genuine creativity. Plotting against Mozart's efforts to support his family through music lessons and court services, Salieri significantly strengthened Mozart's defenses against social adaptation. Such complementary defensive behavior prevented envy from further creative development and established a neurotic symbiotic relationship. The creative forces of both personalities were so powerful, however, that neurotic defenses were insufficient to express their pathological Shadows. Psychopathic aggression and psychotic megalomaniac dynamism took over Salieri's personality, while paranoid, persecutory delusion had and irreversible effect on Mozart's career. The author further clarifies the role of envy in normal and pathological development by comparing it with jealousy as expressed in Shakespeare's Othello. Envy is predominantly active, Jang and revolutionary. It stimulates growth through greed. Jealousy is predominantly passive, Yin and reactionary. lt stimulates the maintenance of the status quo through the threat of loss. Envy functions predominantly through the power drive and favors Ego development by limiting omnipotence through self-humiliation and competitive performance. Jealousy functions predominantly through the erotic drive by rejecting the Ego's narcissistic self-assurance through doubt. Both are archetypal structuring functions indispensable for the symbolic development of Consciousness from its very beginning. While envy discriminates the Ego from the Other through delimitation of the Ego's power, jealousy discriminates the Ego from the intimate Other by introducing a threatening, affectionate foreign Other. The author questions the classical psychoanalytical consideration of jealousy as a later development of envy due to the triangular structure of jealousy as compared to the binary structure of envy. The author argues that jealousy can act through an intimate Other, which is so closely fused with the I that, psychodynamically speaking, jealousy can function in the primary binary relationship as much as envy. The difference, then, lies not in the triangular structure of jealousy but on the threat, which the Other holds for the I in jealousy, which is a complementary psychological function of the threat which the I holds for the Other in envy. The paper ends with a brief description of the different structuring functions of envy and jealousy in each of the four archetypal cycles of symbolic personality development (matriarchal-patriarchal, otherness and cosmic). ■

El autor analiza la pieza de teatro "Amadeus" y estudia la función de la envidia en la relación de Mozart y Salieri. Caracteriza la envidia como una función estructurante normal de la mayor importancia en el desarrollo de la conciencia. Llama atención a la dificultad de comprender este hecho debido a que nuestras concepciones psicológicas se hallan todavía dominadas por la obra represora-puritana de la Inquisición. Afirma que en la presentación de la pieza la patología mental de Mozart es aún mayor que la de Salieri. Relaciona la envidia patológica de Mozart con un complejo paterno negativo y la de Salieri con la prostitución de su Anima. Explica el deterioro progresivo de las personalidades de Mozart y Salieri: al no asumir su envidia normal, ésta se volvió cada vez más sombría y patológica, superando el dinamismo neurótico y alcanzando lo psicótico. Describe la función estructurante normal de los celos para mejor discriminar la envidia y ejemplificar los celos patológicos con la pieza Otelo de Shakespeare. Finalmente, diferencia la función estructurante normal de los celos y la envidia en los ciclos arquetípicos matriarcal, patriarcal, de alteridad y cósmico. ■

Factores asociados a la interrupción y mantenimiento de conductas delictivas: "Un estudio con adolescentes atendidos por el Programa de Intervención Integral Especializada de la comuna de Osorno, Chile" / Factors associated to the interruption and continuation of criminal behaviors: "A study with adolescents assisted by the Integral Specialized Intervention Program in the municipality of Osorno, Chile" / Os fatores associados à interrupção e à manutenção de condutas puníveis: "Um estudo com adolescentes atendidos pelo Programa da Intervenção Integral Especializada do comuna de Osorno, Chile"

Resumen El objetivo: fue identificar los factores relacionados con la interrupción y mantenimiento de conductas delictivas en adolescentes egresados de un Programa de Intervención Especializada, del sur de Chile. La metodología: de investigación incluyó: a) un monitoreo estadístico de los 50 adolescentes egresados, a fin de detectar reingresos al Sistema de Protección y al área de Justicia Juvenil del Servicio Nacional de Menores (Sename); b) la aplicación de entrevistas con profundidad a 12 adolescentes (seis reincidentes y seis no reincidentes); c) la realización de entrevistas a referentes familiares y al conjunto de profesionales del equipo de intervención. Los resultados : destacan que el 54 % de los adolescentes monitoreados no presentan reingresos a la Red Sename; sin embargo, al momento del estudio un 26 % de estos se encontraban ingresados a Programas de Protección de Derechos y un 20 % estaban vigentes en Programas de Justicia Juvenil. A nivel cualitativo, se aprecia que el factor de mayor relevancia en el grupo que no registra reingresos es el apoyo de la red familiar y escolar. Para mejorar los procesos de intervención, los profesionales plantean la necesidad de establecer un sistema de acompañamiento especializado, con un fuerte énfasis en el trabajo familiar y vinculación sociocomunitaria.

Abstract The objective; consisted of identifying factors relating to the interruption and preservation of criminal behaviors in adolescents emerging from a Specialized Intervention Program ("Integral Specialized Intervention Program") in the South of Chile. The research methodology: included the following: a) statistic monitoring over 50 adolescents leaving the program, in order to detect readmissions to the Protection System and Juvenile Justice of the National Service for Minors ("Servicio Nacional de Menores" - Sename); b) the application of in-depth interviews to 12 adolescents (six repeat offenders and six non-recidivists); c) the carrying out of interviews with family members or relatives and to the group of professionals of the intervention team. The results: obtained highlight the fact that 54 % of the adolescents having been monitored do not show readmissions to the Sename network; however, at the time of the study 26% thereof had been admitted in the Right Protection Programs and 20% were active in the Juvenile Justice schemes. At a qualitative level, it can be observed that the more relevant factor in the group not having recorded readmissions is support to the family and school network. In order to improve intervention processes, the professionals underline the need to establish a specialized accompaniment system with a strong emphasis on family work and socio-communitarian involvement.

Resumo O objetivo: foi identificar os fatores relacionados à interrupção e à manutenção de comportamentos criminosos nos adolescentes formados de um Programa de Intervenção Especializada, do sul do Chile. A metodologia: da investigação incluiu: a) um monitoramento estatístico dos 50 adolescentes formados, a fim detectar reingressos ao Sistema da Proteção e à área de Justiça Juvenil do Serviço Nacional dos Menores (Sename); b) a aplicação das entrevistas com profundidade a 12 adolescentes (seis reincidentes e seis não-reincidentes); c) a realização das entrevistas a referentes familiares e o conjunto dos profissionais da equipe da intervenção. Os resultados: destacam que 54% dos adolescentes dos monitorados não apresentam reingressos à rede Sename; não obstante, no momento do estudo um 26% destes estavam ingressados em Programas da Proteção de Direitos e um 20% eram válidas nos Programas da Justiça Juvenil. No nível qualitativo, estima-se que o fator de maior relevância no grupo que não regista reingressos é a sustentação da rede familiar e escolar. A fim de melhorar os processos da intervenção, os profissionais explicam a necessidade de estabelecer um sistema de acompanhamento especializado, com uma forte ênfase no trabalho familiar e a vinculação social comunitária.

Variables psicosociales del entorno comunitario asociadas a procesos de desadaptación social en adolescentes: reflexiones a partir de un estudio de caso / Psychosocial Variables of Community Environment Linked to Social Maladjustment Processes in Adolescents: Reflections from a Case Study

Se analiza la incidencia de un conjunto de variables relacionales y del entorno social construido que actúan como factores de riesgo en procesos de desadaptación social de adolescentes en un barrio de Temuco, Chile. Como técnicas para la producción de datos, se emplearon: la observación participante, las entrevistas focalizadas, el análisis documental, los talleres de discusión grupal y el análisis estructural de redes. En un análisis en progreso de los datos, bajo la lógica de construcción de teoría desde la base, se caracteriza la dinámica barrial en cinco dimensiones: convivencia comunitaria, acción institucional en la comunidad, norma comunitaria, abordaje familiar del comportamiento infantil y adolescente y apropiación del espacio público. Se propone que estas dimensiones en el polo negativo actuarían como variables criminógenas en el espacio comunitario.

This article analyses the incidence of a group of relational and social context constructed variables that act as risk factors in processes of social maladjustment of adolescents in a neighborhood belonging to Temuco city, Chile. The techniques used to produce the data were participant observation, focalized interviews, document analysis, group discussion workshops and structural analysis of networks. In a progressive analysis of the data, using grounded theory, the neighborhood dynamics is characterized by five dimensions: community cohabitation, institutional action in the community, community norm, family approach to child and adolescent behavior; and community taking of the public space. It is proposed that these dimensions in its negative pole would act, within community space, as conducive to crime variables.

Psicopatía infanto-juvenil: avances en conceptualización, evaluación e intervención: [revisión] / Child and juvenile psychopathy: advances in conceptualization, assessment and intervention: [review]

Considerando las necesidades actuales presentes en el trabajo psicológico con adolescentes con problemas de adaptación social, este artículo realiza una revisión teórica actualizada sobre el constructo de psicopatía infanto-juvenil. Se abordan aspectos relacionados con la definición y extensión del constructo, los instrumentos de evaluación disponibles, los factores de riesgo y las perspectivas de tratamiento y prevención. En la discusión se ponderan las diferentes aproximaciones conceptuales, se plantea la conveniencia de desarrollar tanto instrumentos comprehensivos como de evaluación específica, ajustados a nuestro contexto sociocultural, y se destaca la necesidad de iniciar estudios sobre intervención que consideren las características de personalidad que están involucradas en el constructo.

Considering the current needs present in the psychological approach to adolescents with social adjustment problems, this article presents an actualized theoretical review about the construct of child and juvenile psychopathy. The topics included in the revision are the construct definition and extension, the tools for assessment that are available, the risk factors and different approaches to intervention. The discussion weights the different approaches to conceptualization, it points the convenience for studying general and specific assessments tools adjusted to our socio-cultural context, and it remarks the need for studying interventions that include the personality characteristics involved in the psychopathy construct.

Influencia del biselado de los márgenes cavo-superficiales en la desadaptación marginal mostrada por restauraciones posteriores de composite / Influence of beveling cavo-surface margins in maladjustment shown by marginal posterior restorations of composite

Las fallas marginales representan una de las causas más frecuentes de fracaso en las restauraciones de composite en el sector posterior. Los niveles de falla marginal presentados por estas restauraciones podrían verse afectados por el tipo de configuración dado a los márgenes cavo-superficiales; no obstante, la información disponible al respecto tiende a ser contradictoria. Determinar la influencia que tiene el diseño de tres tipos de márgenes cavo-superficiales (unión abrupta, bisel corto y bisel cóncavo) en los niveles de deterioro marginal presentados en restauraciones directas de composite realizadas en dientes posteriores sometidos a cargas compresivas. Sesenta dientes posteriores humanos sanos extraídos (30 premolares superiores y 30 terceros molares superiores) fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos, cada uno de los cuales estuvo conformado por 10 premolares y 10 molares. A cada uno de los dientes le fue realizada una cavidad clase I estándar con una configuración distinta de margen cavo-superficial para cada grupo (grupo 1= unión abrupta, grupo 2= bisel corto, grupo 3= bisel cóncavo), para posteriormente ser restaurados con un composite empacable mediante técnica directa. Todos los dientes fueron sometidos a 1500 ciclos térmicos entre 5 y 55ºC para posteriormente aplicarles 4000 ciclos de cargas compresivas cíclicas de 300 kN de fuerza máxima a una frecuencia de 5 Hz. El análisis en video lupa de las superficies oclusales de la muestra no reveló diferencias estadísticas significativas (p= 0,139) en los niveles de falla marginal mostrados por los tres tipos de margen cavo estudiados

Marginal deterioration is one the most frequent composite restoration failures at posterior teeth with chewing function. The type of configuration factor at cavosurface margins could affect marginal deterioration levels; however, available information is somewhat contradictory. To determine the influence of three cavosurface margin preparations (butt-joint, bevelled-edge, and concave bevel -chamfer style-) on marginal degradation found in direct composite restorations applied to posterior teeth under compressive strength. Sixty recently extracted human posterior teeth (30 upper bicuspid teeth and 30 upper third molars) were randomly distributed into three groups, having 10 bicuspid teeth and 10 molar teeth each group. Each tooth had standardized Class I slot cavities and was prepared according to the cavosurface margin preparations above mentioned (group 1=butt-joint, group2=bevelled-edge, group 3=concave bevel); then, it received direct packable composite restoration. All teeth were thermocycled 1500x at 5/55 degrees C, cycled 4000x of compressive loading at a maximum strength of 300kN and a frequency of 5Hz. Video loupe analyses of occlusal surfaces from the study sample did not show statistically significant differences (p=0.139) among the three cavosurface margin preparations studied